Dr Sharanu Chabbi

LIST OF FORMULAS & DEFINITIONS USED  Number of binary operations on the

IN II PUC 2
set contain n elements n n
Relations & Functions
 Reflexive relation : A relation R in a
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
set A is called reflexive if  a, a  ∈𝑅, Functions Domain Range ( PVB )
for every a  A .   
 Symmetric relation : A relation R in y  sin 1 x  1,1   2 , 2 
a set A is called symmetric if
 a, b   R implies that  b, a   R, a, b  A
y  cos1 x  1,1 0,  
  
y  cos ec 1 x R – (-1, 1)   2 , 2   0
.
 Transitive relation: A relation R in
a set A is called transitive if 
y  sec1 x R –(-1, 1) 0,     
 a, b   R and  b, c   R implies that

i
2

bb
 a, c   R ,
a, b, c  A
y  tan 1 x
  
R  , 
 Equivalence relation : A relation R  2 2
in a set A is said to be an y  cot 1 x R  0,  
equivalence relation, if R is reflexive,
 sin 1   x    sin 1 x, x   1,1

ha
symmetric and transitive
 Define One-One ( Injective ) Function  tan 1   x    tan 1 x, x  R
The function f is said to  cos ec 1   x    cos ec 1 x, x  1
be injective provided that for
 cos1   x     cos1 x, x   1,1
all a and b in X, whenever f(a) = f(b),
then a = b; that
is, f(a)= f(b) implies a = b.
a, b  X , f  a   f  b   a  b
C  s ec1   x     s ec1x, x  1
 cot 1   x     cot 1 x, x  R
nu
1
 Define Onto ( Surjective ) Function :  sin 1    cos ec 1 x, x  1 or x  1
A surjective function is  x
function whose image is equal to its co 1
 cos1    s ec 1 x, x  1 or x  1
domain. (or)  x
ra

A function f with domain X and co

1
domain Y is surjective if for  tan 1    cot 1 x, x  0
every y in Y there exists at least  x
one x in X with f  x   y . 
ha

 tan 1 x  cot 1 x  ,xR

 Define Bijective Function : 2
A bijection is a function which is both 
"one-to-one" and "onto".  sin 1 x  cos1 x  , x   1,1
2
 Define Binary operation

S

A binary operation * on a set A is a  cos ec 1 x  sec 1 x  , x 1

function *: AXA  A 2
 Define Identity element  tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1  x  y  , xy  1
Let (S, ∗) be a set S with a binary  1  xy 
r

operation ∗ on it. Then an  

 tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1  x  y  , xy  1
D

element e of S is called  1  xy 
a left identity if e ∗ a = a for
all a in S, and  2x 
 2 tan 1 x  sin 1  2 
, x 1
a right identity if a ∗ e = a for 1 x 
all ain S. If e is both a left identity  1  x2 
and a right identity, then it is called  2 tan 1 x  cos1  2 
,x 0
1 x 
a two-sided identity, or simply
an identity.  2x 
 2 tan 1 x  tan 1  2 
, 1  x  1
( i.e ) a*e=e*a=a 1 x 
 Commutative a * b  b * a
 Associative  a * b  * c  a *  b * c 
 
 sin 1 2 x 1  x 2  2 sin 1 x, 1  x  1
2 2

1
 Dr Sharanu Chabbi

 
 sin 1 2 x 1  x 2  2 cos1 x, 1  x  1
2  Singular matrix :
1 1  A square matrix is said to be
 3sin 1 x  sin 1  3x  4 x 3  , x   , singular
 2 2 
if A  0
1 
 3cos1 x  cos1  4 x 3  3x  , x   ,1  Non- Singular matrix :
2  A square matrix is said to be non
singular if A  0
 tan 1 x  tan 1 y    tan 1  x  y  , xy  1  Let A be a square matrix of order
 1  xy  n 1
n × n, then | adjA| is equal to A
Matrices & Determinants  If A is an invertible matrix of order n,
 Diagonal matrix: then det  A1  or A1 is equal to

i
A square matrix B = [bij] m × m is said to

bb
be a diagonal matrix if all its non 1 1
or (Note if u get any –ve
diagonal elements are zero, that is a det  A  A
matrix B = [bij] m × m is said to be a
value don’t make it as +ve )
diagonal
matrix if bij = 0, when i  j. x1 y1 1

ha
1
1 0 0   Area of triangle x2 y2 1
2
Eg: B  0 2 0 x3 y3 1
 
0 0 3 x y 1
y1 1  0
 Identity matrix:
A square matrix in which elements in
the diagonal are all 1 and rest are all
zero
C
 Equation of the line x1

 A1 
adjA
x2 y2 1
nu
is called an identity matrix. A
We denote the identity matrix of order n Continuity & Differentiable
by In
 If the function is continuous
1 0 0  then it must satisfy
.Eg : A   0 1 0  lim f  x   lim f  x   lim f  x   f  c 
ra

  xc xc xc

0 0 1  d
 K 0
 Scalar matrix: dx
A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar
ha

d n
matrix if its diagonal elements are equal,  x  nx n 1
that is, a square matrix B = [bij] n × n is dx
said to be a scalar matrix if d x
 e  ex
bij = 0, when i  j dx
S

bij = k, when i = j, for some d 1

constant k.  log x 
dx x
5 0 0 d
sin x  cos x
Eg: B  0 5 0 

r

  dx
0 0 5 d
D

 cos x   sin x
 Symmetric matrix: dx
A square matrix A is said to be d
 tan x  sec2 x
symmetric if A  A1 dx
 Skew- Symmetric matrix: d
A square matrix A is said to be Skew -  cot x  co sec2 x
dx
symmetric if A   A1 d
 Determinant  sec x  sec x. tan x
dx
a b
  ad  bc  
d
co sec x   cos ecx. cot x
c d dx

2
 Dr Sharanu Chabbi
d 1  Perimeter of Rectangle  2  x  y 
 sin 1 x 
dx 1  x2 ( x is length & y is breadth )
d 1 Note :Volume will be in Cubic units
 cos1 x  Area will be in Square units
dx 1  x2
 f is Increasing on  a, b if f 1  x   0
d 1
 tan 1 x 
dx 1  x2  f is Decreasing on  a, b if f 1  x   0
d 1 dy
 cot 1 x   If y  f  x  then  f 1  x  is the
dx 1  x2 dx
d d d slope of the tangent line at  x, y 
 UV   U V  V U
dx dx dx  Line parallel to x-axis Slope=0
d
V U U V
d  Line parallel to y-axis Slope = 
d U 

i
dx dx  Equation of the Tangent to the curve
  
y  f  x  at  x1 , y1  is

bb
dx  V  V 2

 log a  m log a
m
  y  y1   f 1  x  x  x1 
log a
 logb a   Equation of the Normal to the curve
log b y  f  x  at  x1 , y1  is

ha
 loga  1
a
1
 log1  0   y  y1    x  x1 
f  x
1
m
 aloga = m  f  x  x   f  x   f 1  x  .x
 log  ab   log a  log b
 Rolle’s Theorem Conditions
Given functions must be
satisfy the following
C
 y 
dy
dx
x
Integrals
nu
n 1
x
Continuous  a, b  x dx  n  1  c
n

Differentiable  a, b 
f  a   f b
 dx  x  c
1
ra

 c   a, b   x dx  log x  c
f 1 c  0
 e dx  e  c
x x

 Mean value Theorem Conditions

ha

Given functions must be  sin xdx   cos x  c

satisfy the following
Continuous  a, b  cos xdx  sin x  c
Differentiable  a, b   sec xdx  tan x  c
2
S

 c   a, b   co sec xdx   cot x  c

2

f b  f a 
f 1 c   sec x. tan xdx  sec x  c
r

ba
Application of Derivatives  cos ecx.cot xdx   cos ecx  c
D

 Volume of Cube  a 3
( length of the side = a)  cot xdx  log sin x  c
 Surface Area of Cube  6a 2  tan xdx  log sec x  c
 Area of the Circle   r 2
 Circumference of Circle  2 r  sec xdx  log sec x  tan x  c
1
 Volume of Cone   r 2 h  cos ecxdx  log co sec x  cot x  c
3
1 1 x
4
 Volume of Sphere   r 3 x x2  a2

a
sec 1  
a
3
 Area of Rectangle  2  xy 

3
 Dr Sharanu Chabbi
1 1  x Differential Equations
x x a
2 2

a
co sec 1  
a Linear Differential Equation Form
1 1  x  dy
 a 2  x 2  sin  a   c 
dx
 P  y  Q

1 1  x  Integrating Factor I .F  e 
Pdx

 a 2  x 2  cos  a   c
Solution y.  I .F   Q  I .F  dx

1 1 1  x 
 x 2  a 2  a tan  a   c 
dx
 P  x  Q
dy
1 1 1  x 
 x 2  a 2  a cot  a   c Integrating Factor I .F  e 
Pdy

dx 1 x-a Solution x.  I .F   Q  I .F  dy


i
 x 2 - a2 = 2a log x + a + c Vectors

bb
dx 1 a+x  Unit Vector
 
 a2 - x 2 = 2a log a - x + c A vector a is called unit vector if a  1

dx  a
and its denoted by a  
 x 2 + a2 = log x + x + a + c
2 2

ha
a
   
dx Let v  ai  bj  ck
 x 2 - a2 = log x + x - a + c
2 2

v 
Unit vector   ; v  a 2  b2  c2
x 2 2 a2 x v


a 2
- x 2
dx =

a 2  x 2 dx 
2
x 2
2
a - x + sin-1   + c

a2
2 a
a  x 2  log x  x 2  a 2  c
2
C  Negative Vector
A negative vector is a vector that has
the opposite direction to the reference
nu
2
positive direction
x a
 x 2  a 2 dx 
2
a 2  x 2  log x  x 2  a 2  c
2
 Collinear Vectors
Vectors having the same or parallel
d  support are know as collinear vectors
 UVdx  U  Vdx    dx U  Vdx  dx  
(i.e) a   b
ra

 e  f  x   f  x   dx  e f  x   c  Find the angle between two

x 1 x
 
vectors a & b ,
 
b

 f  x  dx  lim h  f  a   f  a  h   f  a  2h   ..  f  a   n  1 h) 
h 0  aXb
ha

a.b
cos     or sin    
a

Here nh  b  a
b b
a b a b

 f  x  dx =  f  a + b - x  dx 
 If two vectors a & b are
a a 
perpendicular then a.b  0
S

a a
 a.b
 f  x  dx =  f  a - x  dx
0 0

 Projection a on b  
2a a a
b
 f  x  dx =  f  x dx +  f  2a - x  dx
r

 Area of Parallelogram if adjacent

 
sides are given a  b
0 0 0
D

 a
 2 f  x  dx, if f  2a - x  = f  x   Area of Parallelogram if diagonals
2a

0 f  x  dx =  0 1  
0 , if f  2a - x  = -f  x  are given d1  d 2
 2
 a  Internal
a
 2 f  x  dx , if f is even , f  -x  = f  x   Section

formula
-a f  x  dx =  0  mb  na
0 , if f is odd , f  -x  = -f  x  r
 mn
 External
 Section formula

 mb  na
r
mn

4
 Dr Sharanu Chabbi
1  Angle between two Planes
 Area of triangle AB  AC  
2 N1 N 2
 Volume of the parallelepiped cos    
           
   
N1 N 2
 a b c   a. b  c  b .  c  a   c . a  b
  
3D Geometry  Angle between plane r .n  d & Line
  
 If Direction ratios a, b, c are given r  a  b

then b .n
Direction Cosine sin   
a b n
cos   
a 2  b2  c 2  Equation Of A Plane

b Vector : r .nˆ  p
cos   
a  b2  c 2 Cartesian: lx  my  nz  p

i
2

 Equation Of A Plane Passing

bb
c
cos    Through A Given Point And
a 2  b2  c 2 Perpendicular To A Given Vector
 Relation between DC’s   
Vector :  r  a  N  0
cos2   cos2   cos2   1
Cartesian:

ha
 Equation Of A Line Through A Given
 A  x  x1   B  y  y1   C  z  z1   0
Point And Parallel To A Given Vector
To A Given Vector  Equation Of Plane Passing Through
   Three Non Collinear Points
Vector : r  a  b ,  
 
  
Vector :   r  a  . b  a   c  a   0 
Cartesian:

Two Given Points

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
a

b

c
 Equation Of A Line Passing Through
C x  x1
Cartesian: x2  x1
y  y1
y2  y1
z  z1
z2  z1  0
nu
 
 
Vector :  r  a   b  a   x3  x1
 Intercept Form
y3  y1 z3  z1

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Cartesian:   x y z
  1
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1 a b c
ra

 Shortest Distance Between Two  The Equation Of Plane Passing

Skew Lines Through The Intersection Of Two
 
 

 a2  a1  . b1 Xb2  Planes
 
ha

  Vector : r .n1   r .n2  d1   d 2

b1 Xb2
Cartesian:
 Shortest Distance Between Two   a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1     a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2   0
Parallel Lines  Perpendicular distance from point to
  
S

b   a2  a1  Ax1  By1  Cz1  D

 plane
b A2  B 2  C 2
   Here point  x1 , y 1 , z1  & Plane
r

 Angle between two lines r  a1   b1 &

   Ax  By  Cz  D  0
r  a2   b2
D

LPP
Vector Form  Define feasible region
 
b1 .b2 The common region determined by all
cos     the constraints including non-negative
b1 b2
constraints x, y  0 of a linear
programming problem is called feasible
Cartesian Form region.
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  Optimal solution
cos  
a b c
2 2 2
a2  b2  c2
2 2 2 Any point in the feasible region that
1 1 1
gives the optimal value (maximum or
minimum) of the objective function is
called an optimal solution.

5
 Dr Sharanu Chabbi

 A A
 Objective function  2 sin 2 cos 2
A Linear function of the involved 

variables , which we want to maximize  sin A   2 tan A
or minimize subject to the given linear  2
constraints , is know as an objective 1  tan 2 A
function .  2
 Constraints cos A  sin 2 A
2
The linear inequalities or equations or 
 2 cos A  1
2
restrictions on the variables of a linear
programming problem is called  cos 2 A  1  2 sin 2 A
constraints. 
1  tan A
2
 Linear programming problems
The problems in which we have to 1  tan 2 A

i
maximize or minimize a linear function  2 A 2 A

bb
subject to certain conditions determined cos 2  sin 2
by a set of linear inequalities with 
variables as non-negative are called  2 cos2 A  1
linear programming problems.  2
 Objective function 

ha
 cos A  1  2 sin 2 A
A linear function f  ax  by; a, b are
 2
constants, which has to be maximized  2 A
or minimized is called a linear objective 1  tan
function  2

 P  A / B 
P  B
Probability
P  A  B
C
 tan 2 A 
1  tan 2 A

2 tan A
1  tan 2 A
2
nu
P  A  B  sin 3A  3sin A  4sin3 A
 P  B / A   cos 3A  4 cos3 A  3cos A
P  A
3 tan A  tan 3 A
 P  A  B   P  A .P  B  if A & B are  tan 3 A 
1  3 tan 2 A
ra

independent event  2sin A cos B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B 

 P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B   2 cos A sin B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B 
P  Ei  .P  A / Ei   2 cos A cos B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 
 P  Ei / A 
ha

 P E  P  A / E 
n
 2sin A sin B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 
j j
j 1 Some Standard Substitutions
n! Expression Substitution
 n Cr .qnr . p r ; p  q  1 ; n Cr 
 n  r ! r !
S

a2  x2 x  a sin  / a cos 
 At least means  a2  x2 x  a tan  / a cot 
 At most means 
Trigonometry Formula x2  a2 x  a sec  / a cos ec
r

 sin2   cos2   1 ax ax

D

/ x  a cos  / a cos 2
 sec2   tan 2   1 ax ax
 cos ec2  cot 2   1
2 sin A cos A

 sin 2 A   2 tan A

1  tan 2 A