Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO

SCIENCE 8
Fourth Quarter
Week 2

Topic: Cell Division

MELC:
1. Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell-division cycle. (S8LT-IVd-16)
2. Explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the chromosome number. (S8LT-IVd-17)
Key Concepts:

 Cell Division – is the process that results in an increase in the number of cells.
o The cell undergoes a cycle that consists of the following stages: Interphase
and mitotic phase.
Interphase is divided into three stages, namely:
1. G1 phase (first gap period) – the cells performs it natural functions and
grows initially
2. S phase (synthesis) – where DNA replication happens to prepare the cell
division
3. G2 phase (second gap) – where the cell grows rapidly
 Mitosis (produces two diploid (2n) somatic cells that are genetically identical to
each other and the original parent cell)
o is where the actual cell division occurs and it has four stages: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (PMAT)
 The major event in cell division is the splitting of the nucleus (karyokinesis)
followed by cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis).
Four Phases of Mitosis
1. Prophase - occupies over half of mitosis.
 The nuclear membrane breaks down to form a number of small
vesicles and the nucleolus disintegrates.
 A structure known as the centrosome duplicates itself to form two
daughter centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the cell.
 The centrosomes organise the production of microtubules that
form the spindle fibres that constitute the mitotic spindle.
 The chromosomes condense into compact structures.
 Each replicated chromosome can now be seen to consist of two
identical chromatids (or sister chromatids) held together by a
structure known as the centromere.
2. Metaphase –
 The chromosomes align themselves along the metaphase plate of
the spindle apparatus.
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3. Anaphase –
 It is the shortest stage of mitosis.
 The centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of each
chromosome are pulled apart - or 'disjoin' - and move to the
opposite ends of the cell, pulled by spindle fibres attached to the
kinetochore regions.
 The separated sister chromatids are now referred to as daughter
chromosomes. (It is the alignment and separation in metaphase
and anaphase that is important in ensuring that each daughter cell
receives a copy of every chromosome.)
4. Telophase –
 The final stage of mitosis and a reversal of many of the processes
observed during prophase.
 The nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes grouped
at either pole of the cell, the chromosomes uncoil and become
diffuse, and the spindle fibres disappear.
 Cytokinesis - The final cellular division form two new cells. In plants a
cell plate forms along the line of the metaphase plate; in animals there is a
constriction of the cytoplasm. The cell then enters interphase - the interval
between mitotic divisions.
 Meiosis (produces four haploid (n) gametes that are genetically unique from each
other and the original parent (germ) cell)
o Meiosis is the form of eukaryotic cell division that produces haploid sex
cells or gametes (which contain a single copy of each chromosome) from
diploid cells (which contain two copies of each chromosome). The process
takes the form of one DNA replication followed by two successive nuclear
and cellular divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II). As in mitosis, meiosis is
preceded by a process of DNA replication that converts each chromosome
into two sister chromatids.
In Meiosis I a special cell division reduces the cell from diploid to haploid.
Four Phases of Meiosis I:

1. Prophase I -
 The homologous chromosomes pair and exchange DNA to form
recombinant chromosomes.
2. Metaphase I –
 Homologous pairs of chromosomes (bivalents) arranged as a double row
along the metaphase plate.
 The arrangement of the paired chromosomes with respect to the poles of
the spindle apparatus is random along the metaphase plate. (This is a

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source of genetic variation through random assortment, as the paternal and
maternal chromosomes in a homologous pair are similar but not identical.
 The number of possible arrangements is 2n, where n is the number of
chromosomes in a haploid set.
 Human beings have 23 different chromosomes, so the number of possible
combinations is 223, which is over 8 million.)
3. Anaphase I –
 The homologous chromosomes in each bivalent are separated and move to
the opposite poles of the cell
4. Telophase I –
 The chromosomes become diffuse and the nuclear membrane reforms.

 Cytokinesis
The final cellular division forms two new cells, followed by Meiosis II. Meiosis I
is a reduction division: the original diploid cell had two copies of each
chromosome; the newly formed haploid cells have one copy of each chromosome.
 Meiosis II separates each chromosome into two chromatids.
o The events of Meiosis II are analogous to those of a mitotic division,
although the number of chromosomes involved has been halved.
Four Phases of Meiosis II
1. Prophase II
o the DNA does not replicate. The nuclear envelope disintegrates
making the chromosomes visible.
2. Metaphase II
o the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate of the cell
3. Anaphase II
o centromeres divide and sister chromatids pulled separately to each
pole.
4. Telophase II
o the cell division is complete. One parent cell produces four
daughter cells. Daughter cells have half the number of
chromosomes found in the original parent cell and because of
crossing over; these four daughter cells are genetically different
from each other.
Meiosis generates genetic diversity through:
o the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
during Meiosis I
o the random alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes in Meiosis I
o random alignment of the sister chromatids at Meiosis II

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Significance of Meiosis:
1. Meiosis is responsible for the formation of sex cells or gametes that are
responsible for sexual reproduction.
2. It activates the genetic information for the development of sex cells and
deactivates the sporophytic information.
3. It maintains the constant number of chromosomes by halving the same.
This is important because the chromosome number doubles after
fertilization.
4. In this process independent assortment of maternal and paternal
chromosomes takes place. Thus the chromosomes and the traits
controlled by them are reshuffled.
5. The genetic mutation occurs due to irregularities in cell division by
meiosis. The mutations that are beneficial are carried on by natural
selection.
6. Crossing over produces a new combination of traits and variations.

Activity 1A: The Cell Cycle

Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. What is a series of events that cells go through as they grow and

divide?_____________________________
2. What is the longest stage of the cell cycle called? _____________________
3. During what stage does the G1, S, and G2 phase happen? ___________
4. During what phase of the cell cycle does mitosis and cytokinesis occur?
_______________
5. During what phase of the cell cycle does cell division occur?__________
6. During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?________________
7. During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow?_______________
8. During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell prepare for mitosis? ___________
9. How many stage are there in mitosis?_______________
10. Put the following stages of mitosis in order: anaphase, prophase,
metaphase, and telophase.___________________________________________
11. Put the following in stages of the cell cycle in order: G2, S, G1, M.
___________________________________
12. Put the following in order: G2, G2, S. mitosis, cytokinesis.
____________________________________________________________
13. Put the following actions in order: DNA replication, cell grows, cell
division, cell prepares for mitosis.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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Activity 1B
Directions: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

Objective: Compare and contrast Mitosis from Meiosis.

Directions: Below are readings about mitosis and meiosis. Read them carefully and do the tasks
asked after the readings.

Tabulate below the general differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis and Meiosis

1. The type of cell division by which two daughter cells are formed is called mitosis. It
produces daughter cells that are exactly the same as the parent cell. It is actually the process by
which the cell nucleus duplicates. After the nuclear material is duplicated, the rest of the cell
simply divides in two. It is also a continuous process, events of which are broken into four
phases. These are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

2. The kind of cell division which produces gametes containing half the number of
chromosomes as a parent’s body cell is called meiosis. It occurs in the specialized body cells
that produce gametes. It consists of two separate divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II.

Meiosis I begin with one diploid (2n) cell. By the end of meiosis II, there are four
haploid (n) cells. In animals and most plants, these haploid cells are called sex cells or gametes.
Source: Laylay, Marilou H. 2007. SciLINKS. Module 2: Cell Division. Mandaluyong City: Merryland Publishing
Corporation

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis
Number of divisions
Chromosome number in daughter cells
Number of daughter cells

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Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
Activity 1C. Comparing
Mitosis and Meiosis

Directions: Use the image

in the right to help you
determine whether each
statement describes mitosis,
meiosis, or both. Place an
“X” in the correct box.

Source: https://studylib.neb/doc/7807850/comparing-mitosis-and-
meiosis

Source: https://studylib.neb/doc/7807850/comparing-mitosis-and-
meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis Both

1. There are two rounds of division in the process.
2. Four total cells are produced.
3. Duplicated chromosomes separate during the process.
4. DNA is copied during interphase
5. At the end, the chromosomes number is the SAME as
the original cell.
6. The process produces body cells.
7. The process produces cells that are the same as the
original cell.
8. The process produces cells that are DIFFERENT from
the original cell.
9. The process produces sex cells (sperm & egg)
10. The process produces cells with HALF the number of
chromosomes.
11. The process has only one round of division.
12. Chromosomes pairs separate during process.
13. Two total cells are produced.

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Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
Activity 1D.
Directions: Write on the boxes the descriptions that best fit to compare Mitosis and Meiosis. Use
the sentences/phrase in the list below.

Table Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis

Number of divisions
Number of cells produced
Chromosomes sets (=n)
Purpose
Type of cells where the
process occurs
Cell Division Phase Mitosis Meiosis
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

one two 2 4 (tetrad) growth, repair, replacement

2n n sexual reproduction sex cells/gametes body cells/somatic

chromosomes duplicate (chromatids; chromosomes duplicate (chromatids;

chromosomes pair chromosomes do not pair

chromosomes (paired chromatids) line up Paired chromosomes (4 chromatids) line

at equatorial plate up at equatorial plate

chromatids separate chromatids separate; chromatids 2 identical cells formed

stay together
2 nuclei or cells formed; each with one set of chromosomes as paired chromatids

chromosomes, as paired chromatids paired chromatids at equatorial plate

condensed, distinct

separation of chromatids
formation of 4 nuclei or cells; each haploid (1n)
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Activity 2: On call Oncologist!

Directions: Read the situation below and answer the question that follows.

An oncologist (a physician who specializes in cancer) compares 2 biopsy samples by

looking at the percentage of cells in mitosis. Sample #1 has 15% of cells in mitosis and Sample
#2 has 8% of cells in mitosis. These samples are of the same tissue type.

1. Which sample is likely to be cancerous and why?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. What do you need to look into in deciding if the tumor was benign or malignant?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Rubrics for Assessment

Category Weight 4 3 2 1
Explanation 75% Explanation is Explanation is Explanation is a Explanation is
detailed & clear clear little difficult to difficult to
understand, but understand and
includes critical is missing
components. several
components or
was not
included.
Neatness 25% The work is The work is The work is The work
and presented in a presented in a presented in appears sloppy
Organization neat, clear, neat, clear, neat, clear, and
organized ideas organized ideas organized ideas unorganized. It
that is easy to that is usually but may be hard is hard to know
read easy to read to read at times. what information
goes together.

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Telephone No.: (043) 2887810 / Email Address: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
References:

A. Books:

1. Capco, Carmelita M. 2003. Biology. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House

B. Modules/Worktext:

1. Laylay, Marilou H. 2007. SciLINKS. Module 2: Cell Division. Mandaluyong City: Merryland
Publishing Corporation

2. Intatano, Vivian B. etal. 2019. Science 8 Worktext for Grade 8. Vol 2. No. 4. Quezon City; Educational
Resources Corporation

D. Websites:

https://line.17qq.com/articles/hawqeurqx.html

https://teachmephysiology.com/biochemistry/cell-growth-death/cell-cycle/

https://byjus.com/biology/significance-of-meiosis/

https://visualsnsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=2512

https://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/vgec/highereducation/topics/cellcycle-mitosis-meiosis

https://studylib.neb/doc/7807850/comparing-mitosis-and-meiosis

https://courses.washington.edu.com.table-comparing-mitosis-and-meiosis-pdf

Prepared by:
MYLIESA M. DAGUPON
Secondary school Teacher – III
Dayhagan National High School
Bongabong South District
[email protected]
[email protected]

Reviewed by:

Verified by:

LRMS-CID/EPC

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Telephone No.: (043) 2887810 / Email Address: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO

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