Science Q4 Module 3 Final 2
Science Q4 Module 3 Final 2
Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
8 SCIENCE
Quarter IV – Module 3
Week 3
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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
Name: _______________________________Date:_________________________
Grade & Section: ____________________ Score: ________________________
Science 8
Fourth Quarter
Week 3
KEY CONCEPT:
We always wonder how we acquired our physical features from our parents. Even
some resemble very closely to either their father or mother. Others don’t look like their
parents. All these things is explained by heredity. It is a process by which parents transfer
traits to their offspring. Alongside heredity is variation. All organisms vary. For instance,
we have different species of banana- from lakatan to saba. Variation, refers to the
diversity of characteristics in a specific group of organism. Both heredity and variation
are studied in a branch of biology known as genetics.
After careful organization and analysis of data, Mendel found out trends how traits
from parent plants were acquired by the succeeding generations of pea plants. Let’s take
the case of flower color in pea plants. When he cross-pollinated purple and white
flowered pea plants, and noticed that the characteristic of having white flower in pea
plants did not occur in the first generation of pea plants. To test further the validity of his
experiment, he cross-pollinated plants of the first generation. After several months, he
noticed that white flowers reappeared in the second generation of plants. The same
results were true when he studied other characteristics of pea plants. Likewise, the
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second generation followed a distinct ratio of results-3:1. Therefore, for every purple-
flowered pea plants in the second generation there was a white flowered one.
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Based from the results of his experiment, Mendel was able to formulate three
principles that explain how traits are transferred from parents to offspring.
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2. Principle of Segregation
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ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1: Who am I?
Procedure:
1. Examine some of your observable characteristics.
2. Identify your traits that are similar to your parents.
3. Fill in the table below to show the traits that you and your
parents possess. Put a check (√) if the trait is present.
5. Suppose you get married and have a child whose traits are totally
different from yours and your spouse. How will you explain this?
Answer: _____________________________________________________
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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
ACTIVITY 2: GENETXT
Procedure:
To decode the terms, write the letter of the alphabet that comes after each letter on the
boxes below. The definition that follows might be a great help. Underlined letters need
not be replaced.
1. GDQDDHSX
the passing of traits from parents to offspring
2. FDMDSHBS
branch of science that deals with the study of heredity
LDNCDK
3. Father of genetics
ODA
4. plant used by Mendel in his experiment in heredity
ZKKDKLD
5. pair of genes
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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
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KEY CONCEPT:
1. Allele-one of the two or more forms of gene. For instance, in height, we have
tall and short alleles. They are represented by letters of the English alphabet. The simple
rule that we should remember on representing alleles is that dominant alleles are
represented by uppercase letters while recessive alleles with lower case letters. Below
are examples.
a. Tallness (T) is dominant over shortness (t).
b. Yellow colored (Y) seeds are dominant over greens (y).
Traits are expressed by a pair of alleles. This follows the fact that chromosomes,
genetic structures found in the cell’s nucleus, occur in pairs. Traits can be a combination
of two dominant alleles, two recessive alleles or a combination of both. Below are the
terms that describe such combinations:
a. Homozygous- refers to a pair of identical alleles (dominant or recessive)
for a particular trait. It is also known as purebred. Homozygous trait are designated by
two uppercase or lowercase letters. Below are examples of homozygous traits.
Tallness (T) is dominant over shortness (t).
TT means homozygous tall or pure tall.
Tt means homozygous short or pure short.
2. Genotype- refers to the basic genetic makeup for one or more characteristics
of an organism. A genotype is represented by pairs of alleles in shorthand form (letters
of the English alphabet).
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Phenotype Genotype
Pure tall or homozygous tall TT
Hybrid tall or heterozygous tall Tt
Pure short tt
Procedure Illustration
1. Determine the dominant and Dominant trait- tallness (T)
recessive alleles in the problem. Recessive trait- shortness (t)
2. Determine the genotype of both Heterozygous pea plant – Tt
parents to be test crossed. Heterozygous tall pea plant - Tt
3. Draw a Punnett square. ♂
♀
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t Tt tt
ACTIVITIES
Total/50(100%)
HEAD-
HEAD-TAIL(Hh) TAIL-TAIL(hh)
HEAD(HH)
TOTAL
PERCENTAGE
RATIO OF
COMBINATION
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Guide Questions:
2. If you toss the same coins 100, 000 times, would you get
approximately the same ratio?
Answer: ____________________________________________
3. Let the head (H) represent a dominant gene and the tail (h), a
recessive gene. Compare the ratio obtained in this activity with one
obtained by Mendel in his monohybrid F2 generation peas. Are they
approximately similar?
Answer: ____________________________________________
Objective:
At the end of this activity, you should be able to identify the genotype
and phenotype of a given organism.
B. Use the information in the chart to write the genotypes for each
trait below.
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C. Determine the genotypes for each using the information in the
chart.
♂
♀
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Republic of the Philippines
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SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
ACTIVITY 3: Mystery Cases
Objective:
At the end of this activity, you should be able to solve the given problems
by using a Punnett square.
Procedure:
Solve the following problems:
1. A TT (tall) plant is crossed with a tt (short) plant. What is the
percentage of the offspring will be tall?
♂
♀
♂
♀
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Objective:
At the end of this activity, you should be able to solve for the
phenotypic and genotypic ratios of any given cross.
Procedure:
KEY CONCEPT:
Inheritance of traits does not only include single traits. There are
instances where two traits can be directly observed in an organism. Mendel,
for instance, noticed that seeds have two distinguishing traits – its color and
shape. Based from these traits, we can draw possible combinations of these
traits as follows: round yellow, round green, wrinkled yellow and wrinkled
green seeds. In these cases, we use dihybrid cross. It involves prediction of
outcomes of crossing two traits. The rules for monohybrid cross also apply
for dihybrid only with some modifications.
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3. Identify the possible alleles for testcross. Use the FOIL method (stands for
first, outer, inner and last) in determining the possible alleles for testcross.
This is parallel with Mendel’s principle of independent assortment.
Possible alleles of parent 1 Possible alleles of parent 2
YY x Rr yy x rr
YR Yr YR Yr yr yr yr yr
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ACTIVITIES
Objectives:
At the end of this activity, you should be able to use a
Punnett square when solving for dihybrid crosses.
Procedure:
1. Given the cross AaBb x AaBb, copy and fill up the Punnett
square below. Base your answers to the given
questions on the completed diagram.
♂
♀
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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
References
Books
Abad, May C, et. al. Teaching Guide in Science – Biology. Lipa City, Batangas,
Philippines: United Eferza Academic Publications, Co., 2010
Campo, Pia C, et. al. Science – Grade 8 Learner’s Material. First ed. Pasig,
Philippines: Department of Education, 2013
Gerona, Zonia M, et. al. Science and Technology 8. Second ed. Quezon City,
Philippines: Abiva Publishing House, Inc., 2020
Electronic Resources
https:// i. imgur.com/WjAejQd.gif
https://study.com/academy/leson/monohybrid-dihybrid-cross- activities.html
https://www.liveworksheets.com/rl1435469cx
https://www.scribd.com/doc/92006913/Lesson-Plan-Dihybrid-Cross
Prepared by:
RIZEL M. GARCIA
Teacher II
Kaligtasan NHS
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