Design of Substructure 4 Pile
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isurupushDesign of Substructure 4 Pile
Uploaded by
isurupushBridge Designs Division , Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
2.0 GENERAL DATA
a
.
a. Dimensions
of the Bridge
Numbers
of Spans = 6
Span Length = 19.00 m x 6
D
Carriageway width = 3.40 m
i
Footmwalk width = 1.20 m
e
Total length of capping beam 9.20 m
=
n
s
i
b. Loading Conditions
o
n
HA type loadings as given in BS 5400 Part 2, 1978, Cl. 6.2.1, Cl. 6.2.2,
s
Cl. 7.1 (a) for loaded lengths of 30 m and under
o
f
HB type loadings (30 units) as given in BS 5400 Part 2, 1978, Cl. 6.3
t
h
e
B
r
i
d
g
e
Fig 1.1; Dimensions of HB Vehicle
c. Material
Concrete;
Super structure & infill concrete = Grade 40
Foot walk = Grade 25
Capping Beam = Grade 25
Abutments & Wing walls = Nominal Mix 1:3:6(37.5)
Abutment foundation = Grade 25 (70%40
+30% 20)
Steel
Cold worked deformed high yield steel = 460 N/mm2
Hot rolled mild steel = 250 N/mm2
d. Other Relevant Data
Weight of mass concrete = 23.6 kN/m3
Weight of reinforced concrete = 24 kN/m3
Weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3
Weight of wearing surface = 22.6 kN/m3
Weight of handrail = 0.585 kN/m
Saturated density of soil = 17.28 kN/m3 `
Angle of internal friction = 35 o
Surcharge for HA loading = 10 kN/m2
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Bridge Designs Division , Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
4.0 COMPUTATION OF NOMINAL LOADS
(a). Permanent Loads
Dead load of carriageway =
( 0.96+0.90
2 )
× 9.2×19×24−
0.2252
π× ×( 19−0.75×2)×24×14 -
4
0 . 600×0 . 650×19×24×2
= 3312.0 kN 3312.0 kN
Dead load of foot walk = 1. 2×0 . 279×24×19×2
= 305.338 kN 305.3 kN
Total Dead load = 3617.3 kN 3617.3 kN
Super Imposed Dead Loads
Weight of wearing surface (assuming thickness of w/c is 50mm)
= 0.05×6.8×19.0×2.35×9.81
= 148.93 kN 148.93 kN
Weight of handrail = 0.585×2×19.0
= 22.23 kN 22.23 kN
Total super imposed dead load = 171.16 kN 171.16 kN
Total Permanent load = 2703.7 + 171.16
= 3788.5 kN 3788.5 kN
BS 5400 (b). Primary highway live loads
Part 2
Cl.6.2.1 (i). HA (Uniformly Distributed Load)
Width of the Notional Lane = 3.4 m
No of notional lanes = 2
Load = 30 kN/m per lane
Total HA (UDL) = 30.0×2.0×19 kN
= 1140 kN 1140 kN
BS 5400 Part (ii). HA (Knife Edge Load)
2 Cl.6.2.2 120 kN per lane
=
No of notional lanes = 2
Total KEL = 240 kN 240 kN
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
BS 5400 Part (iii). HB Load (Abnormally Heavy Vehicle)
2 Cl.6.3.1
Number of unit Considered 30
=
One unit = 10 kN
Nos. of Axle = 4
Total HB Load = 10×4×30 kN
= 1200 kN 1200 kN
BS 5400 Part (c). Associated Secondary Live Loads (Tractive force)
2 Cl.6.6.1
(i). HA Longitudinal Load
HA load for loaded length = 8 kN/m
HA Longitudinal Load = (8×loaded length)+200
= (8 × 19.0 ) + 200
= 352 kN 352 kN
BS 5400 Part (ii). HB Longitudinal Load = 25% of HB is considered
2 Cl.6.6.2
= 300 kN 300 kN
BS 5400 Part (d). Live Loads on Foot walk
2 Cl.7.1.1
Pedestrian Loading (for loaded length < 30m)
= 5 kN/m2
Live load = 5 × 1.2 × 2 × 19.0
= 228 kN 228 kN
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
BS 5400 Part 4.1 SELECTION OF LOAD COMBINATION
2 Cl. 4.4
Dead loads, Surcharge loads and soil lateral pressure forces are same for all cases. So,
above live loads are considered for the selection of load combination.
a. Combination 1
Permanent loads together with the appropriate primary live loads are considered.
b. Combination 2
Loads in Combination 1 together with wind, and, where erection is considered, temporary
erection loads.
Wind, and, temporary erection loads are negligible as concern substructure design. So the
combination 2 is same as combination 1.
c. Combination 3
Loads in Combination 1 together with those arising from restrain due to effect temperature
range and differences, and, where, erection is considered, temporary erection loads.
Temperature range and differences are not high tropical country like Sri Lanka and
negligible as concern substructure design. So the combination 3 is same as combination 1.
d. Combination 4
All permanent loads are considered together with appropriate primary live loads and
associated secondary live loads.
e. Combination 5
All permanent loads are considered together with the loads due to friction at bearings.
Combination 4 is critical, because longitudinal live loads are applied with appropriate live
loads and increase the tendency to overturn and increase of stresses in mass concrete
substructure.
So, Combination 4 is considered for the design of substructure.
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
5.0 DESIGN OF CAPPING BEAM
Typical capping beam that frequently uses at Design Office will be checked for stability
and stresses for loads.
5.1 CALCULATIONS OF LOADS ON CAPPING BEAM
Fig: 5.1:Loads acting on capping beam
Height of the capping beam = 1.46 m
Width of the capping beam = 0.785 m
Total length of cross section = 9.2 m
Vertical loads
Vertical Load from the Deck (FVA) =
( 3617.3 1140 228 9.2¿
2 2
+ +240+ ¿ ¿
2 ¿ )
= 306.33 kN/m 306.33 kN/m
(Assuming that KEL is applied directly on Abutment bearing)
Distance to the bearing point from the face of abutment (xF);
= 0.23 m
Load due to Self weight of capping beam (w1);
Area of capping beam = 0.67 m2
Self weight of capping beam = (0.67×9.2×24)/9.2
= 16.08 kN/m 16.08 kN/m
Centre of gravity of capping beam (Xw) = 0.499 m
Horizontal loads
Tractive Force (TA)
(assuming that 60% of longitudinal live load transfer to the abutment)
= (0.6×352)/9.2
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
= 22.9565 kN/m 22.956522 kN/m
Height from the point A to TA (hT) = 0.45+0.05
= 0.5 m
σH = Ka × σv - C × KAC
where, C = 0
σH = Ka × σv
But σv = Υsat × h + 10
So, σH = (Υsat × h + 10)×Ka
Ka = Tan2(45-Φ/2)
= Tan2(45-35/2)
= 0.27
At top level, h=0m σH1 = (17.28×0+10)×0.27
= 2.70 kN/m2 2.70 kN/m2
At bottom level, h=1.46m σH2 = (17.28×1.46+10)×0.27
= 9.51 kN/m2 9.51 kN/m2
Lateral Load induced due to Surcharge Pressure (H1)
H1 = σH1 × 1.46
= 3.94 kN/m 3.94 kN/m
@ 0.73 m
Load Due to Earth Lateral Pressure (H2)
H2 = 0.5 × (9.55-2.71) × 1.46
= 4.97 kN/m 4.97 kN/m
@ 0.487 m
a. Check for Stability
Taking Over Turning and Resisting Moments about A;
Resisting Moment (Mres); = (FVA × xF) + (w × xw)
= (306.33 ×0.23)+(16.08 ×0.499)
= 78.480 kNm/m 78.480 kNm/m
Overturning Moment (Mover); = (H1 ×h1)+(H2 ×h2)+(TA ×ht)
= (3.94 ×0.73)+(4.97 ×0.487)
(22.957 ×0.5)
= 16.7759 kNm/m 16.776 kNm/m
Factor of Safety = Resisting Moment
Overturning Moment
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
= 78.4797
16.7759 FOS
= 4.678 > 1.5 4.678
Hence OK
b. Check for Stresses
Moment of Inertia about X-X, Ixx = bd3/12
3
= 0. 785
12
= 0.04 m4
Axial Force (F) = FVA + w
= 256.68+16.08
= 322.41 kN/m 322.41 kN/m
e’ = ( M res − M over )
F
= (78.48-16.776)/322.41
= 0.191 m 0.191 m
But, e = B/2 - e'
= (0.785/2)-0.191
= 0.201 m 0.218 m
Cross sectional area Considered (A) = 0.785 ×1
= 0.785 m2 0.785 m2
F M×y
Stress of any Point of the Section (σ); = ±
A I
Where; M = F×e
Substituting Moment and Axial Force to equation above
Maximum Stress (σmax or Smax) = 1042.06 kN/m2 1042.1 kN/m2
Minimum Stress (σmin or S min) = -220.6 kN/m2 -220.6 kN/m2
Maximum tensile stress developed below the capping beam is lesser than
0.36 N/mm2
Hence OK
F (Axial Force)
s min
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
s min
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
s max
Fig: 5.2: Stress distribution below the capping beam
Note:
Bridge
Design In this case, tension developed in concrete is lesser than 360 kN/m2 and factor of
Manual, RDA
Safety is greater than 1.5. So, it satisfies the condition in Bridge design Manual, Road
Development Authority.
5.2 CALCULATION OF LOADS ON CAPPING BEAM FOR PARTIAL SUBMERGED
CONDITION
In this bridge no chances for submergence of capping beam. Because high flood level
(HFL) is 0.6m below the deck level.
BS5400 5.3 CHECK FOR HB LOADING
Part 2 HB vehicle is placed wholly on the lane.
Cl. 6.2.2 Considering the adverse effect of heavy vehicle on capping beam;
Vertical load on the Capping beam (FVB)
300 kN 300 kN 300 kN 300 kN
TB
F
VB
Fig: 5.3 HB Load acting on the bridge
Vertical load act on bearing pad due to HB vehicle (FVB)
=
( 300+
18 . 54
+
18 . 54
+
18 . 54
+
2 )
300×16 .74 300×10 .74 300×8 . 94 3788 . 5 228
+
2
9. 2
= 314.953 kNm/m 314.95 kNm/m
Longitudinal force on the capping beam (TB)
=
( 2.5×16×30×25×0.6
9.2×100 )
= 19.5652 kNm/m 19.565217 kNm/m
So;
FVB >FVA
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Application of FVB increases the Resisting Moment and stability
TB <TA
Application of TB decreases the overturning moment hence stability
increases HA loads
govern the
So, HA loads govern the stability of the capping beam design
6.0 DESIGN OF ABUTMENTS
As per the Capping beam, it can be shown that HA loads govern the design of
Abutments.
6.1 DESIGN OF DENIPITIYA END ABUTMENT
Fig: 6.1: Horowpothana end abutment
6.1.1 CALCULATION OF LOADS AT DRY CONDITION
For the section B-B'
Fig: 6.2: Loads acting on Horowpothana end abutment
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Height from capping beam top to BB = 2.66 m
Width at BB = 1.185 m
b. Vertical loads
Vertical Load from the Deck (FVA) = 306.33 kN/m 306.33 kN/m
(Assuming KEL is applied directly on Abutment bearing)
Normal distance from the abutment face to FVA (xF);
= 0.33 m
Load due to Self weight of capping beam (w1)
= 16.08 kN/m 16.08 kN/m
Distance from the face of abutment to w1 (x1)
= 0.6 m
Load due to self weight of abutment (w2)
= (1.085+1.181)x1.2x23.6/2
= 32.1432 kN/m 32.14 kN/m
Distance from the face of abutment to w2 (x2)
= 0.617 m
Vertical load due to overburden pressure (w3)
= 1.46 ×0.3 x 17.28
= 7.56864 kN/m 7.569 kN/m
Distance from the face of abutment to w3 (x3)
= 1.035 m
Vertical load due to surcharge pressure (P)
= 10 × 0.3
= 3 kN/m 3 kN/m
Distance from the face of abutment to P (xp)
= 0.3/2 + 0.785 + 0.1
= 1.035 m
3.105
c. Horizontal loads
Tractive Force (TA) = 22.9565 kN/m 22.956522 kN/m
Height from D' to force acting point = 0.5+1.2
= 1.7 m
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Ka = Tan2(45-Φ/2)
= Tan2(45-35/2)
= 0.270
Lateral Load induced due to Surcharge Pressure (H1)
H1 = 0.27 ×10 × 2.66
= 7.18 kN/m 7.18 kN/m
@ 1.33 m
Lateral load Due to Earth Pressure (H2)
H2 = 0.27 ×17.28 ×5.06^2/2
= 16.51 kN/m 16.51 kN/m
@ 0.887 m
d. Check for Stability
Taking Over Turning and Resisting Moments about D'
Resisting Moment (Mres); = (FVA × xF) + (w1 × x1)+
(w2 × x2) + (w3 × x3) +
(P × xP)
= 141.508 kNm/m 141.508 kNm/m
Overturning Moment (Mover); = (H1 × h1)+(H2 × h2)+(TA × ht)
= 63.213 kNm/m 63.213 kNm/m
Factor of Safety = Resisting Moment
Overturning Moment FOS
= 2.239 > 1.5 2.239
Hence OK
e. Check for Stresses
Moment of Inertia = bd3/12
3
= 1 . 185
12
= 0.139 m4
Axial Force (F) = FVA + w1+ w2+ w3+P
= 306.33+16.08+32.143+
7.5686+3.0
= 365.121 kN/m 365.121 kN/m
e’ = ( M res − M over )
F
= (142.108-63.213)/365.121
= 0.214 m 0.214 m
But, e = B/2 - e'
= (1.185/2)-0.216
= 0.378 m 0.378 m
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Cross sectional area Considered (A) = 1.185*1
= 1.185 m2
Stress of any Point of the Section (σ); = F M×y
±
A I
Where; M = F×e
Substituting Moment and Axial Force to equation above
Maximum Stress (σmax or Smax) = 897.94 kN/m2 897.94 kN/m2
Minimum Stress (σmin or S min) = -281.70 kN/m2 -281.70 kN/m2
Maximum tensile stress developed at the level is lesser than 0.36 N/mm2
Hence OK
Bridge Results of stability and stresses on each section of abutment are tabulated in
Design
Table 6.1 below.
Manual,
RDA. i.e.
When;
Factor of Safety >= 1.3; Max Tension <= 240 kN/m2
Factor of Safety >= 1.5; Max Tension <= 360 kN/m2
For the section C-C'
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Fig: 6.2: Loads acting on Horowpothana end abutment
Height from capping beam top to CC' = 3.86 m
Width at CC' = 1.585 m
b. Vertical loads
Vertical Load from the Deck (FVA) = 306.33 kN/m 306.33 kN/m
(Assuming KEL is applied directly on Abutment bearing)
Normal distance from the abutment face to FVA (xF);
= 0.43 m
Load due to Self weight of capping beam (w1)
= 16.08 kN/m 16.08 kN/m
Distance from the face of abutment to w1 (x1)
= 0.7 m
Load due to self weight of abutment (w2)
= (1.085+2X1.185+0.3+1.585)x1.2x23.6/2
= 75.6144 kN/m 75.61 kN/m
Distance from the face of abutment to w2 (x2)
= 0.774 m
Vertical load due to overburden pressure (w3)
= (1.46 ×0.3 + 1.266 x 0.3)x 17.28
= 14.1316 kN/m 14.132 kN/m
Distance from the face of abutment to w3 (x3)
= 1.328 m
Vertical load due to surcharge pressure (P)
= 10 ×( 0.3 x2)
= 6 kN/m 6 kN/m
Distance from the face of abutment to P (xp)
= (0.3x2)/2 + 0.785 + 0.2
= 1.285 m
7.71
c. Horizontal loads
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Tractive Force (TA) = 22.9565 kN/m 22.956522 kN/m
Height from D' to force acting point = 0.5+1.2 +1.2
= 2.9 m
Ka = Tan2(45-Φ/2)
= Tan2(45-35/2)
= 0.270
Lateral Load induced due to Surcharge Pressure (H1)
H1 = 0.27 ×10 × 2.9
= 10.42 kN/m 10.42 kN/m
@ 1.93 m
Lateral load Due to Earth Pressure (H2)
H2 = 0.27 ×17.28 ×3.86^2/2
= 34.76 kN/m 34.76 kN/m
@ 1.287 m
d. Check for Stability
Taking Over Turning and Resisting Moments about D'
Resisting Moment (Mres); = (FVA × xF) + (w1 × x1)+
(w2 × x2) + (w3 × x3) +
(P × xP)
= 227.980 kNm/m 227.980 kNm/m
Overturning Moment (Mover); = (H1 × h1)+(H2 × h2)+(TA × ht)
= 131.410 kNm/m 131.410 kNm/m
Factor of Safety = Resisting Moment
Overturning Moment FOS
= 1.735 > 1.5 1.735
Hence OK
e. Check for Stresses
Moment of Inertia = bd3/12
= 1 . 5853
12
= 0.332 m4
Axial Force (F) = FVA + w1+ w2+ w3+P
= 306.33+16.08+32.143+
7.5686+3.0
= 418.155 kN/m 418.155 kN/m
e’ = ( M res − M over )
F
= (227.980-131.410)/418.155
= 0.231 m 0.231 m
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
But, e = B/2 - e'
= (1.585/2)-0.216
= 0.562 m 0.562 m
Cross sectional area Considered (A) = 1.585*1
= 1.585 m2
Stress of any Point of the Section (σ); = F M×y
±
A I
Where; M = F×e
Substituting Moment and Axial Force to equation above
Maximum Stress (σmax or Smax) = 824.64 kN/m2 824.64 kN/m2
Minimum Stress (σmin or S min) = -297.00 kN/m2 -297.00 kN/m2
Maximum tensile stress developed at the level is lesser than 0.36 N/mm2
Hence OK
Bridge Results of stability and stresses on each section of abutment are tabulated in
Design
Table 6.1 below.
Manual,
RDA. i.e.
When;
Factor of Safety >= 1.3; Max Tension <= 240 kN/m2
Factor of Safety >= 1.5; Max Tension <= 360 kN/m2
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
TABLE 6.2
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
6.2 DESIGN OF DENIPITIYA END FOUNDATION
6.2.1 DRY CONDITION
Fig: 6.4 Horowpothana end abutment (Dry Condition)
Abutment height = 3.6 m
Bearing pad height = 0.05 m
Capping wall thick = 0.45 m
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Height from top of the capping beam to foundation level
= 5.06 m
Width of the abutment = 4.285 m
a. Vertical loads
Vertical Load from the Deck (FVA) = 306.33 kN/m 306.33 kN/m
(Assuming KEL is applied directly on Abutment bearing)
Normal distance from the point D' to FVA (xF)
= 0.23+0.2+0.6
= 1.03 m
Tractive Force (TA) = 22.9565 kN/m 22.956522 kN/m
Height from the point D' to TA (hT) = 3.6+.45+.05
= 4.10 m
Load due to Self weight of capping beam (w1)
= 16.08 kN/m 16.08 kN/m
Distance from the face of abutment to w1 (x1)
= 1.3 m
Self weight of Abutment and Foundation (w2)
= (75.618+4.285x1.2)×23.6
= 196.966 kN/m 196.9656 kN/m
Distance from the face of abutment to w2 (x2)
= 1.848 m
Vertical load due to overburden soil pressure (w3)
= (1.46x0.3 +2.66x0.3 + 3.86x2.1)×17.28
= 161.43 kN/m 161.43 kN/m
Distance from the face of abutment to w3 (x3)
= 3.062 m
Vertical load due to surcharge pressure (P)
= 10×(0.3+0.3+2.1)
= 24.00 kN/m 24.00 kN/m
Distance from point G to P (xp) = (2.7/2)+0.785+0.2+0.6
= 2.935 m
b. Horizontal loads
σH = Ka × σv - C × KAC
where, C = 0
σH = Ka × σv
But σv = Υsat × h + 10
So, σH = (Υsat × h + 10)*Ka
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Ka = Tan (45-Φ/2)
2
= Tan2(45-35/2)
= 0.27
At top level, h=0m σH1 = (17.28×0+10)×0.27
= 2.70 kN/m2 2.70 kN/m2
At bottom level, h=7.96m σH2 = (17.28×5.06+10)×0.27
= 26.31 kN/m2 26.31 kN/m2
Lateral Load induced due to Surcharge Pressure (H1)
H1 = σH1 × 5.06
= 13.66 kN/m 13.66 kN/m
@ 2.530 m
Lateral Load Due to Earth Pressure (H2)
H2 = 0.5 × (39.84-2.7) ×5.06
= 59.73 kN/m 59.73 kN/m
@ 1.687 m
Restoring lateral force due to Passive Pressure (HP)
h
p2
HP = K P ×γ sat ×
2
2
= 1 3. 947
×17.28×
0. 27 2
= 498.52 kN/m 498.52 kN/m
Normal distance from point P to Hp (hp) = 3.947/3
= 0.500 m
c. Check for Stability
(1). Check for Overturning
Taking Overturning and Resisting Moments about G
Resisting Moment (Mres); = (FVA × xF) + (w1 × x1)+
(w2 × x2) + (w3 × x3) +
(P × xP) +(Hp×hp)
Bridge = 1514.41 kNm/m 1514.41 kNm/m
Design
Manual,
RDA. Overturning Moment (Mover); = (H1 × h1)+(H2 × h2)+(TA ×ht)
= 229.428 kNm/m 229.43 kNm/m
Factor of Safety = Resisting Moment
Overturning Moment FOS
= 6.601 > 1.3 6.601
Hence OK
(2). Check for Sliding
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Sliding force = TA+H1+H2
= 96.35 kN/m 96.35 kN/m
Total Vertical force = FVA+w1+w2+w3+P
= 704.80 kN/m 704.80 kN/m
Assuming coefficient of friction between concrete and the soil below the foundation is as
0.35
Sliding resistive force = (µ × Vertical force) +
Passive force
= 0.35×929.64 + 72.0
= 745.204 kN/m 745.20 kN/m
Factor of Safety = Sliding resistive force
Sliding force FOS
= 7.735 > 1.5 7.735
Hence OK
d. Check for Stresses
Moment of Inertia = bd3/12
=
= 6.556 m4 6.556 m4
Axial Force (F) = FVA + w1+ w2+ w3+P
= 317.83+16.08+379.72+
190.01 + 26
= 704.80 kN/m 704.80 kN/m
e’ = ( M res − M over )
F
= (1505.8-724.13)/929.64
= 1.823 m 1.823 m
But, e = B/2 - e'
= (3.86/2)-0.841
= 0.319 m 0.319 m
Cross Section Area Considered (A) = 3.86×1
= 4.285 m2
Bridge Stress of any Point of the Section (σ); = F M×y
Design
±
A I
Manual,
RDA. Where; M = F×e
Substituting Moment and Axial Force to equation above
Maximum Stress (σmax or Smax) = 238.025 kN/m2 238.03 kN/m2
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Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Minimum Stress (σmin or S min) = 90.94 kN/m 2
90.94 kN/m2
Maximum tensile stress developed below the foundation is lesser than
0.24 N/mm2
Hence OK
e. Moment Redistribution
F (Axial Force)
-My
I
(-)
(+) (+)
F/A
+My
I
s min
s max
Ideal Stress Distribution
s redistributed
Actual Stress Distribution
Fig 6.5 Stress distribution in soil below foundation
Equating the soil reaction in actual stress distribution with axial force
1 '
F= ×σ red ×3× e
2
704.80 = 0.5×σred×3×0.802
704.80 = 2.735 × σred
σred = 257.72 kN/m2 257.72 kN/m2
Note: Abutment foundation is seated on rock, so no need to do the settlement check.
Allowable bearing capacity of rock assumed to be more than 2500 kN/m2. So the
allowable bearing capacity is enough to withstand the stress developed due to
foundation.
26
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
27
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
28
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
29
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3 . 863
12
( M res − M over )
F
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
F (Axial Force)
30
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
F (Axial Force)
-My
I
(-)
(+) (+)
F/A
+My
I
s min
s max
Ideal Stress Distribution
s redistributed
Actual Stress Distribution
1 '
F= ×σ red ×3× e
2
6.2.3 CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT FOR THE FOUNDATION
Note: Higher stresses are developed on foundation under dry condition than partial
submerged condition and hence considered for calculation of reinforcement.
a. Calculation of Ultimate Loads on the Foundation
Nominal Dead Load from the Deck = 3312.0
9.20 × 2
= 180.00 kN/m 180.00 kN/m
31
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Nominal Super Imposed Load = 305.34
9.20 × 2
= 16.59 kN/m 16.59 kN/m
Nominal HA Live Loading = 810.00
9.20
= 88.04 kN/m 88.04 kN/m
Nominal Pedestrian Loading = 228.00
9.20 ×2
= 12.39 kN/m 12.39 kN/m
Table 6.3: Calculation of Ultimate loads
Load Type
Nominal
γFL γ3 Ultimate Load (kN/m)
Vertical Loads Load (kN/m)
Dead Load from the Deck 180.00 1.15 1.1 227.70
Super Imposed Load 16.59 1.75 1.1 31.94
HA from the Deck 88.04 1.25 1.1 121.06
Pedestrian Load 12.39 1.25 1.1 17.04
Weight of Capping Beam (w1) 16.08 1.15 1.1 20.34
Weight of Abutment (w2) 75.61 1.15 1.1 95.65
Weight of Soil (w3) 14.13 1.5 1.1 23.32
Surcharge Force (P) 24.00 1.5 1.1 39.60
Horizontal Forces
Lateral Force due to Surcharge (H1) 13.66 1.5 1.1 22.54
Active Earth Pressure Force (H2) 59.73 1.5 1.1 98.55
Tractive Force (T) 22.96 1.25 1.1 31.57
Passive Earth Pressure Force (HP) -498.52 1.5 1.1 -822.56
Moment about X – X;
3.86
Mx-x'
Moment about X – X =
32
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
(286.60+18.32+92.81+19.59)×1.225+(20.34×1.256)+
(480.35×0.585)+(313.52×-0.678)+(42.9×-0.33)+
(35.46×3.98)+(243.89×2.653)+(48.4×7.0)+ (-118.8×0.33)
= 840.55 kNm/m 840.55 kNm/m
Total Vertical Load (F) = 286.60+18.32+92.81+19.59+
20.34+480.35+313.52+42.9
= 576.65 kN/m 576.65 kN/m
Cross Section Area Considered (A) = 3.86×1
= 3.860 m2 3.860 m2
Moment of Inertia about x – x (Ixx) = 3 . 863
12
= 4.793 m4 4.793 m4
Stress of any Point of the Section (σ); = F M×y
±
A I
Where; M = F×e
Substituting Moment and Axial Force to equation above
Maximum Stress (σmax or Smax) = 487.88 kN/m2 487.88 kN/m2
Minimum Stress (σmin or S min) = -189.09 kN/m 2
-189.09 kN/m2
b. Moment Redistribution
Eccentricity (e) = M xx
F
= 1.458 m
e' = 0.472 m 0.472 m
1
So, as per previous calculation F= ×σ red ×3×e'
2
576.65 = 0.5×σred×3×0.613
σred = 813.85 kN/m2
σq = 641.6 kN/m2 641.6 kN/m2
Considering the bending failure of the foundation section
33
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Fig: 6.8 Actual stress distribution in soil
F1 = (1386.7-1160.4)×0.3/2
= 25.8439 kN/m 25.844 kN/m
F2 = 1160.4×0.3
= 192.467 kN/m 192.467 kN/m
Taking moment about the section;
Design Moment = (33.949×0.3×2/3)+
(348.11×0.3/2)
= 34.04 kNm/m 34.04 kNm/m
BS 5400 Cover should not be less than the maximum size of the
Part 4 coarse aggregate + 5mm
Cl. 5.8.8 &
maximum size of the coarse aggregate 19 mm
=
Table 13 = 19mm + 5mm
= 24 mm
Minimum grade of cover is 45 mm for grade 25 concrete
So, cover selected as 50 mm
Assuming Ф12 mm bars are used;
Bar diameter = 12 mm
Effective depth (d) = 500-50-(12/2)
= 444 mm
BS 5400 The ultimate resistance moment (Mu),
Part 4 Mu = 0.15fcubd2
Cl. 5.3.2.3
Mu = 0.15
fcubd 2
For the above section,
6
Mu = 59 .01×10
fcubd2 25×1000×4442
= 0.012 < 0.15
Therefore the section can be design as singly reinforced section.
From,
M u=( 0.87 f y ) A s z
z= 1−
( 1. 1 f y A s
f cu bd
d
)
(
z= 1−
1. 1×460×A s
25×1000×444
444 )
34
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
z = 444 -0.02024 As
6
59 .01×10 =0 . 87×460× A s ×( 444−0 . 02024 A s )
6
8 . 1 A 2 −177688 . 8 A s +59 . 01×10 =0
s
As = 120365.0 or 337.3 mm2
As = 337.3 mm2 337.3 mm2
BS 5400 c. Check for minimum area of main reinforcement
Part 4
5.8.4.1 The area of tension reinforcement in a beam or slab should be not less than 0.15% of
bad when using grade 460 reinforcement.
100 As = 0.08 < 0.15
b ad
As = 0.15x1000x 444
100
= 666.0 mm2 666.0 mm2
No of 12mm diameter r/f bars per 1 m length,
= 5.9
Say No. of Bars = 6
Spacing = 167 mm
Say = 150 mm < 333 (0.75d) or 300 mm 150 mm
BS 5400 d. Check for minimum area of secondary reinforcement
Part 4
Cl. 5.8.4.2 In the predominantly tensile area solid slab or wall the minimum area of secondary
reinforcement should be not less than 0.12% of btd when using grade 460
reinforcement.
100As = 0.12
btd
As = 533 mm2 533 mm2
No of 12mm diameter r/f bars per 1 m length,
= 4.7
Say No. of Bars = 5
Spacing = 200 mm
Say = 175 mm 175 mm
35
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
< 333 (0.75d) or 300 mm
BS 5400 e. Maximum reinforcement area in member
Part 4
Cl. 5.8.5 < 4 × 1000 × 500/100
= 20000 mm2
It satisfies the provided reinforcement
BS 5400 f. Minimum distance between the bars
Part 4 Spacing Should be ¿ hagg +5 mm
Cl. 5.8.8.1
24 mm
>
BS 5400 g. Maximum spacing between bars in tension
Part 4 Should not be grater than 300 mm
Cl. 5.8.8.2
BS 8110 h. Lap length
Part 1 Lap length = 55Φ
Table 3.29
55 × 12
=
= 660 mm 660 mm
Provided main reinforcement =
12 mm dia. 6 bars per m enough with 150mm spaces
Provided secondary reinforcement =
12 mm dia. 5 bars per m enough with 175 mm spaces
6.2.4 CHECKING STABILITY DURING CONSTRUCTION
Without considering;
Deck dead load
Live loads
Super imposed dead loads
36
h
a
Bridger Designs Division, Road Development Authority
g
e
Ref Description & Calculations l Out Put
o
a
Considering; d
Lateral soil pressure
Weight of abutment
Weight of capping beam
50% of soil overburden load
a. Design of Horowpothana End Abutment
Fig 6.9 Horowpothana end abutment
Load due to Self weight of capping beam (w1)
= 0 kN/m 0 kN/m
Distance from the face of the capping beam to w1 (x1)
= 0m
Self weight of Abutment and Foundation (w2)
= 196.966 kN/m 196.9656 kN/m
Distance from the face of abutment to w2 (x2)
= 1.848 m
Vertical load due to overburden soil pressure
(only 50% is considered)(w3) = 80.7149 kN/m 80.715 kN/m
Distance from the face of abutment to w3 (x3)
= 3.062 m
Load Due to Lateral Earth Pressure (H1)
= 59.73 kN/m 59.73 kN/m
Normal distance from point G to H1 (h1) = 1.687 m
Restoring lateral force due to Passive Pressure (HP)
= 498.522 kN/m 498.52189 kN/m
Normal distance from point G to Hp (hp) = 0.500 m
37
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
b. Check for Stability
(1). Check for Overturning
Taking moment about G ;
Resisting Moment (Mres) = (w1 × x1)+(w2 × x2)+(w3 × x3)+
(Hp × hp)
= 860.402 kNm/m 860.40 kNm/m
Overturning Moment (Mover) = H1 × h1
= 100.741 kNm/m 100.74 kNm/m
Factor of Safety = 860.402
100.741 FOS
= 8.541 >1.5 8.541
(2). Check for Sliding
Sliding force = H1
= 59.73 kN/m 59.73 kN/m
Total Vertical force = w1+w2+w3
= 277.68 kN/m 277.68 kN/m
Assuming coefficient of friction between concrete and the soil below
the foundation is as 0.35
Sliding resistive force = μ×Vertical Force +
Passive Force
= (0.35×490.81)+72.0
= 595.71 kN/m 595.71 kN/m
Factor of Safety = 595.71
59.73 FOS
= 9.974 >1.5 9.974
Factor of Safety is larger than 1.5 and conditions for sliding
of structure satisfies.
6.3 DESIGN OF THIRIYAYA END ABUTMENT
38
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Fig: 6.10 Thiriyaya end abutment
As per the available borehole logs, the bed rock is located nearly at the same depth for
both abutments. Hence both abutments can be kept at the same level. Therefore, the
design of Thiriyaya end abutment is same as the design of Horowpothana end
abutment.
6.4 DESIGN OF THIRIYAYA END FOUNDATION
Since the Thiriyaya end abutment is same as the Horowpothana end abutment, design
of Thiriyaya end foundation is same as Horowpothana end foundation. Therefore no
separate design is required for Thiriyaya end.
39
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Correction For SPT (N) Value
1. Correction for Over burden Pressure
Consider depth = h' m
Depth of water Table from = h m
Deck
h1 = (h'-h) m
Depth of h m N - value = N
Saturated density of soil = γsat kN/m3
Water Density = γw kN/m4
Over Buden Pressure = γ sat∗h+(γ sat−γw )h 1
J.E
Bowels 4N
= Po ≤ 75kpa
Foundation Correction For Over Burden,N' 1+ 0. 04 Po
Analysis
Design
Correction For Over =
4N Po ≥ 75kpa
Burden,N' 3.25+0.01 Po
2 Correction for fineness
* If SPT Value is lesser than 15 ,no need correction
* If SPT Value is greater than 15 , N ' =15 + 1 / 2 ( N −15 )
Correction is
BH1
Depth of water Table from Deck = 1.4 m
Assume Saturated density
of Clayey Sand = 17.5 kN/m3
water Density = 9.81 kN/m3
Over Buden Pressure = γ sat∗h+(γ sat−γw )h 1
SPT Over Burden Correcti Static Skin
Depth from Correction Skin
N Pressure(kN/ on for al Resistanc
GL(m) for finess Area
Blows m) O.B. Avg. e
1.5 16 25.269 31.8288 15.5 16 4.714 75.42857
3.0 12 36.804 19.4162 12.0 12 4.714 56.57143
40
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
4.5 9 48.339 12.2718 9.0 9 4.714 42.42857
6.0 17 59.874 20.0297 16.0 17 4.714 80.14286
7.5 4 71.409 4.14899 4.0
9.0 4 82.944 3.92211 4.0
10.5 6 94.479 5.72138 6.0 5 14.14 70.71429
12.0 4 106.014 3.71218 4.0
13.5 4 117.549 3.61542 4.0
15.0 3 129.084 2.64268 3.0
325.29
Total = 325.29
FOS = 3
Allowable Resistance = 108.43
41
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
42
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
h
p2
K P×γ sat ×
2
2
1 2.5
×17.28×
0.27 2
43
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3 . 053
12
44
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
45
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
1 '
F= ×σ red ×3×e
2
46
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
h
p2
K P ×γ sat ×
2
2
1 ( 2. 5
× 17. 28−9.81 )×
0.27 2
47
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3 . 053
12
( M res − M over )
F
48
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
1 '
F= ×σ red ×3×e
F (Axial Force)
49
-My
I
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
F (Axial Force)
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
-My
I
(-)
(+) (+)
F/A
+My
I
s min
s max
Ideal Stress Distribution
s redistributed
Actual Stress Distribution
50
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3
3 . 05
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
M xx
F
1 '
F= ×σ red ×3×e
2
51
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
21. 89×106
25×1000×4442
52
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
M u =( 0.87 f y ) A s z
z= 1−
( f cu bd )
1. 1 f y A s
d
z= 1− ( 1. 1×460×A s
25×1000×444 )
444
6
21. 89×10 =0. 87×460× A s ×( 444−0 . 02024 A s )
6
8 . 1 A 2 −177688 . 8 A s +21 . 89×10 =0
s
53
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
¿ hagg +5 mm
54
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
55
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
56
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
5.3 Load Under Ultimate Limit Staes
ULS
Factored
Load Type Load (kN) Lever Arm ϒF2 ϒF3 Moment(k
Load(kN)
Nm)
Vertical Force
Dead Load 3617.3 2.967 1.15 1.1 4575.89 13576.67
S.I.Load 171.2 2.967 1.75 1.1 329.47 977.55
Live HA UDL 1140.0 2.967 1.50 1.1 1881.00 5580.93
Live HA KEL 240.0 2.967 1.50 1.1 396.00 1174.93
Live Footwalk 228.0 2.967 1.50 1.1 376.20 1116.19
Dead (Sub) 1709.1 2.592 1.15 1.1 2162.03 5603.97
Surcharge
106.2 3.92 1.50 1.1 175.20195 686.79
Abutment
Surcharge
0.0 x2 0 1.50 1.1 0.00 0.00
Wing Wall
Back Soil Abu 980.4 3.962 1.50 1.1 1617.66 6409.17
Back Soil Win 0.0 x 2 0 1.50 1.1 0.00 0.00
11513.46 35126.20
Hori. Force
Tractive 226.1 4.39 1.25 1.1 310.92 1364.93
Surcharge
121.4 3.08 1.50 1.1 200.27 616.82
Abutment
Surcharge
0.0 x2 0.00 1.50 1.1 0.00 0
Wing Wall
Earth
pressure 477.8 2.32 1.50 1.1 788.37 1829.007
Abut.
Earth
pressure 0.0 x2 0.00 1.50 1.1 0.00 0
Wing
1299.55 3810.75
Area Of capping Beam = 0.67 m2
Length of capping Beam = 9.85 m
Area of pile cap = 6.90 m2
Width of the pile cap = 4.60 m
Height of the pile cap = 1.50 m
Length of pile cap = 11.02 m
Area of one wing wall = 2.07 m2
Area of Abutment = 1.24 m2
Density of Concrete = 24.00 kN/m3
Density of Soil = 17.28 kN/m3
Length of wing wall = 5.75 m
Surcharge = 10.00 KN/m2
Density of Mass Concrete = 23.60 kN/m3
40
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
5.3 Load Under Servicebility Limit Staes
ULS
Factored
Load Type Load (kN) Lever Arm ϒF2 ϒF3 Moment(k
Load(kN)
Nm)
Vertical Force
Dead Load 3617.3 2.967 1.00 1.0 3617.31 10732.55
S.I.Load 171.2 2.967 1.00 1.0 171.16 507.82
Live HA UDL 1140.0 2.967 1.20 1.0 1368.00 4058.86
Live HA KEL 240.0 2.967 1.20 1.0 288.00 854.50
Live Footwalk 228.0 2.967 1.00 1.0 228.00 676.48
Dead (Sub) 2206.0 2.592 1.00 1.0 2206.00 5717.95
Surcharge
106.2 3.92 1.00 1.0 106.183 416.24
Abutment
Surcharge
0.0 x2 0 1.00 1.0 0.00 0.00
Wing Wall
Back Soil Abu 980.4 3.962 1.00 1.0 980.40 3884.34
Back Soil Win 0.0 x 2 0 1.00 1.0 0.00 0.00
8965.04 26848.73
Hori. Force
Tractive 226.1 4.39 1.00 1.0 226.12 992.67
Surcharge
121.4 3.08 1.00 121.37 373.83
Abutment 1.0
Surcharge
0.0 x2 0.00 1.00 0.00 0
Wing Wall 1.0
Earth
pressure 477.8 2.32 1.00 477.80 1108.489
Abut. 1.0
Earth
pressure 0.0 x2 0.00 1.00 0.00 0
Wing 1.0
825.29 2474.99
Area Of capping Beam = 0.67 m2
Length of capping Beam = 9.85 m
Area of pile cap = 6.90 m2
Width of the pile cap = 4.60 m
Height of the pile cap = 1.50 m
Length of pile cap = 11.02 m
Area of one wing wall = 2.07 m2
Area of Abutment = 1.24 m2
Density of Concrete = 24.00 kN/m3
Density of Soil = 17.28 kN/m3
Length of wing wall = 5.75 m
Surcharge = 10.00 KN/m2
Density of Mass Concrete = 23.60 kN/m3
41
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
5.4 Carrying Capacity of the pile
Pile deign Allowable Bearing Stress of the rock = 3.00 N/mm2
and Allowable Load on the Pile = 3 x πx D2/4
construction = 2357 kN
by
M.J.Tomlinson Friction Resistance Of Pile = 108.43 kN
Total allowable Load = Allowable Load on a Pile+
Friction Resistance by Soil
= 2466 kN
Embeded Length L = 12.249 + 1.5
= 13.749 m
Self weight of Pile = πx D2/4 x 13.749
= 259.27 kN
No. of Piles required for vertical load = 4.0634
Say 7 No's
Check the number of piles Required to resist Horizontal Forces
Total Horizontal Force = 825.29 kN
Pile deign
and
( )
1/ 5
construction EI
T=
by ηh
M.J.Tomlinson
eq 6.9 Where, E I- Stiffness of Pile
ηh -Co-efficent of soil Modulus Variation
I- Second Moment of area
BS5400 E= 28*106 kN/m2Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
Part4
App .B
Table 35
Assuming Relative Density = 50 %
from fig 6.20 of M.J.Thomson
ηh = 6.5 Mn/m3
42
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
I = πx D2/64
= 0.049
( )
1/ 5
T = 28× 106 ×0 . 049
4×10 3
= 2.92 m
2T = 5.84
4T = 11.68
Embeded Length L = 12.249 + 1.5
= 13.75 m
L > 4T
Therefore Pile is considered as Long Elastic Pile.
Ultimate Resistance of Long Pile
Pile deign
and 2× M u
H u=
construction e +Z f
by
M.J.Tomlinson Zf = 1.8 T
eq 6.24 & 6.34 = 5.256
Pile length above ground (e) = 0m
Total Ultimate vertical load = 8,965.04 kN
Ultimate load on a pile = 8965.04/5
(assume 7 piles)
N = 1793 kN
h
h = 1000 mm
hs
hs = 1000-75x2-25
= 825 mm
43
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
N / h2 = 1.793 N/mm2
For minimum r/f 100As / Ac = 1
hs/h = 0.825
fy = 460 fcu = 30
M / h3 = 1.48
M = 1480
Hu = 2 x 1480/(0 + 4.356)
= 563.17 kN
Take FOS = 2.5
Allowable load = 225.27 kN
No. of piles required for horizontal loads = 3.6636
Say 5 no's 9.0
44
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Calculation of loads on each Pile
At SLS
Ms = 26848.73 kNm
Mo = 2474.99 kNm
V = 8965.04 kNm
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
e' = 2.7188 m
e = 2.165+1.001- 2.719
= 0.4472 m
Pile Reaction Of Pile in row 1
Row 1
Row 2
45
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
ω we x
V= + +Selfweightofpile
n ∑ x2
V =
V = 1598 kN < 2466
Hence Ok
Pile Reaction Of Pile in row2
V = 1187 kN < 2466
Hence Ok
Pile Reaction Of Pile in row3
V = 776 kN < 2475
Hence Ok
Check foe ULS
Ms = 35126.20 kNm
Mo = 3810.75 kNm
V = 11513.46 kNm
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
e' = 2.7199 m
e = 4.6/2 - 2.72
46
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
= 0.4461 m
Pile Reaction Of Pile in row 1
V = 1977 kN < 2466 kN
Pile Reaction Of Pile in row 2
V = 1451 kN < 2466 kN
Pile Reaction Of Pile in row 3
V = 925 kN < 2475 kN
Design of Piles
Maximum Ultimate load on a pile = 1977 kN
BS5400
Part 4 Provide 1% of Ac as r/f
Cl 5.8.4.1 Asc = 1∗ Ac
100
= 1 x π 10002
4 x 100
= 7857.14 mm2
No of bars = 16.007
Say 17 No's
Diameter in r/f in position = 1000-75x2 - 25 - 12x2
= 801 mm
Clear Spacing = 123.08
= 123 mm
Hence OK.
47
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Check for shear
Calculation of Ultimate shear force
Ultimate shear force = 1299.55 kN
Shear force on a Pile = 1299.55
9.0
= 144.39 kN
Ultimate Shear stress (v) = V
bxd
d = 1000-75-12-12.5
= 900.5 mm
BS5400 v = 0.00016 N/mm2
Part4 In no case maximum shear should not exceed 0.75 √fcu or
1990 4.75 N/mm 2
Whichever is lesser
Cl 5.8.4.3
0.75 fcu = 4.11 N/mm2 > v
Hence OK>
Ultimate concrete shear stress
( )
1 /3
BS 5400 0 . 27 100 As
vc= fcu 1/ 3
Part 4 γm bd
1990
Table 8 γm = 1.25
100 As = 100 x π x 252/4 x 17
bd 100 x 900.5
= 0.9267
0 . 27
vc= (0 . 927 )1 /3 301/ 3
1 . 25
= 0.654 N/mm2
BS 5400
( )
1/ 4
Part 4 ξs =
500
d
48
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
( )
1/ 4
Ref Description & ξCalculations
s 500 Out Put
1990
Table 9
d
= 0.863
= 0.863 x 0.654
ξs vc
= 0.5644 N/mm2
BS5400 When a Column is Subjected to a Uniaxial Shear,The Ultimate Shear stress
Part4 ξ s vc Obtained from above calculation may be multiplied by 0. 05 N
1990 1+
Ac
Cl5.5.6
= 1+ 0.05 x 1610.11 x 103
0. 05 N
1+ π x 10002/4
Ac
= 1.0827
ξ s vc 0. 05 N
X 1+ = 0.5644 x 1.083
Ac
= 0.6111 N/mm 2
V < ξ s vc
Therefore shear r/f should be provided.
BS5400
Part4 0 . 4 bSv
Asv ≥
1990 0. 87 fyv
Cl5.3.3.2 Assume 2 Legs of 12 mm diameter for steel can be used
∏ ¿ 122∗2 ≥ 0 . 4∗1000∗Sv
4 0 . 87∗460
Sv ≤ 226.4 mm
BS5400
Part4 Provision of shear links
1990 Maximum spacing < 12 x minimum size of compressive steel bars
Cl5.8.4.3 < 12 x 25 mm
< 300 mm
Bar size > 1/4 x size of the largest compression bar
> 1/4 x 25 mm
> 6.25 mm
Therefore use T12 bars with 200mm spacing as shear r/f
49
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Design of Pile cap for Abutment
Considering piles in Row 1
h
p2
K P ×γ sat ×
2
1 2. 52
× (17. 28−9.81 )×
0.27 2
50
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3 . 053
12
( M res − M over )
F
51
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref ( M res − M over )
Description & Calculations Out Put
F
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
F (Axial Force)
-My
I
(-)
(+) (+)
F/A
+My
I
s min
s max
Ideal Stress Distribution
s redistributed
Actual Stress Distribution
52
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
1 '
F= ×σ red ×3×e
2
53
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3 . 053
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
M xx
F
1 '
F= ×σ red ×3×e
2
54
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
6
21. 89×10
25×1000×4442
55
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
6
Ref Description & Calculations
21. 89×10 Out Put
25×1000×4442
M u =( 0.87 f y ) A s z
z= 1−
( f cu bd )
1. 1 f y A s
d
z= 1−( 1. 1×460×A s
25×1000×444 )
444
21. 89×106 =0. 87×460× A s ×( 444−0 . 02024 A s )
8 . 1 A 2 −177688 . 8 A s +21 . 89×106 =0
s
56
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
¿ hagg +5 mm
57
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
58
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
59
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
14 .Calculation of reinforcement for Abutment Stem
Capping Beam Length = 9.85 mm
Soil height = 2.4 + 1.46
= 3.86 mm
Soil Density = 17.28 kN/m3
Ka = 0.426
Tractive Force = 22.957 x 1.25 x 1.1
= 31.565 kN/m
@ 2.9 m
2
Horizontal force due to soil = 0 . 5 ka× γ ×h
= 0.5x 0.426x 17.28x3.862x1.5x1.1
= 90.486 kN/m
@ 1.287 m
Horizontal force due to surcharge = 10× ka× h
= 10 x 0.426 x 3.86
= 16.444 kN/m
@ 1.93 m
Taking Moment about P
Ultimate Bending moment = 31.566x2.9 + 57.35 x 1.287 +
17.1963 x 1.93
= 239.7 kNm
40
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Assumeing 16 mm Tor steel used
Maximum Moment = 239.7 kNm
Effective Depth = 500-50-16/2
= 442 mm
b = 1000 mm
d = 442 mm
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
The Ultimate Resistance Moment
Eq. 2 2
Mu=0.15fcubd
For the stem at the bottom
Mu = 239.7 x 106
30 x 1000 x 4422
= 0.0409 < 0.15
Therefore Sction can be design as Single r/f Section
From,
Eq. 1
Mu=0.87fyAsZ
1.1fyAs
Z=(1− )
fcubd
From eq. 5
Z = 442 - 1.1 x 460 x As
30 x 1000
= 442 - 0.02 As
As = 22100 - 50 Z
6
239 .7×10 =0 .87×460( 22 , 100−50 Z ) Z
598 , 950 .52=( 22 , 100−50 Z ) Z
50 Z 2−22 , 100 Z +598 , 950 . 52=0
Z = 413 or Z = 29.01
Z must be less than 0.95d (418mm)
Z = 418 mm
As = 1200 mm2
41
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Cl 5.8.4.1 Minimum area of R/F
100 As = 100 x 1200.0
bxd 1000 x 442
= 0.271 > 0.15
Area of 16mm bar = 201 mm2
No of bars required per 1m length = 1200.00
201.14
= 5.9659
Say No of bars 6
Spacing = 200 < 0.75d (330)
Provide T 16 @ 150mm C/C
Secondary reinforcement for abutment
Minimum area of seconary r/f 0.12% of bd
= 0.12 x 1000 x 442
100
= ### mm2
Area of 10 mm bar = 78.571 mm2
No of bars required per 1m length = 530.40
78.57
= 6.7505
Say No of bars 7
Spacing = 167 < 0.75d (330)
Provide T 10@ 150mm C/C
Provide these secondary r/f for front and back side of the abutment wall.
42
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Reinforcemnet for Compression zone
Minimum area of Main r/f 0.15% of bd
= 0.15 x 1000 x 442
100
= ### mm2
Area of 10 mm bar = 78.571 mm2
No of bars required per 1m length = 663.00
78.57
= 8.4382
Say No of bars 9
Spacing = 125 < 0.75d (330)
Provide T 10@ 125mm C/C
Check for shear(ULS)
Ultimate shear force at bottom stem = Tractive force + Surcharge pressure
+ Soil actve pressure
= 37.879 +57.35+17.1963
= 138.49
Shear stress (v)
v = V
bd
= 138.49 x 1000
1000 x 442
Cl. 5.3.3.1 = 0.3133
v should be less than 0 . 75 √ fcu or 4.75 N/mm2
0 . 75 √ fcu = 4.1079 > v
No shear r/f required
43
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Determination of concrete Ultimate Shear Stress
Table 8 100 As = 100 x 1225.5
bxd 1000 x 442
= 0.271
( )
1 /3
0 . 27 100 As
vc= fcu1/ 3
γm bd
0 . 27
vc= (0 . 279 )1/ 3 301 /3
1 . 25
vc = 0.4346
Table 9
Depth Factor ξs
d = 442 mm
( )
1 /4
500
ξs= or 0.7 whichever grater
d
( )
1/ 4
500
=
440
= 1.032
Shear Capacity; ξ s vc = 1.0325 x 0.435
= 0.4487 N/mm2
> v
44
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Check for Crack width(SLS)
d
h
d acr
fig 14.1Check for Crack width(SLS)
Es = 200 KN/mm2
Ec = 28 KN/mm2
h = 500 mm
Cover = 50 mm
d=1800-50-16d = 1737.5 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Longitudinal bar db = 16 mm
No of bar = 8
Area of bar = 201.06 mm2
Moment at the Servicebility limit state
= (22.957x1.0x1.0x2.9) + ( 0.5x0.27x17.28x3.862x1.0x1.0x1.287)+
(10*0.27*3.86*1*1*1.93)
= 116.5196 kNm
R/F Stress fs = Ms
As*z
= 116 .5196×10 6
1608 . 8× 415. 49
= 173.3 N/mm2
x
d
=αρ [√ 1+
2
αρ
−1 ]
α = Es
Ec
= 200
14
= 14.286
As
ρ =
bd
45
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
A
Ref
ρ
Description & Calculations s Out Put
bd
= 0.0036
x=14 . 28 x3 . 66 x10−3 1+
[√ 2
14 . 28 x 3. 66 x10−3 ]
−1 x 440
= 121.08 mm
Strain at sofffit of concrete;
f s (h−x )
ε1 ε1 =
E s (d−x )
= 174 . 316 (500−121 . 08 )
200×103 ( 440−121. 08 )
= 1.036x10-3
[ ] [( ]
Eq.25 3 . 8 bt h ( a ' −d c )
ε m =ε 1−
( εs A s ( h−d c ) )
1−
Mq
Mg )
10−9
but not greater than ε1
Moment due to live load > Moment due to dead load
then εm=ε1
( )
2
2 150 2
( a cr +8 ) = 2 + ( 50+8 )
acr = 86.81 mm
3acr*εm = 0.27
= 0.6135
acr −cnom
h−d s
Design Crack Width = 0.2698
1 + 2x0.6135
= 0.121
0.121 mm < 0.25 mm
Crack with is O.K
46
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
47
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
48
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
49
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
50
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
51
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
52
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
53
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
1 '
F= ×σ red ×3×e
2
54
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
55
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
56
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
¿ hagg +5 mm
57
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
58
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
59
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
14 .Calculation of reinforcement for Wing Wall
Wing wall length = 3700 mm
Wing wall height = 4.155 mm
=
Soil Density = 17.28 kN/m3
Ka = 0.27
2
Horizontal force due to soil = 0 . 5 ka× γ ×h
= 0.5x 0.27x 17.28x4.155x1.5x1.1
= 66.451 kN/m
@ 1.385 m
Horizontal force due to surcharge = 10× ka× h
= 10 x 0.27 x 4.155
= 11.219 kN/m
@ 2.078 m
Taking Moment about P
Ultimate Bending moment = 57.35 x 1.287 + 17.1963 x 1.93
= 115.34 kNm/m
Assumeing 16 mm Tor steel used
Maximum Moment = 115.34 kNm
40
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Effective Depth = 500-50-16/2
= 442 mm
b = 1000 mm
d = 442 mm
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
The Ultimate Resistance Moment
Eq. 2 2
Mu=0.15fcubd
For the stem at the bottom
Mu = 115.34 x 106
30 x 1000 x 4422
= 0.0197 < 0.15
Therefore Sction can be design as Single r/f Section
From,
Eq. 1
Mu=0.87fyAsZ
1.1fyAs
Z=(1− )
fcubd
From eq. 5
Z = 442 - 1.1 x 460 x As
30 x 1000
= 442 - 0.02 As
As = 22100 - 50 Z
6
115 .3×10 =0. 87×460( 22 ,100−50 Z ) Z
288 , 105. 947=( 22, 100−50 Z )Z
50 Z 2−22 , 100 Z +288 , 105 . 947=0
Z = 429 or Z = 13.45
Z must be less than 0.95d (418mm)
Z = 418 mm
As = 1200 mm2
Cl 5.8.4.1 Minimum area of R/F
41
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
100 As = 100 x 1200.0
bxd 1000 x 442
= 0.271 > 0.15
Area of 16mm bar = 201 mm2
No of bars required per 1m length = 1200.00
201.14
= 5.9659
Say No of bars 6
Spacing = 200 < 0.75d (330)
Provide T 16 @ 150mm C/C
Secondary reinforcement for abutment
2
Horizontal force due to soil = 0 . 5 ka× γ ×h
= 0.5x 0.27x 17.28x4.155x1.5x1.1
= 66.451 kN/m
@ 3.7 m
Horizontal force due to surcharge = 10× ka× h
= 10 x 0.27 x 4.155
= 11.219 kN/m
@ 3.7 m
Taking Moment about P
Ultimate Bending moment = 66.45 x 3.7 + 11.22 x 3.7
= 287.38 kNm/m
Assumeing 16 mm Tor steel used
Maximum Moment = 287.38 kNm
Effective Depth = 500-50-16/2
= 442 mm
b = 1000 mm
d = 442 mm
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
42
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
The Ultimate Resistance Moment
2
Mu=0.15fcubd
For the stem at the bottom
Mu = 287.38 x 106
30 x 1000 x 4422
= 0.049 < 0.15
Therefore Sction can be design as Single r/f Section
From,
Mu=0.87fyAsZ
1.1fyAs
Z=(1− )
fcubd
From eq. 5
Z = 442 - 1.1 x 460 x As
30 x 1000
= 442 - 0.02 As
As = 22100 - 50 Z
6
287 . 4×10 =0. 87×460( 22 ,100−50 Z ) Z
718 , 140. 93=( 22 , 100−50 Z ) Z
50 Z 2−22 , 100 Z +718 , 140 . 93=0
Z = 407 or Z = 35.32
Z must be less than 0.95d (418mm)
Z = 406.68 mm
As = 1766 mm2
Minimum area of R/F
100 As = 100 x 1766.0
bxd 1000 x 442
= 0.4 > 0.15
Area of 16mm bar = 201 mm2
43
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
No of bars required per 1m length = 1766.00
201.14
= 8.7798
Say No of bars 9
Spacing = 125 < 0.75d (330)
Provide T 16 @ 125mm C/C
Reinforcemnet for Compression zone
Minimum area of seconary r/f 0.15% of bd
= 0.15x 1000 x 442
100
= ### mm2
Area of 10 mm bar = 78.571 mm2
No of bars required per 1m length = 663.00
78.57
= 8.4382
Say No of bars 9
Spacing = 125 < 0.75d (330)
Provide T 10@ 125mm C/C
Check for shear(ULS)
Ultimate shear force at bottom stem = Surcharge pressure
+ Soil actve pressure
= 66.45+11.22
= 77.67
Shear stress (v)
v = V
bd
= 77.67 x 1000
1000 x 442
= 0.1757
0 . 75 √ fcu
44
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
v should be less than 0 . 75 √ fcu or 4.75 N/mm2
0 . 75 √ fcu = 4.1079 > v
No shear r/f required
Determination of concrete Ultimate Shear Stress
100 As = 100 x 1200
bxd 1000 x 442
= 0.271
( )
1 /3
0 . 27 100 As
vc= fcu1/ 3
γm bd
0 . 27
vc= (0 . 271 )1/ 3 301 /3
1 . 25
vc = 0.4346
Depth Factor ξs
d = 442 mm
( )
1 /4
500
ξs= or 0.7 whichever grater
d
( )
1/4
500
=
442
= 1.031
Shear Capacity; ξ s vc = 1.0313 x 0.435
0.4482
= N/mm2
> v
45
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Eq.25
Check for Crack width(SLS)
d
h
d acr
fig 14.1Check for Crack width(SLS)
Es = 200 KN/mm2
Ec = 28 KN/mm2
h = 500 mm
Cover = 50 mm
d=1800-50-16d = 1737.5 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Longitudinal bar db = 16 mm
No of bar = 8
Area of bar = 201.06 mm2
Moment at the Servicebility limit state
= ( 0.5x0.27x17.28x4.155x1.0x1.0x1.385)+
(10x0.27x4.155x1x1x2.078)
= 36.737 kNm
R/F Stress fs = Ms
As*z
6
= 36 .737×10
1608 . 8×415. 49
= 54.64 N/mm2
x
d
=αρ [√ 1+
2
αρ
−1 ]
Es
Ec
46
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
α = Es
Ec
= 200
14
= 14.286
As
ρ =
bd
= 0.0036
x=14 . 28 x3 . 66 x10−3 1+
[√ 2
14 . 28 x 3. 66 x10−3 ]
−1 x 440
= 121.08 mm
Strain at sofffit of concrete;
f s (h−x )
ε1 ε1 =
E s (d−x )
= 54. 64 ( 500−121. 08 )
200×103 ( 442−121.08 )
= 3.26x10-4
ε m =ε 1−
[ 3 . 8 bt h ( a ' −d c )
( εs A s ( h−d c ) ) ] [( 1−
Mq
Mg )
10−9
]
but not greater than ε1
Moment due to live load > Moment due to dead load
then εm=ε1
( )
2
2 150 2
( a cr +8 ) = 2 + ( 50+8 )
acr = 86.81 mm
3acr*εm = 0.08
= 0.6135
acr −cnom
h−d s
Design Crack Width = 0.08
1 + 2x0.6135
= 0.036
47
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
0.036 mm < 0.25 mm
Crack with is O.K
48
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
49
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
50
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
51
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
52
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
53
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
54
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
1 '
F= ×σ red ×3×e
2
55
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
56
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
57
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
¿ hagg +5 mm
58
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
59
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
14 .Calculation of reinforcement for Abutment Stem
Piles in Row 1
F1 kN/m
0.8 3 3 3 0.8
BS8110 F1 = 2282 x 4
part 1 11.02
Table 3.6 = 718 kN/m
Maximum Sagging = 0.09 x 828.2 x 4 x3/11.02
= 70.32 kNm/m
Maximum Hogging = 0.11 x 828.2 x 4 x 3/11.02
= 85.947 kNm/m
Cantilever moment = 828.2 x 0.8 x 0.8/(2 x 11.02)
= 20.836 kNm/m
Piles in Row 2
F2 kN/m
2.51 3 3 2.51
F1 = 1652 x 3
11.02
= 395 kN/m
40
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Maximum Sagging = 0.09 x 449.6 x 3 x3/11.02
= 29.032 kNm/m
Maximum Hogging = 0.11 x 449.6 x 3 x 3/11.02
= 35.484 kNm/m
Cantilever moment = 449.6 x 2.51 x 2.51/(2 x 11.02)
= 112.9 kNm/m
Piles in Row 3
w1 kN/m
w2
P
1.001 3.599
Eq. 2 Taking Moment about Row 2
W2 x 4.6 + (W1-W2) x 0.5 x 4.6 x1 = 1652
W1 + W2 = 718.26 1
Taking moment about P
W2 x 0.5 x 4.6 x 4.6 = (W1-W2) x 0.5 x 4.6 x 4.6/3
W1 + 2 W2 = 1685.9 2
Eq. 1
W1 = -249.36 kN/m
W2 = 967.623 kN/m
Select 967.623kN/m as a UDL
Consider 1m width of a pile cap
967.623
P
Taking moment about P (Cantilever moment = 967.623 x 3.5992/2
= 6266.7 kN/m
Piles in Row 4
w3 kN/m
w4
41
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3.599 1.001
Taking Moment about Row 2
Cl 5.8.4.1
W4 x 4.6 + (W3-W4) x 0.5 x 4.6 x1 = 2282
W3 + W4 = 992.17 1
Taking moment about R
W4 x 0.5 x 4.6 x 4.6 + (W3-W4) x 0.5 x 4.6 x 4.6/3= 2282x 1.001
W3 + 2 W4 = 647.7 2
W3 = 1336.63 kN/m
W4 = -344.457 kN/m
Select 1336.63kN/m as a UDL
Consider 1m width of a pile cap
1336.63
R
Taking moment about P (Cantilever moment = 1336.63 x 3.5992/2
= 8656.6 kN/m
Piles in Row 5
W5
W6
1001 5196 1001
Taking Moment about Row 2
W6 x 7.198 + (W5-W6) x 0.5 x 7.198 x1 = 2282 + 1022
W5 + W6 = 918.03 1
Taking moment about P
W6 x 0.5 x 7.198 x 7.198 + (W5-W6) x 0.5 x 7.198 x 7.198/3= 2282x 1.001 + 1022 x 6.197
W5 + 2 W6 = 998.0 2
42
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
W3 = 838.10 kN/m
W4 = 79.931 kN/m
Select 838.10kN/m as a UDL
Consider 1m width of a pile cap
838.10
R C R
2 R1 = 6032.7 kN
R1 = 3016.3 kN
Taking moment about C = 838.10 x 3.5992/2 - 3016.3 x 2.598
= -2409 kN/m (Sagging)
Cantilever moment = 838.10 x 1.0012/2
= 419.89 kN/m
Design of R/F
Maximum Sagging = 150 kNm/m
Effective depth = 1500 - 75 - 20/2
= 1415 mm
M = 150 x 10 6
30 x 1000 x 1415
fcubd 2
= 0.002 < 0.156
No compression r/f
z = 0.95 d
= 1344
Mu=0.87fyAsZ
As = 150 x 106
0.87 x 460 x 1344
= 279 mm2
100As = 0.02 >0.15
bd
Provide minimum r/f
As.req. = 279 mm2
43
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
T25 Area = 201 mm2 1.3868
Provide T25 @ 100mmc/c
Maximum Hogging = 85.947 kNm/m
Effective depth = 1500 - 75 - 20/2
= 1415 mm
M = 99.21 x 106
fcubd 2 30 x 1000 x 1415
= 0.001 < 0.156
No compression r/f
z = 0.95 d
= 1344
Mu=0.87fyAsZ
As = 99.21 x 106
0.87 x 460 x 1344
= 160 mm2
100As = 0.011 <0.15
bd
Provide minimum r/f
As.min = 2123 mm2
T20 Area = 314 mm2
Provide T16 @ 125mmc/c
Design for Cantilever moment
Moment = 8656.6 kN/m
Effective Depth = 1500 - 75-25/2
= 1409 mm
44
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
b = 1000 mm
d = 1409 mm
Table 8 fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
M
k=
fcubd 2
= 8656.6 x 106
30 x 1000 x 14132
= 0.145 0.15
Z = 0.95d
Table 9
Mu=0.87fyAsZ = 1338.55
As = 8656.6 x 10 6
0.87 x 460 x 1413
= ### mm2
100As = 1.147 >0.15
bd
Area of 32mm bar = 804.25 mm2
10.046
Spacing = 90.909
Provide T32 bundle 2 @ 90mmc/c
Cl 5.8.4.2 Pile cap depth > 600mm
Longitudinal r/f at side face = 0.05% of btd
= 0.05 x 1000 x 1415
100
= 707.5 mm2
Area of 16mm bar = ### mm2
4
Spacing = ###
Provide T16 @ 250mmc/c
45
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Check for Punching shear
Take Pile cap thickness = 1000 mm
Assum 25 mm bars for main r/f & secondary r/f
Fig 5(a) dx = 900 - 75-25/2
Bs 5400 = 812.5 mm
Cl 6.2.5 Alternative loaded contact area = 300 mm
b x =1.5d x +500+1.5 d x
= 3dx + 500
= 2937.5 mm
by = 3 dy + 500
= 2937.5 mm
Assume providind minmum r/f
Table 8
100 As = 0.15 Concrete grade 30
bd
Ultimate shear stress in concrete vc = 0.36 N/mm2
Table 9 Consider dx εs = 0.85
Fig 5 Shear resistance Vc = Σ εs vc bd
Vx = Vy = 2x0.7675 x 0.36 x 4737.5 x 4737.5 x 10-3
= 5280.9 kN
Total Vc = 10562 kN
Cl 6.2.5 Punching load = 100 x 1.25 x 1.1
= 137.5
Total Vc > Punching load
46
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Design of R/F
Maximum Sagging = 500 kNm/m
Effective depth = 800 - 75 - 20/2
= 715 mm
M = 500 x 10 6
fcubd 2 30 x 1000 x 715
= 0.033 < 0.156
No compression r/f
z = 0.95 d
= 679
Mu=0.87fyAsZ
As = 500 x 106
0.87 x 460 x 679.3
= 1839 mm2
100As = 0.257 >0.15
bd
As.req. = 1839 mm2
T25 Area = 491 mm2 3.7471
Provide T25 @ 150mmc/c
Maximum Hogging = 650 kNm/m
Effective depth = 800 - 75 - 20/2
= 715 mm
47
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
M = 650 x 10 6
fcubd 2 30 x 1000 x 715
= 0.042 < 0.156
No compression r/f
z = 0.95 d
= 679
Mu=0.87fyAsZ
As = 650 x 106
0.87 x 460 x 715
= 2391 mm2
100As = 0.334 > 0.15
bd
As.min = 2391 mm2
T25 Area = 491 mm2 4.8712
Provide T25 @ 150mmc/c
48
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
49
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
50
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
51
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
52
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
53
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
54
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
1 '
F= ×σ red ×3×e
2
55
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
56
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
57
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
¿ hagg +5 mm
58
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
59
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
60
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
8.0 DESIGN OF PIER BH4
59
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
F1 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load + HA
F2 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load + HA
W0 = Self weight of pier capping
W1 = Self weight of stem
W2 = Self weight of the Pile cap
TA = Tractive force ( maxm of HA & HB)
P1 = Force due to water current
P2 = Force due to debries
P3 = Force due to log impact
Case 1 a - With Boyancy + Both spans fully loaded
Case 1 b - With Boyancy + One span is fully loaded & other has dead load only
Horizontal Forces
Force due to water current
P1 = 52kv2 sin20
k = 0.66
v = 1.76 m/s
P1 = 36.47 kg/m2
= 357.80 N/m2
= 0.64 kN/m
Height of the acting point from A = 0.469 + 3.588 x2/3
= 2.861 m
Force due to debris
where, P2 = 52kv2 sin20
k = 1
v = 1.76 m/s
P2 = 55.26 kg/m2
= 542.12 N/m2
= 0.97 kN/m
60
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Height of the acting point from A = 3.457 m
Force due to log impact P3 = 0.1wv
where, v = 1.76 m/s
w = 2000 kg
P3 = 352.56 kg/m2
= 3458.59 N/m2
Force due to log impact = 7.02 kN/m
Height of the acting point from A = 4.057 m
Calculation of No. of piles required
Vertical loads on piles
Dead load when both sapns loaded = 1808.653 x 2
= 3617.306 kN
Supper imposed load = 85.58 x 2
= 171.1556 kN
Live load HA UDL = 570 x 2
= 1140 kN
Live load HA KEL = 240 x 2
= 480 kN
Pedestrian Load = 114 x 2
= 228
Weight of Pier Capping = 5.72 x 24 x 1.0
= 137.280 kN
Weight of pier stem = 19.81 x 24 x 0.6
= 285.696 kN
Weight of Pile cap = 1.5 x 5.0 x 8.0 x 24
= 2073.60 kN
Dead load of Sub structure = 2496.576 kN
80% of Tractive Force applied at bearing level
61
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Vertical Load - SLS
ULS
Factored Mome
Load Type Load (kN) Lever Arm ϒF2 ϒF3
Load(kN) nt(kNm
)
Vertical Force
Dead Load 3617.3 1.00 1.0 3617.31 0.00
S.I.Load 171.2 1.00 1.0 171.16 0.00
Live HA UDL 1140.0 1.20 1.0 1368.00 0.00
Live HA KEL 480.0 1.20 1.0 576.00 0.00
Live Footwalk 228.0 1.00 1.0 228.00 0.00
Dead (Sub) 2496.6 1.00 1.0 2496.58 0.00
8133.0 8457.04 0.00
Hori. Force
Tractive 281.6 1.00 1 281.60 0.00
Force due to
6.5 1.00 1 6.55 0.00
water current
Force due to
9.9 1.00 1 0.00 0
debries
Force due to
71.6 1.00 1 71.56 0
log impact
359.71 0.00
Vertical Load - ULS
ULS
Factored Mome
Load Type Load (kN) Lever Arm ϒF2 ϒF3
Load(kN) nt(kNm
)
Vertical Force
Dead Load 3617.3 1.15 1.1 4575.89 0.00
S.I.Load 171.2 1.75 1.1 329.47 0.00
Live HA UDL 1140.0 1.20 1.1 1504.80 0.00
Live HA KEL 480.0 1.25 1.1 660.00 0.00
Live Footwalk 228.0 1.50 1.1 376.20 0.00
Dead (Sub) 2496.6 1.15 1.1 3158.17 0.00
10604.54 0.00
Hori. Force
Tractive 281.6 1.25 1.1 387.20 0.00
Force due to
6.5 1.00 1 6.55 0.00
water current
Force due to
9.9 1.00 1 9.92 0
debries
Force due to
71.6 1.00 1 71.56 0
log impact
475.23 0.00
62
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Total vertical load on pier when both spans
are loaded = 8457.04 kN
Carring capacity of the pile
Assume 1000mm Dia. Bored Piles
1. Bassed on concrete strength
Allowable Stress = 0.25 fcu
= 0.25 x 30
= 7.5 N/mm2
2. Rock Bearing Capacity = 2.500 N/mm2
Allowable load on a pile = 2.5 x π r2
= 2828.571 kN
3. Friction resistance by soil on pile
Allowable skin friction = 108.4286 kN
Length of a pile = 32.592 m
Self weight of a pile = π r2h x 24
= 885.0125 kN
Total Allowable load = 7.5 +1964.29 + 108.4
= 2944.5 kN
No. of pile required = 2826.24/1711.92
= 4.10638
Say 5 Piles
Ultimate resistance to lateral Loads
Tractive Force = 281.60 kN
Total Horizontal force = 359.71 kN
Pile deign
and
( )
1/ 5
construction EI
T=
by ηh
M.J.Tomlinson
eq 6.9 Where, E I- Stiffness of Pile
63
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
ηh -Co-efficent of soil Modulus Variation
I- Second Moment of area
BS5400 E= 28*106 kN/m2 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
Part4
App .B
Table 35
Assuming Relative Density = 50 %
from fig 6.20 of M.J.Thomson
ηh = 6.5 Mn/m3
I = πx D2/64
= 0.049
( )
1/ 5
T = 28× 106 ×0 . 049
4×10 3
= 2.92 m
2T = 5.84
4T = 11.68
Embeded Length L = 32.592 m
L > 4T
Therefore Pile is considered as Long Elastic Pile.
Ultimate Resistance of Long Pile
Pile deign
and 2× M u
H u=
construction e +Z f
by
M.J.Tomlinson Zf = 1.8 T
eq 6.24 & 6.34 = 5.256
Pile length above ground (e) = 0m
Total Ultimate vertical load = 10,604.54 kN
Ultimate load on a pile = 15,199.13/6
64
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
(assume 6piles)
N = 1767.423 kN
h
h = 1000 mm
hs
hs = 1000-75x2-25
= 825 mm
N / h2 = 1.767423 N/mm2
For minimum r/f 100As / Ac = 1
hs/h = 0.825
fy = 460 fcu = 30
M / h3 = 1.41
M = 1410
Hu = 2 x 2200/(0 + 4.356)
= 536.5297 kN
Take FOS = 2.5
Allowable load = 214.6119 kN
No. of piles required for horizontal loads = 1.676086
Say 2no's
Provide 6 No's of piles
Calculation of load on each pile
Case 1 a - With Boyancy + Both spans fully loaded
Stability Moment - Ms
= F1 x 2.258 + F2 x 2.743 +(w1+w2+w3) x2.5
= (3617.306/2 + 171.156/2 + 1140/2 + 480/2 + 228/2) x (2.258+2.743)+
(w1 +w2 +w3) x 2.5
= 25374 kNm
Overturning Moment - Mo
65
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
= P1 x 2.861 + P2 x 3.457 + P3 x 4.057 + TA x 4.6
= 1,329.02 kNm
Total Vertical Froce = 8133.0 kN
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
= 2.956
e = 2.5-e'
= 0.044
Total vertical load on piles in row 1
ω we x
V= + +Selfweightofpile
n ∑ x2
V = 2273 < 2945
Case 2 a - With Boyancy + One span fully loaded & other has dead load only
Stability Moment - Ms
= F1 x 2.758 + F2 x 3.243 +(w1+w2+w3) x3
= (3617.306/2 + 171.156/2 + 1140/2 + 480/2 + 228/2) x (2.258+2.743)+
(w1 +w2 +w3) x 2.5
= 22379 kNm
Overturning Moment - Mo
= P1 x 2.861 + P2 x 3.457 + P3 x 4.057 + TA x 4.6
= 1,329.02 kNm
Total Vertical Froce = 7371.0 kN
on the pier when one span loaded
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
= 2.856
e = 3.0-e'
66
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
= 0.144
Total vertical load on piles in row 1
ω we x
V= + +Selfweightofpile
n ∑ x2
V = 2212 < 2945
Check for ULS
Case 1 a - With Boyancy + Both spans fully loaded
Stability Moment - Ms
= F1 x 2.258 + F2 x 2.743 +(w1+w2+w3) x2.5
= (3617.306/2 + 171.156/2 + 1140/2 + 480/2 + 228/2) x (2.258+2.743)+
(w1 +w2 +w3) x 2.5
= 31817 kNm
Overturning Moment - Mo
= P1 x 2.861 + P2 x 3.457 + P3 x 4.057 + TA x 4.6
= 2,124.47 kNm
Total Vertical Froce = 10605 kN
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
= 2.8
e = 2.5-e'
= 0.2
Total vertical load on piles in row 1
ω we x
V= + +Selfweightofpile
n ∑ x2
V = 2849 < 2945
Case 2 a - With Boyancy + One span fully loaded & other has dead load only
67
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Stability Moment - Ms
= F1 x 2.758 + F2 x 3.243 +(w1+w2+w3) x3
= (3617.306/2 + 171.156/2 + 1140/2 + 480/2 + 228/2) x (2.258+2.743)+
(w1 +w2 +w3) x 2.5
= 25225 kNm
Overturning Moment - Mo
= P1 x 2.861 + P2 x 3.457 + P3 x 4.057 + TA x 4.6
= 1.00 kNm
Total Vertical Froce = 8581.6 kN
on the pier when one span loaded
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
= 2.939
e = 3.0-e'
= 0.061
Total vertical load on piles in row 1
ω we x
V= + +Selfweightofpile
n ∑ x2
V = 2363 < 2945
Use 6 piles of 1200mm Dia
3.4.2 Calculation of reinforcement for Pier Shaft
Case II b is Critical for bending
F1 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load + HA
F2 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load
W0 = Self weight of pier capping
68
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
W1 = Self weight of stem
TA = Tractive force ( maxm of HA & HB)
P1 = Force due to water current
P2 = Force due to debries
P3 = Force due to log impact
Vertical loads
F1 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load + HA
= 306.33 kN/m
F2 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load
F2 = 205.89 kN/m
W0 = 14.92 kN/m
W1 = 31.05 kN/m
Horizontal load
Tractive force for piers is 80% of the toatal tractive force
TA = 30.61 kN/m
P1 = 0.64 kN/m
P2 = 0.97 kN/m
P3 = 7.02 kN/m
Taking moment around A
Ultimate bending moment
= TA x 4.6 x1.25x1.1 + P1 x 2.861 x1.5x 1.1 + P2 x 3.457 x 1.5x1.1+
P3 x 4.057 x 1.5 x1.1
= 249.14 kNm/m
Assuming Φ = 16mm tor steel will be used as r/f
69
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Width of the Shaft = 600 mm
Cover = 50 mm
fcu = 30 N/mm2
b = 600 mm
Effective depth = Wall thickness - Cover - half the bar diameter
= 542 mm
Mu = 0.047
fcubd 2
< 0.15
Compression r/f is not required
Mu = 0.87fyAsz
z= 1- 1.1fyAs d
fcubd
Where,
Mu - Ultimate resistance moment = 249.14 kNm/m
As - Area of tension r/f
z - liver arm
b - Width of the section = 600 mm
d - effective depth to the tension r/f = 542 mm
fy - charasteristic strength of r/f = 460 N/mm2
fcu - charasteristic strength of concrete = 30 N/mm2
249.14 = 0.87 x 460 x AS x Z
Z = [1- 1.1x 460x As ] 542
30 x 600 x 542
Z = 542 - 0.0281 As
As = 542 - Z
0.0281
249.14 x 106 = 0.87 x 460 x [ 542 - Z ]Z
0.0281
Z2 - 542 Z + 17500.36 = 0
Z = 507.5 mm or Z = 34.4823 mm
70
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
0.95d = 514.90 mm
Hence the Z = 507.52 mm
As = 1,226.64 mm2
BS 5400 IV 100As 0.377 which is greater than the minimum of 0.15
=
1990 bd
Cl 5.8.4
Therefore,
provide r/f as T16 @ 150
As pro = 1408 mm2
BS 5400 IV Calculation of nominal reinforcement
1990
Cl 5.8.4.2 100As 0.12
=
bd
As nominal = 390.24 mm2
Therefore,
provide r/f as T12 @ 150
BS 5400 IV check for shear at the bottom of the stem
1990
Cl 5.4.4 Ultimate Shear force at the bottom of the stem
= TA + P1 +P2 +P3
= 64.74 kN/m
BS 5400 IV Shear stress v= V
1990 bd
Cl 5.3.3.1
v= 0.199 N/mm2 per meter
Maximum allowable shear stress = 0.75 √ fcu
0.75 √ fcu = 4.11 N/mm2 per meter
Therefore the Shear check is satisfied
BS 5400 IV Ultimate shear stress of concrete
1990
Table - 8 Vc = 0.27 100As 1/3
fcu 1/3
71
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Table - 9 γm bd
γm = 1.25 fcu = 30 N/mm2
b= 600 mm d= 542 mm
Vc = 0.508 N/mm2
ξ s =(500/d)1/4 where, ξs = Depth factor
= 0.9800374676
Shear capacity
ξsVc = 0.498 N/mm2
V ≤ ξsVc
Hence the shear stress is within the allowable
Check for Crack width(SLS)
d
h
d acr
fig 14.1Check for Crack width(SLS)
Es = 200 KN/mm2
Ec = 28 KN/mm2
h = 600 mm
Cover = 50 mm
d=1800-50-16d = 542 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Longitudinal bar db = 16 mm
No of bar = 7
Area of bar = 201.06 mm2
Moment at the Servicebility limit state
= (30.61x1.0x1.0x4.6) + ( 0.64 x 2.861 x 1.0 x 1.0 )+ (0.97 x 3.457 1.0 x 1.0)+
(7.02x4.057x1.0 x 1.0)
= 177.82 kNm
R/F Stress fs = Ms
As*z
= 116 .5196×10 6
1608 . 8× 415. 49
72
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
6
Ref 116 .5196×10
Description & Calculations Out Put
1608 . 8× 415. 49
= 248.95 N/mm2
x
d
=αρ [√ 1+
2
αρ
−1 ]
α = Es
Ec
= 200
14
= 14.28571
As
ρ =
bd
= 0.004328
x=14. 28 x0.00433 1+ [√ 2
14. 28x 0.00433
−1 x 542 ]
= 160.037 mm
Strain at sofffit of concrete;
f s (h−x )
ε1 ε1 =
E s (d−x )
= 248.95 (600−160 .037 )
200×103 ( 542−160 .037 )
= 1.434x10-3
ε m =ε 1−
[ 3 . 8 bt h ( a ' −d c )
( εs A s ( h−d c ) ) ] [( 1−
Mq
Mg )
10−9
]
but not greater than ε1
Moment due to live load > Moment due to dead load
then εm=ε1
( ) +( 50+8)
2
2 150 2
( a cr +8 ) = 2
acr = 86.81 mm
3acr*εm = 0.37
= 0.634655
acr −cnom
h−d s
73
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Design Crack Width = 0.37
1 + 2x0.63466
= 0.164568
0.165 mm < 0.25 mm
Crack with is O.K
Design of pile cap for pier
Calculation of bending moments
Case 01
F kN/m C D
1.2m 3.6m 1.2m
3.6m
2290 2290 2290
Ultimate load on a pile = 2,849 kN
F * 9.6 = 2290 X 3
F = 890.25 kN/m
Cut point C and take moment
Mc = 715.66*4.8*4.8/2 -2290*3.6
= 0.00 kNm Hogging
Cut point D and take moment
MD = 2290*3.6/4 -715.625*3*3/2
= -1442.21 kNm Sagging
Cantilever moment = 715.625*1.2*0.6
= 640.98 kNm Hogging
Case 02
F kN/m E
1.2m 3.6m 1.2m
74
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref 1.2m Description 3.6m
& Calculations 1.2m Out Put
2290 2290
Ultimate load on a pile = 2,849 kN
F*6 = 2290*2
F = 949.60 kN/m
Cut point E and take moment
ME = 763.33*3*3/2 -2290*1.8
= -854.64 kNm Sagging
Cantilever moment = 763.33*1.2*1.2/2
= 683.71 kNm Hogging
Design of reinforcement for pile cap
Bottom R/F
Max. Sagging Moment at section = 854.6 kNm
Effective Depth d = 1500-75-(16/2)
= 1417 mm
Assume 16mm dia. Tor Steel bars,
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
k = M
BS 5400-4 bd 2 f cu
Part 4, 1990 = 0.0015 < 0.15
Cl. 5.3.2.2 b = 9600
Therefore, Single reinforcement is enough.
BS 5400-4 Mu = 0.87 fy As Z
[ ]
Part 4, 1990
1 .1 f y A s
Cl. 5.3.2.3 Z = 1− d
f cu bd
687×106
As Z =
0. 87×460
= 2.136 *106
Z2 - 1417 Z+3016.67 = 0
Z = 1,408 or 2.13
75
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
0.95 d = 0.95 * 1417
= 1,346 mm
Therefore, Z = 1,346 mm
As = 1.717 *106 /1346
= 1,586.4 mm2
100 As/bd = 100*1388.9/9600*1417
= 0.012 < 0.15
Therefore, provide 0.15% of bd
100 As/bd = 0.150
As = 0.15*9600*1417/100
As = 20405 mm2
No. of bars = 20405/(π×82)
= 65 Nos.
Spacing = 150 mm
As (Provided) = 24137 mm2
Provide the spacing of 125mm, T20@125
Bottom R/F in transverse direction
Max. Sagging Moment at section = 1,442 kNm
Effective Depth d = 1500-75-16-(16/2)
= 1401.0
Assume 16mm dia. Tor Steel bars,
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
k = M
bd 2 f cu
= 0.0041 < 0.15
Therefore, Single reinforcement is enough.
Mu = 0.87 fy As Z
Z = 1−
[ 1 .1 f y A s
f cu bd ]
d
6
As Z = 1159×10
0. 87×460
= 3.604 *106
[ ]
6
Z = 1− 1 . 1×460×2. 897×10 ×701
Z ×30×6000×701
76
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
[ ]
6
Ref Description & Calculations 1 . 1×460×2. 897×10 Out Put
1− ×701
Z ×30×6000×701
Z2 - 1401 Z+ 8143.79 = 0
Z = 1,395 or 5.84
0.95 d = 0.95 * 1401
= 1,331 mm
Therefore, Z = 1,331 mm
As = 3.155*106 /1331
= 2,707.6
100 As/bd = 100*2370.5/6000*1401
= 0.032 < 0.15
Therefore, provide 0.15% of bd
100 As/bd = 0.150
As = 0.15*6000*1401/100
As = 12609 mm2
No. of bars = 126009/(π×102)
= 41 Nos.
Spacing = 150 mm
As (Provided) = 15086 mm2
Provide the spacing of 125mm, T20@125
Top Reinforcement
Max. Hogging Moment at section = 684 kNm
Effective Depth d = 1500-75-(16/2)
= 1417.0
Assume 20mm dia. Tor Steel bars,
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
k = M
bd 2 f cu
= 0.0012 < 0.15
Therefore, Single reinforcement is enough.
Mu = 0.87 fy As Z
Z = 1−
[ 1 .1 f y A s
f cu bd ]
d
77
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
[ ]
Ref Description & Calculations
1 .1 f As Out Put
y
Z = 1− d
f cu bd
6
As Z =
550×10
0. 87×460
= 1.708 *106
[ ]
6
1.1×460×1.373×10
Z = 1− ×717
Z×30×9600×717
Z2 - 1417 Z+2412.28 =0
Z = 1,415 or 1.70
0.95 d = 0.95 * 1417
= 1,346 mm
Therefore, Z = 1,346 mm
As = 1.496*106 /1346
= 1,269.1 mm2
100 As/bd = 100*1111.1/9600*1417
= 0.009 < 0.15
Therefore, provide 0.15% of bd
100 As/bd = 0.150
As = 0.15*9600*1417/100
Therefore As = 20405 mm2
No. of bars = 20405/(π×102)
= 65 Nos.
Spacing = 150 mm
As (Provided) = 24137 mm2
Provide the spacing of 125mm, T20@125
Top R/F in transverse direction
Max. Hogging Moment at section = 640.98 kNm
Effective Depth d = 1500-75-16-(16/2)
= 1401.0
Assume 20mm dia. Tor Steel bars,
fcu = 30 N/mm2
78
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
fy = 460 N/mm 2
M
k =
bd 2 f cu
= 0.0018 < 0.15
Therefore, Single reinforcement is enough.
Mu = 0.87 fy As Z
Z = 1−
[ 1 .1 f y A s
f cu bd ]
d
6
515 .28×10
As Z =
0 . 87×460
= 1.602 *106
Z [
= 1−
1.1×460×1.288×106
Z×30×6000×701
×701 ]
Z2 - 1401 Z+ 3620.71 = 0
Z = 695.80 or 5.20
0.95 d = 0.95 * 1401
= 1,331 mm
Therefore, Z = 1,331 mm
As = 1.4028*106 /1331
= 1,203.4
100 As/bd = 100*1053.6/6000*1401
= 0.014 < 0.15
Therefore, provide 0.15% of bd
100 As/bd = 0.150
As = 0.15*6000*1401/100
As = 12609 mm2
No. of bars = 126099/(π×102)
= 41 Nos.
Spacing = 150 mm
As (Provided) = 15086 mm2
Provide the spacing of 125mm, T20@125
Check for Shear
79
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
1 Critical section 1 for shear in pile cap is section a-a,
Maximum shear force on a pile = 2,849 kN
Maximum shear force = 3 × 2494
= 8546 kN
Effective depth d = 1417 mm
Shear Stress ν = V
bd
ν = 6870×103
9600×1417
ν = 0.628 N/mm2
Vmax = 0.75 √fcu
Vmax = 0.75 √30
= 4.11 N/mm2
ν < Vmax
Maximum shear stress satisfied.
Ultimate concrete shear stress
( )
1
νc 0.
= 27
100 A s 3
f 1
γm bd 3
cu
( )
1
=
0. 27 100×9655 3 30 3
1. 25 9600×717
= 0.322
[ ]
Depth Factor 1
500 4
ξs =
d
ξs = 0.771
ν c ξs = 0.249
80
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
shear enhancement factor = 2d/av
= 2*1417/1140
= 6.515
since spacing is 3D provide enhancement factor through the total length.
Shear capacity = (0.322*6.515*9600*1417)/1000
= 22025 kN
Maximum shear force < shear capacity
Shear reinforcement is not required.
Check for corner pile
fig7.4 critical section for Punching Shear
Diamension in m
Vertical Shear Load Row2 = 2,849 kN
Effective depth d = 1417 mm
av = 1054 mm
2d = 2.6888
av
81
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Length of critical section
(D+d) = 1200+1417
= 2617 mm
Assume Minimum r/f of 0.15% of bd
100=As 0.15
bd
Ultimate Concrete Shear stress
1/ 3
0.27 100 As
vc fcu1 / 3
m bd
fcu = 30 N/mm2
vc = 0.39 N/mm2
Depth Factor ξs
( )
1 /4
500
ξs= or 0.70 Whichever greater
d
( )
1 /4
500
ξ s=
1417
= 0.7707
2d
Shearcapacity = vc×ξ s×( D +d )∗d∗
av
= 2997.1 kN
Shear Capacity greater than Vertical Shear Load
Shear is satisfied
Corner pile is satisfied
7.10 Longitudinal reinforcement for the side face of the Pile Cap
BS5400
Part4 Depth of pilecap 1900 > 600 mm
1990 Which is greater than 600mm therefore side reinforcement
Cl 5.8.4.2 should be provided
b = 9600 mm
d = 1417 mm
Side reinforcement = 0.05% of bd
= 0.05*9600*1417/100
= 6801.6 mm2
82
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
No of bar required
= 906.25/314.2
= 6
Spacing of bar 9
= 226.56
Providing7T20 @225 each faces
No. of bars = 6801.6/(π×82)
= 34 Nos.
Spacing = 291 mm
As (Provided) = 7724 mm2
Provide the spacing of 250mm, T16@250
Design of bored pile
BS 5400, Diameter of the Pile = 1200 mm
part 4 Length of the Pile = 20.00 - (1.5 - 0.331)
1990
Table 11 = 32.592 m
Cl 5.5.1
Zf = 5.26 m
Effective height le = 0.7 * 5.26
= 3.6792 m
le / h = 3.67 / 1.2
= 3.066 < 12
Therefore, Practically this pile can be designed as shorter.
Provide Minimum R/f 1% of the Cross Section of the column.
BS 5400 Part
4 1990
Cl 5.8.4.1
As = 1% A
As = (1/100)*π* 12002/4
As = 11314.29 mm2
Say 25 m Tor steel can be used,
No. of reinforcement = 24.0 Nos.
BS 5400 Part
4 1990 For circular column at least 6 bars should be provided.
Cl 5.8.4.1
83
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Diameter on reinforcement position = 1200-(75 * 2)-(12*2)-(25/2)
= 1013.5 mm
Spacing of bars = π × 1013.5 /24
= 132.72 mm
Provide with spacing of 125mm
24 T25 @125-cc along pile
As (provided) = 24*π r2
= 11785.71 mm2
Provision of shear links
BS 5400-4
Part 4, 1990 Maximum link spacing < 12 × minimum size of compression bar
CL. 5.8.4.3 < 12 × 25
< 300 mm
Diameter of link bars > (1/4) × largest Compression Bar
> (1/4) × 25
> 6.25 mm
12 mm diameter reinforcement can be used links spacing 225 mm
Calculation of Ultimate shear force
Ultimate shear force = 475.23 kN
Ultimate shear force for one pile = 79.20 kN
Ultimate shear stress
ν =
V
bd
d = 1200-75-12-12.5
= 1100.5 mm
b = 1200 mm
ν = 0.060 N/mm2
BS 5400-4 In no case maximum shear should exceed 0.75 √fcu or 4.75 N/mm2 which ever is lesser.
Part 4, 1990
CL. 5.3.3.1 0.75 √fcu = 0.75 √30
= 4.11 N/mm2
ν = 0.060 < 4.11
84
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Maximum shear stress satisfied.
BS 5400-4 Determination of concrete Ultimate shear stress in concrete νc
Part 4, 1990
100 A s 100×11785 . 71
Table 8 =
bd 1200×1100 . 5
= 0.892
( )
1
0. 27 100 A s 3
νc = f 1
γm bd 3
cu
1
( )
1
0. 27 100×11785 .71 3 ×30 3
νc =
1. 25 1200×1100 .5
νc = 0.646 N/mm2
BS 5400-4 Depth Factor ξ s
Part 4, 1990 d = 1100.5 mm
(d)
1
Table 9 ξs = 500 4
or 0.7, Which
ever is the
greater.
ξs = (500/1100.5)1/4
ξs = 0.821
ξ sνc = 0.646 × 0.821
ξ sνc = 0.531 N/mm2 > ν
BS 5400-4 when a column is subjected to a uniaxial shear, the ultimate shear stress ξs νc
Part 4, 1990 obtained from above calculation may be multipilied by (1+ (0.05N/AC))
CL 5.5.6 3
0.05 N 1+
0. 05×2494×10
1+ =
AC Π ×12002
4
= 1.000
( (
ξ s ν c× 1+
0 . 05 N
Ac )) =
=
0.531 × 1.000
0.531 N/mm2
BS 5400-4 Therefore,
Part 4, 1990 Area of shear reinforcement to be provided,
Table 7 Asv ≥ 0.4 bsv /0.87 fyv
fyv = 460 N/mm2
assume 2 leg of 12mm diameter Tor steel can be used,
85
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
2×π×12 /4 2
≥ (0.4 ×1200×sv) /(0.87 × 460)
Sv ≤ 189 mm
Maximum Spacing = 0.75d
= 825 mm
Providing Spacing of 150mm along pile.
3.5 Design of Pier Cap
1.000
0.600
0.200
0.600
Dimensions of pier cap
Assuming Φ = 20mm tor steel will be used as r/f
Thickness of the Beam = 800 mm
Cover = 50 mm
fcu = 30 N/mm2
b = 1000 mm
Effective depth = Wall thickness - Cover - half the bar diameter
= 740 mm
BS 5400 iv Taking Moment about d/2 away from the DA face
Cl 5.3.1.1
Ultimate Bending Moment =
= (22.23x2.7 + 14.6x2.27x1.135) x 1.75x 1.1 + (123.913x 2.27x1.135x1.2x1.1) +
= (26.09x 2.27x1.135x1.25x1.1) +(354.64 x 2.27x1.135x1.25x1.1)
86
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
= 862.62 kNm/m
BS5400 IV
Cl5.3.2.3 Mu = 0.0525
Eq 2 fcubd 2
< 0.15
Compression r/f is not required
BS5400 IV Mu = 0.87fyAsz
Cl5.3.2.3
Eq 1 & 5 z= 1- 1.1fyAs d
fcubd
Where,
Mu - Ultimate resistance moment = 862.62 kNm/m
As - Area of tension r/f
z - liver arm
b - Width of the section = 1000 mm
d - effective depth to the tension r/f = 740 mm
fy - charasteristic strength of r/f = 460 N/mm2
fcu - charasteristic strength of concrete 30 N/mm2
862.62x106 = 0.87 x 460 x As x Z
Z = ( 1- 1.1 x460 xAs/30/1100/1140)1140
Z2 - 740 Z +36347.67 = 0
Z= 687.10 mm
0.95d= 703.00 mm
Hence the Z = 687.10 mm
As = 3,137.06 mm 2
100As 0.424 which is greater than the minimum of 0.15
=
bd
As pro = 2010.6 mm2
No. of bars = 2010/(π×102)
= 7 Nos.
87
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Spacing = 167 mm
provide r/f as T20 @ 150mm
As (Provided) = 2095 mm2
Calculation of nominal reinforcement
100As 0.12
=
bd
As nominal = 888.00 mm2
No. of bars = 888/(π×82)
= 5 Nos.
Spacing = 250 mm
provide r/f as T16 @ 150mm
As (Provided) = 1341 mm2
calculation of compression reinforcement
100As 0.15
=
bd
As pro = 1110 mm2
No. of bars = 1110/(π×82)
= 6 Nos.
Spacing = 200 mm
provide r/f as T16 @ 150mm
As (Provided) = 1341 mm2
check for shear
Ultimate Shear force
= load due to Dead & Live loads
= 770.33 kN/m
Shear stress v= V
bd
v= 1.041 N/mm2 per meter
Maximum allowable shear stress = 0.75 √ fcu
88
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
0.75 √ fcu = 4.11 N/mm2 per meter
Therefore the Shear check is satisfied
Ultimate shear stress of concrete
Vc = 0.27 100As 1/3
fcu 1/3
γm bd
γm = 1.25 fcu = 30 N/mm2
b= 1000 mm d= 740 mm
Vc = 0.441 N/mm2
ξ s =(500/d)1/4 where, ξs = Depth factor
= 0.91
Shear capacity
ξsVc = 0.400 N/mm2
V > ξsVc
Hence the shear r/f is required
Shear r/f is given by the eqn
Asv ≥ bsv(v+0.4-ξsvc)/0.87fyv
where
Asv = cross sectional area of all legs of the links
ξs = depth factor = 0.91
vc = ultimate shear stress = 0.441 N/mm2
sv = spacing of the links
fyv = strength of shear r/f = 250 N/mm2
Assuming the T12 bars will be used as shear links
Asv = 452 mm2 four legs per one link
sv = 222.85
89
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Provide R12 links (With four legs) at 175mm distance
BS 5400 iv Calculation of face r/f
Cl 5.8.4.2
Depth of the beam = 800 mm
Area of facia r/f = 0.05bd/100
= 370 mm2
No. of bars = 370/(π×62)
= 4 Nos.
Spacing = 333 mm
provide r/f as T12 @ 250mm
90
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
1 . 83
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
91
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
92
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
1.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
93
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
M = F×e
94
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3 . 83
12
F M×y
±
A I
95
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
96
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
3.8
12
97
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
98
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
99
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
3.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
100
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
101
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
3.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
102
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
103
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
104
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
3.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
105
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
106
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3
3.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
107
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
209 .212×106
25×1000×544 2
M u =( 0 . 87 f y ) A s z
z= 1−
( 1. 1 f y A s
f cu bd )
d
z= 1−( 1 . 1×460× A s
25×1000×544 )
544
6
209 .212×10 =0 . 87×460× A s ×( 544−0 . 02024 A s )
6
8 . 1 A 2 −217708 . 8 A s +209 . 212×10 =0
s
108
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
109
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
¿ hagg +5 mm
110
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
111
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
8.0 DESIGN OF PIER BH4
59
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
F1 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load + HA
F2 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load + HA
W0 = Self weight of pier capping
W1 = Self weight of stem
W2 = Self weight of the Pile cap
TA = Tractive force ( maxm of HA & HB)
P1 = Force due to water current
P2 = Force due to debries
P3 = Force due to log impact
Case 1 a - With Boyancy + Both spans fully loaded
Case 1 b - With Boyancy + One span is fully loaded & other has dead load only
Horizontal Forces
Force due to water current
P1 = 52kv2 sin20
k = 0.66
v = 1.76 m/s
P1 = 36.47 kg/m2
= 357.80 N/m2
= 0.64 kN/m
Height of the acting point from A = 0.469 + 3.588 x2/3
= 3.561 m
Force due to debris
where, P2 = 52kv2 sin20
k = 1
v = 1.76 m/s
P2 = 55.26 kg/m2
= 542.12 N/m2
= 0.97 kN/m
60
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Height of the acting point from A = 4.157 m
Force due to log impact P3 = 0.1wv
where, v = 1.76 m/s
w = 2000 kg
P3 = 352.56 kg/m2
= 3458.59 N/m2
Force due to log impact = 7.02 kN/m
Height of the acting point from A = 4.757 m
Calculation of No. of piles required
Vertical loads on piles
Dead load when both sapns loaded = 1808.653 x 2
= 3617.306 kN
Supper imposed load = 85.58 x 2
= 171.1556 kN
Live load HA UDL = 570 x 2
= 1140 kN
Live load HA KEL = 240 x 2
= 480 kN
Pedestrian Load = 114 x 2
= 228
Weight of Pier Capping = 5.72 x 24 x 1.0
= 137.280 kN
Weight of pier stem = 19.81 x 24 x 0.6
= 285.696 kN
Weight of Pile cap = 1.5 x 5.0 x 8.0 x 24
= 1382.40 kN
Dead load of Sub structure = 1805.376 kN
80% of Tractive Force applied at bearing level
61
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Vertical Load - SLS
ULS
Factored Mome
Load Type Load (kN) Lever Arm ϒF2 ϒF3
Load(kN) nt(kNm
)
Vertical Force
Dead Load 3617.3 1.00 1.0 3617.31 0.00
S.I.Load 171.2 1.00 1.0 171.16 0.00
Live HA UDL 1140.0 1.20 1.0 1368.00 0.00
Live HA KEL 480.0 1.20 1.0 576.00 0.00
Live Footwalk 228.0 1.00 1.0 228.00 0.00
Dead (Sub) 1805.4 1.00 1.0 1805.38 0.00
7441.8 7765.84 0.00
Hori. Force
Tractive 281.6 1.00 1 281.60 0.00
Force due to
6.5 1.00 1 6.55 0.00
water current
Force due to
9.9 1.00 1 0.00 0
debries
Force due to
71.6 1.00 1 71.56 0
log impact
359.71 0.00
Vertical Load - ULS
ULS
Factored Mome
Load Type Load (kN) Lever Arm ϒF2 ϒF3
Load(kN) nt(kNm
)
Vertical Force
Dead Load 3617.3 1.15 1.1 4575.89 0.00
S.I.Load 171.2 1.75 1.1 329.47 0.00
Live HA UDL 1140.0 1.20 1.1 1504.80 0.00
Live HA KEL 480.0 1.25 1.1 660.00 0.00
Live Footwalk 228.0 1.50 1.1 376.20 0.00
Dead (Sub) 1805.4 1.15 1.1 2283.80 0.00
9730.17 0.00
Hori. Force
Tractive 281.6 1.25 1.1 387.20 0.00
Force due to
6.5 1.00 1 6.55 0.00
water current
Force due to
9.9 1.00 1 9.92 0
debries
Force due to
71.6 1.00 1 71.56 0
log impact
62
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
475.23 0.00
Total vertical load on pier when both spans
are loaded = 7765.84 kN
Carring capacity of the pile
Assum 1200 mm Dia. Bored Piles
1. Bassed on concrete strength
Allowable Stress = 0.25 fcu
= 0.25 x 30
= 7.50 N/mm2
2. Rock Bearing Capacity = 2.500 N/mm2
Allowable load on a pile = 2.5 x π r2
= 2828.57 kN
3. Friction resistance by soil on pile
Allowable skin friction = 108.43 kN
Length of a pile = 18.831 m
Self weight of a pile = π r2h x 24
= 511.34 kN
Total Allowable load 7.5+2828.57142857143+108.428571428571
=
= 2944.50 kN
No. of pile required = 7765.84/(2944.5-511.34)
= 3.19
Say 4 Piles
Ultimate resistance to lateral Loads
Tractive Force = 281.60 kN
Total Horizontal force = 359.71 kN
Pile deign
and
( )
1/5
EI
T=
ηh
63
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( )
1/5
construction EI
T=
by ηh
M.J.Tomlinson
eq 6.9 Where, E I- Stiffness of Pile
ηh -Co-efficent of soil Modulus Variation
I- Second Moment of area
BS5400 E= 28*106 kN/m2 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
Part4
App .B
Table 35
Assuming Relative Density = 50 %
from fig 6.20 of M.J.Thomson
ηh = 6.5 Mn/m3
I = πx D2/64
= 0.110
( )
1/ 5
T = 28× 106 ×0 . 110
4×10 3
= 3.43 m
2T = 6.86
4T = 13.72
Embeded Length L = 19.537 m
L > 4T
Therefore Pile is considered as Long Elastic Pile.
Ultimate Resistance of Long Pile
Pile deign
and 2× M u
H u=
construction e +Z f
by
M.J.Tomlinson Zf = 1.8 T
eq 6.24 & 6.34 = 6.17
Pile length above ground (e) = 0m
64
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Total Ultimate vertical load = 9,730.17 kN
Ultimate load on a pile = 9730.17/4
(assume 8 piles)
N = 2432.543 kN
h
h = 1200 mm
hs
hs = 1200-75*2-25
= 1025 mm
N / h2 = 1.69 N/mm2
For minimum r/f 100As / Ac = 1
hs/h = 0.85
fy = 460 fcu = 30
M / h3 = 1.1
M = 763.89
Hu = 2 x 2200/(0 + 4.356)
= 247.6143 kN
Take FOS = 2.5
Allowable load = 99.04571 kN
No. of piles required for horizontal loads = 3.631758
Say4no's
Provide 5 No's of piles
Calculation of load on each pile
Case 1 a - With Boyancy + Both spans fully loaded
Stability Moment - Ms
= F1 x 2.258 + F2 x 2.743 +(w1+w2+w3) x2.5
= (3617.306/2 + 171.156/2 + 1140/2 + 480/2 + 228/2) x (2.158+2.643)+
(w1 +w2 +w3) x 2.4
65
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
= 18641 kNm
Overturning Moment - Mo
= P1 x 2.861 + P2 x 3.457 + P3 x 4.057 + TA x 4.6
= 1,532.18 kNm
Total Vertical Froce = 7441.8 kN
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
= 2.3
e = 2.4-e'
= 0.1
Total vertical load on piles in row 1
ω we x
V= + +Selfweightofpile
n ∑ x2
V = 2475 < 2945
Case 2 a - With Boyancy + One span fully loaded & other has dead load only
Stability Moment - Ms
=
=
= 15771 kNm
Overturning Moment - Mo
= P1 x 2.861 + P2 x 3.457 + P3 x 4.057 + TA x 4.6
= 1,532.18 kNm
Total Vertical Froce = 6679.8 kN
on the pier when one span loaded
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
66
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
Ref e '= Description & Calculations Out Put
TotalForce
= 2.132
e = 2.4-e'
= 0.268
Total vertical load on piles in row 1
ω we x
V= + +Selfweightofpile
n ∑ x2
V = 2430 < 2945
Check for ULS
Case 1 a - With Boyancy + Both spans fully loaded
Stability Moment - Ms
= F1 x 2.258 + F2 x 2.743 +(w1+w2+w3) x2.5
= (3617.306/2 + 171.156/2 + 1140/2 + 480/2 + 228/2) x (2.258+2.743)+
(w1 +w2 +w3) x 2.5
= 23356 kNm
Overturning Moment - Mo
= P1 x 2.861 + P2 x 3.457 + P3 x 4.057 + TA x 4.6
= 2,457.13 kNm
Total Vertical Froce = 9730 kN
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
= 2.148
e = 2.4-e'
= 0.252
Total vertical load on piles in row 1
ω we x
V= + +Selfweightofpile
n ∑ x2
67
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
V = 3285 < 2945
Case 2 a - With Boyancy + One span fully loaded & other has dead load only
Stability Moment - Ms
= F1 x 2.758 + F2 x 3.243 +(w1+w2+w3) x3
= (3617.306/2 + 171.156/2 + 1140/2 + 480/2 + 228/2) x (2.258+2.743)+
(w1 +w2 +w3) x 2.5
= 20614 kNm
Overturning Moment - Mo
= P1 x 2.861 + P2 x 3.457 + P3 x 4.057 + TA x 4.6
= 1.00 kNm
Total Vertical Froce = 7707.3 kN
on the pier when one span loaded
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
= 2.675
e = 2.4-e'
= -0.27
Total vertical load on piles in row 1
ω we x
V= + +Selfweightofpile
n ∑ x2
V = 2144 < 2945
Use 6 piles of 1200mm Dia
3.4.2 Calculation of reinforcement for Pier Shaft
Case II b is Critical for bending
F1 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load + HA
68
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
F2 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load
W0 = Self weight of pier capping
W1 = Self weight of stem
TA = Tractive force ( maxm of HA & HB)
P1 = Force due to water current
P2 = Force due to debries
P3 = Force due to log impact
Vertical loads
F1 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load + HA
= 306.33 kN/m
F2 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load
F2 = 205.89 kN/m
W0 = 14.92 kN/m
W1 = 31.05 kN/m
Horizontal load
Tractive force for piers is 80% of the toatal tractive force
TA = 30.61 kN/m
P1 = 0.64 kN/m
P2 = 0.97 kN/m
P3 = 7.02 kN/m
Taking moment around A
Ultimate bending moment
= TA x 4.6 x1.25x1.1 + P1 x 2.861 x1.5x 1.1 + P2 x 3.457 x 1.5x1.1+
P3 x 4.057 x 1.5 x1.1
69
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
= 249.14 kNm/m
Assuming Φ = 16mm tor steel will be used as r/f
Width of the Shaft = 600 mm
Cover = 50 mm
fcu = 30 N/mm2
b = 600 mm
Effective depth = Wall thickness - Cover - half the bar diameter
= 542 mm
Mu = 0.047
fcubd 2
< 0.15
Compression r/f is not required
Mu = 0.87fyAsz
z= 1- 1.1fyAs d
fcubd
Where,
Mu - Ultimate resistance moment = 249.14 kNm/m
As - Area of tension r/f
z - liver arm
b - Width of the section = 600 mm
d - effective depth to the tension r/f = 542 mm
fy - charasteristic strength of r/f = 460 N/mm2
fcu - charasteristic strength of concrete = 30 N/mm2
249.14 = 0.87 x 460 x AS x Z
Z = [1- 1.1x 460x As ] 542
30 x 600 x 542
Z = 542 - 0.0281 As
As = 542 - Z
0.0281
249.14 x 106 = 0.87 x 460 x [ 542 - Z ]Z
0.0281
70
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Z2 - 542 Z + 17500.36 = 0
Z = 507.5 mm or Z = 34.4823 mm
0.95d = 514.90 mm
Hence the Z = 507.52 mm
As = 1,226.64 mm2
BS 5400 IV 100As 0.377 which is greater than the minimum of 0.15
=
1990 bd
Cl 5.8.4
Therefore,
provide r/f as T16 @ 150
As pro = 1408 mm2
BS 5400 IV Calculation of nominal reinforcement
1990
Cl 5.8.4.2 100As 0.12
=
bd
As nominal = 390.24 mm2
Therefore,
provide r/f as T12 @ 150
BS 5400 IV check for shear at the bottom of the stem
1990
Cl 5.4.4 Ultimate Shear force at the bottom of the stem
= TA + P1 +P2 +P3
= 64.74 kN/m
BS 5400 IV Shear stress v= V
1990 bd
Cl 5.3.3.1
v= 0.199 N/mm2 per meter
Maximum allowable shear stress = 0.75 √ fcu
0.75 √ fcu = 4.11 N/mm2 per meter
Therefore the Shear check is satisfied
71
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
BS 5400 IV Ultimate shear stress of concrete
1990
Table - 8 Vc = 0.27 100As 1/3
fcu 1/3
Table - 9 γm bd
γm = 1.25 fcu = 30 N/mm2
b= 600 mm d= 542 mm
Vc = 0.508 N/mm2
ξ s =(500/d)1/4 where, ξs = Depth factor
= 0.9800374676
Shear capacity
ξsVc = 0.498 N/mm2
V ≤ ξsVc
Hence the shear stress is within the allowable
Check for Crack width(SLS)
d
h
s
d acr
fig 14.1Check for Crack width(SLS)
Es = 200 KN/mm2
Ec = 28 KN/mm2
h = 600 mm
Cover = 50 mm
d=1800-50-16 d = 542 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Longitudinal bar db = 16 mm
No of bar = 7
Area of bar = 201.06 mm2
Moment at the Servicebility limit state
= (30.61x1.0x1.0x4.6) + ( 0.64 x 2.861 x 1.0 x 1.0 )+ (0.97 x 3.457 1.0 x 1.0)+
(7.02x4.057x1.0 x 1.0)
= 177.82 kNm
72
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
R/F Stress fs = Ms
As*z
6
= 116 .5196×10
1608 . 8×415. 49
= 248.95 N/mm2
x
d
=αρ [√ 1+
2
αρ
−1 ]
α = Es
Ec
= 200
14
= 14.28571
As
ρ =
bd
= 0.004328
x=14.28 x0.00433 1+ [√ 2
14.28x 0. 00433
−1 x 542 ]
= 160.037 mm
Strain at sofffit of concrete;
f s (h−x )
ε1 ε1 =
E s (d−x )
= 248 . 95 (600−160. 037 )
200×103 ( 542−160. 037 )
= 1.434x10-3
ε m =ε 1−
[ 3 . 8 bt h ( a ' −d c )
( εs A s ( h−d c ) ) ][( 1−
Mq
Mg )
10−9
]
but not greater than ε1
Moment due to live load > Moment due to dead load
then εm=ε1
( )
2
2 150 2
( a cr +8 ) = 2
+ ( 50+8 )
acr = 86.81 mm
3acr*εm = 0.37
73
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
= 0.634655
acr −cnom
h−d s
Design Crack Width = 0.37
1 + 2x0.63466
= 0.164568
0.165 mm < 0.25 mm
Crack with is O.K
Design of pile cap for pier
Calculation of bending moments
Case 01
F kN/m C D
1.2m 3.6m 1.2m
3.6m
2290 2290 2290
Ultimate load on a pile = 3,285 kN
F * 9.6 = 2290 X 3
F = ### kN/m
Cut point C and take moment
Mc = 715.66*4.8*4.8/2 -2290*3.6
= 0.00 kNm Hogging
Cut point D and take moment
MD = 2290*3.6/4 -715.625*3*3/2
= -1662.85 kNm Sagging
Cantilever moment = 715.625*1.2*0.6
= 739.04 kNm Hogging
74
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Case 02
F kN/m E
1.2m 3.6m 1.2m
2290 2290
Ultimate load on a pile = 3,285 kN
F*6 = 2290*2
F = ### kN/m
Cut point E and take moment
ME = 763.33*3*3/2 -2290*1.8
= -985.39 kNm Sagging
Cantilever moment = 763.33*1.2*1.2/2
= 788.31 kNm Hogging
Design of reinforcement for pile cap
Bottom R/F
Max. Sagging Moment at section = 985.4 kNm
Effective Depth d = 1500-75-(16/2)
= 1417 mm
Assume 16mm dia. Tor Steel bars,
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
k = M
BS 5400-4 bd 2 f cu
Part 4, 1990 = 0.0017 < 0.15
Cl. 5.3.2.2 b = 9600
Therefore, Single reinforcement is enough.
BS 5400-4 Mu = 0.87 fy As Z
[ ]
Part 4, 1990
1 .1 f y A s
Cl. 5.3.2.3 Z = 1− d
f cu bd
6
687×10
As Z =
0. 87×460
= 2.462 *106
75
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Z2 - 1417 Z+3016.67 = 0
Z = 1,408 or 2.13
0.95 d = 0.95 * 1417
= 1,346 mm
Therefore, Z = 1,346 mm
As = 1.717 *106 /1346
= 1,829.1 mm2
100 As/bd = 100*1388.9/9600*1417
= 0.013 < 0.15
Therefore, provide 0.15% of bd
100 As/bd = 0.150
As = 0.15*9600*1417/100
As = 20405 mm2
No. of bars = 20405/(π×82)
= 65 Nos.
Spacing = 150 mm
As (Provided) = 24137 mm2
Provide the spacing of 125mm, T20@125
Bottom R/F in transverse direction
Max. Sagging Moment at section = 1,663 kNm
Effective Depth d = 1500-75-16-(16/2)
= 1401.0
Assume 16mm dia. Tor Steel bars,
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
k = M
bd 2 f cu
= 0.0047 < 0.15
Therefore, Single reinforcement is enough.
Mu = 0.87 fy As Z
Z = 1−
[ f cu bd ]
1 .1 f y A s
d
As Z = 1159×10 6
0. 87×460
76
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
6
Ref 1159×10
Description & Calculations Out Put
0. 87×460
= 4.155 *106
[ ]
6
Z = 1− 1 . 1×460×2. 897×10 ×701
Z ×30×6000×701
Z2 - 1401 Z+ 8143.79 = 0
Z = 1,395 or 5.84
0.95 d = 0.95 * 1401
= 1,331 mm
Therefore, Z = 1,331 mm
As = 3.155*106 /1331
= 3,121.9
100 As/bd = 100*2370.5/6000*1401
= 0.037 < 0.15
Therefore, provide 0.15% of bd
100 As/bd = 0.150
As = 0.15*6000*1401/100
As = 12609 mm2
No. of bars = 126009/(π×102)
= 41 Nos.
Spacing = 150 mm
As (Provided) = 15086 mm2
Provide the spacing of 125mm, T20@125
Top Reinforcement
Max. Hogging Moment at section = 788 kNm
Effective Depth d = 1500-75-(16/2)
= 1417.0
Assume 20mm dia. Tor Steel bars,
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
k = M
bd 2 f cu
= 0.0014 < 0.15
77
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Therefore, Single reinforcement is enough.
Mu = 0.87 fy As Z
Z = 1−
[ f cu bd ]
1 .1 f y A s
d
As Z =
550×10 6
0. 87×460
= 1.970 *106
Z = 1− [ 1.1×460×1.373×106
Z×30×9600×717 ]
×717
Z2 - 1417 Z+2412.28 =0
Z = 1,415 or 1.70
0.95 d = 0.95 * 1417
= 1,346 mm
Therefore, Z = 1,346 mm
As = 1.496*106 /1346
= 1,463.3 mm2
100 As/bd = 100*1111.1/9600*1417
= 0.011 < 0.15
Therefore, provide 0.15% of bd
100 As/bd = 0.150
As = 0.15*9600*1417/100
Therefore As = 20405 mm2
No. of bars = 20405/(π×102)
= 65 Nos.
Spacing = 150 mm
As (Provided) = 24137 mm2
Provide the spacing of 125mm, T20@125
Top R/F in transverse direction
Max. Hogging Moment at section = 739.04 kNm
Effective Depth d = 1500-75-16-(16/2)
= 1401.0
78
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Assume 20mm dia. Tor Steel bars,
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
k =M2
bd f cu
= 0.0021 < 0.15
Therefore, Single reinforcement is enough.
Mu = 0.87 fy As Z
Z = 1−
[ 1 .1 f y A s
f cu bd ]
d
6
515 .28×10
As Z =
0 . 87×460
= 1.847 *106
[ ]
6
1.1×460×1.288×10
Z = 1− ×701
Z×30×6000×701
Z2 - 1401 Z+ 3620.71 = 0
Z = 695.80 or 5.20
0.95 d = 0.95 * 1401
= 1,331 mm
Therefore, Z = 1,331 mm
As = 1.4028*106 /1331
= 1,387.5
100 As/bd = 100*1053.6/6000*1401
= 0.017 < 0.15
Therefore, provide 0.15% of bd
100 As/bd = 0.150
As = 0.15*6000*1401/100
As = 12609 mm2
No. of bars = 126099/(π×102)
= 41 Nos.
Spacing = 150 mm
As (Provided) = 15086 mm2
Provide the spacing of 125mm, T20@125
79
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Check for Shear
1 Critical section 1 for shear in pile cap is section a-a,
Maximum shear force on a pile = 3,285 kN
Maximum shear force = 3 × 2494
= 9854 kN
Effective depth d = 1417 mm
Shear Stress ν = V
bd
3
ν = 6870× 10
9600×1417
ν = 0.724 N/mm2
Vmax = 0.75 √fcu
Vmax = 0.75 √30
= 4.11 N/mm2
ν < Vmax
Maximum shear stress satisfied.
Ultimate concrete shear stress
( )
1
νc 0.
= 27
100 A s 3
f 1
γm bd 3
cu
( )
1
=
0. 27 100×9655 3 30 3
1. 25 9600×717
= 0.322
[ ]
Depth Factor 1
500 4
ξs =
d
80
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
[ ]
1
500 4
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
d
ξs = 0.771
νc ξs = 0.249
shear enhancement factor = 2d/av
= 2*1417/1140
= 6.515
since spacing is 3D provide enhancement factor through the total length.
Shear capacity = (0.322*6.515*9600*1417)/1000
= 22025 kN
Maximum shear force < shear capacity
Shear reinforcement is not required.
Check for corner pile
fig7.4 critical section for Punching Shear
Diamension in m
Vertical Shear Load Row2 = 3,285 kN
Effective depth d = 1417 mm
av = 1054 mm
81
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
2d = 2.6888
av
Length of critical section
(D+d) = 1200+1417
= 2617 mm
Assume Minimum r/f of 0.15% of bd
100=As 0.15
bd
Ultimate Concrete Shear stress
1/ 3
0.27 100 As
vc fcu1 / 3
m bd
fcu = 30 N/mm2
vc = 0.39 N/mm2
Depth Factor ξs
( )
1 /4
500
ξ s= or 0.70 Whichever greater
d
( )
1 /4
500
ξ s=
1417
= 0.7707
2d
Shearcapacity =vc× ξ s×( D +d )∗d∗
av
= 2997.1 kN
Shear Capacity greater than Vertical Shear Load
Shear is satisfied
Corner pile is satisfied
7.10 Longitudinal reinforcement for the side face of the Pile Cap
BS5400
Part4 Depth of pilecap 1900 > 600 mm
1990 Which is greater than 600mm therefore side reinforcement
Cl 5.8.4.2 should be provided
b = 9600 mm
d = 1417 mm
Side reinforcement = 0.05% of bd
82
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
= 0.05*9600*1417/100
= 6801.6 mm2
No of bar required
= 906.25/314.2
= 6
Spacing of bar 9
= 226.56
Providing7T20 @225 each faces
No. of bars = 6801.6/(π×82)
= 34 Nos.
Spacing = 291 mm
As (Provided) = 7724 mm2
Provide the spacing of 250mm, T16@250
Design of bored pile
BS 5400, Diameter of the Pile = 1200 mm
part 4
1990 Length of the Pile = 20.00 - (1.5 - 0.331)
Table 11 = 18.831 m
Cl
5.5.1
Zf = 6.17 m
Effective height le = 0.7 * 5.26
= 4.319 m
le / h = 3.67 / 1.2
= 3.599167 < 12
Therefore, Practically this pile can be designed as shorter.
BS 5400 Provide Minimum R/f 1% of the Cross Section of the column.
Part 4
1990 Cl
5.8.4.1
As = 1% A
As = (1/100)*π* 12002/4
As = 11314.29 mm2
Say 25 m Tor steel can be used,
83
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
No. of reinforcement = 24.0 Nos.
BS 5400
Part 4
1990 Cl For circular column at least 6 bars should be provided.
5.8.4.1
Diameter on reinforcement position = 1200-(75 * 2)-(12*2)-(25/2)
= 1013.5 mm
Spacing of bars = π × 1013.5 /24
= 132.72 mm
Provide with spacing of 125mm
24 T25 @125-cc along pile
As (provided) = 24*π r2
= 11785.71 mm2
Provision of shear links
BS 5400-4
Part 4, 1990 Maximum link spacing < 12 × minimum size of compression bar
CL. 5.8.4.3 < 12 × 25
< 300 mm
Diameter of link bars > (1/4) × largest Compression Bar
> (1/4) × 25
> 6.25 mm
12 mm diameter reinforcement can be used links spacing 225 mm
Calculation of Ultimate shear force
Ultimate shear force = 475.23 kN
Ultimate shear force for one pile = 95.05 kN
Ultimate shear stress
ν =
V
bd
d = 1200-75-12-12.5
= 1100.5 mm
b = 1200 mm
ν = 0.072 N/mm2
BS 5400-4 In no case maximum shear should exceed 0.75 √fcu or 4.75 N/mm2 which ever is lesser.
Part 4, 1990
CL. 5.3.3.1 0.75 √fcu = 0.75 √30
84
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
= 4.11 N/mm 2
ν = 0.072 < 4.11
Maximum shear stress satisfied.
BS 5400-4 Determination of concrete Ultimate shear stress in concrete νc
Part 4, 1990
100 A s 100×11785 . 71
Table 8 =
bd 1200×1100 . 5
= 0.892
( )
1
0. 27 100 A s 3
νc = f 1
γm bd 3
cu
1
( )
1
0. 27 100×11785 .71 3 ×30 3
νc =
1. 25 1200×1100 .5
νc = 0.646 N/mm2
BS 5400-4 Depth Factor ξ s
Part 4, 1990 d = 1100.5 mm
(d)
1
Table 9 ξs = 500 4
or 0.7, Which
ever is the
greater.
ξs = (500/1100.5)1/4
ξs = 0.821
ξ sνc = 0.646 × 0.821
ξ sνc = 0.531 N/mm2 > ν
BS 5400-4 when a column is subjected to a uniaxial shear, the ultimate shear stress ξs νc
Part 4, 1990 obtained from above calculation may be multipilied by (1+ (0.05N/AC))
CL 5.5.6 3
0.05 N 1+
0. 05×2494×10
1+ =
AC Π ×12002
4
= 1.000
( (
ξ s ν c× 1+
0 . 05 N
Ac )) =
=
0.531 × 1.000
0.531 N/mm2
BS 5400-4 Therefore,
Part 4, 1990 Area of shear reinforcement to be provided,
Table 7 Asv ≥ 0.4 bsv /0.87 fyv
85
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
fyv = 460 N/mm 2
assume 2 leg of 12mm diameter Tor steel can be used,
2×π×122/4 ≥ (0.4 ×1200×sv) /(0.87 × 460)
Sv ≤ 189 mm
Maximum Spacing = 0.75d
= 825 mm
Providing Spacing of 150mm along pile.
3.5 Design of Pier Cap
1.000
0.600
0.200
0.600
Dimensions of pier cap
Assuming Φ = 20mm tor steel will be used as r/f
Thickness of the Beam = 800 mm
Cover = 50 mm
fcu = 30 N/mm2
b = 1000 mm
Effective depth = Wall thickness - Cover - half the bar diameter
= 740 mm
BS 5400 iv Taking Moment about d/2 away from the DA face
Cl 5.3.1.1
86
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Ultimate Bending Moment =
= (22.23x2.7 + 14.6x2.27x1.135) x 1.75x 1.1 + (123.913x 2.27x1.135x1.2x1.1) +
= (26.09x 2.27x1.135x1.25x1.1) +(354.64 x 2.27x1.135x1.25x1.1)
= 862.62 kNm/m
BS5400 IV
Cl5.3.2.3 Mu = 0.0525
Eq 2 fcubd 2
< 0.15
Compression r/f is not required
BS5400 IV Mu = 0.87fyAsz
Cl5.3.2.3
Eq 1 & 5 z= 1- 1.1fyAs d
fcubd
Where,
Mu - Ultimate resistance moment = 862.62 kNm/m
As - Area of tension r/f
z - liver arm
b - Width of the section = 1000 mm
d - effective depth to the tension r/f = 740 mm
fy - charasteristic strength of r/f = 460 N/mm2
fcu - charasteristic strength of concrete 30 N/mm2
862.62x106 = 0.87 x 460 x As x Z
Z = ( 1- 1.1 x460 xAs/30/1100/1140)1140
Z2 - 740 Z +36347.67 = 0
Z= 687.10 mm
0.95d= 703.00 mm
Hence the Z = 687.10 mm
As = 3,137.06 mm2
100As 0.424 which is greater than the minimum of 0.15
=
bd
87
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
As pro = 2010.6 mm 2
No. of bars = 2010/(π×102)
= 7 Nos.
Spacing = 167 mm
provide r/f as T20 @ 150mm
As (Provided) = 2095 mm2
Calculation of nominal reinforcement
100As 0.12
=
bd
As nominal = 888.00 mm2
No. of bars = 888/(π×82)
= 5 Nos.
Spacing = 250 mm
provide r/f as T16 @ 150mm
As (Provided) = 1341 mm2
calculation of compression reinforcement
100As 0.15
=
bd
As pro = 1110 mm2
No. of bars = 1110/(π×82)
= 6 Nos.
Spacing = 200 mm
provide r/f as T16 @ 150mm
As (Provided) = 1341 mm2
check for shear
Ultimate Shear force
= load due to Dead & Live loads
= 770.33 kN/m
Shear stress v= V
bd
88
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
v= 1.041 N/mm2 per meter
Maximum allowable shear stress = 0.75 √ fcu
0.75 √ fcu = 4.11 N/mm2 per meter
Therefore the Shear check is satisfied
Ultimate shear stress of concrete
Vc = 0.27 100As 1/3
fcu 1/3
γm bd
γm = 1.25 fcu = 30 N/mm2
b= 1000 mm d= 740 mm
Vc = 0.441 N/mm2
ξ s =(500/d)1/4 where, ξs = Depth factor
= 0.91
Shear capacity
ξsVc = 0.400 N/mm2
V > ξsVc
Hence the shear r/f is required
Shear r/f is given by the eqn
Asv ≥ bsv(v+0.4-ξsvc)/0.87fyv
where
Asv = cross sectional area of all legs of the links
ξs = depth factor = 0.91
vc = ultimate shear stress = 0.441 N/mm2
sv = spacing of the links
fyv = strength of shear r/f = 250 N/mm2
Assuming the T12 bars will be used as shear links
89
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Asv = 452 mm2 four legs per one link
sv = 222.85
Provide R12 links (With four legs) at 175mm distance
BS 5400 iv Calculation of face r/f
Cl 5.8.4.2
Depth of the beam = 800 mm
Area of facia r/f = 0.05bd/100
= 370 mm2
No. of bars = 370/(π×62)
= 4 Nos.
Spacing = 333 mm
provide r/f as T12 @ 250mm
90
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
1.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
91
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
92
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
1.8
12
93
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
94
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
3.8
12
95
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
96
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
3.8
12
97
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref 3 . 83
Description & Calculations Out Put
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
98
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
99
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
3.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
100
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
101
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
3.8
12
102
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
103
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
104
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
3.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
105
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
106
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3
3.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
107
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
6
209 .212×10
25×1000×544 2
M u =( 0 . 87 f y ) A s z
z= 1−
( 1. 1 f y A s
f cu bd
d
)
z= 1−( 1 . 1×460× A s
25×1000×544
544)
6
209 .212×10 =0 . 87×460× A s ×( 544−0 . 02024 A s )
6
8 . 1 A 2 −217708 . 8 A s +209 . 212×10 =0
s
108
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
109
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
¿ hagg +5 mm
110
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
111
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
8.0 DESIGN OF PIER BH4
59
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
F1 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load + HA
F2 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load + HA
W0 = Self weight of pier capping
W1 = Self weight of stem
W2 = Self weight of the Pile cap
TA = Tractive force ( maxm of HA & HB)
P1 = Force due to water current
P2 = Force due to debries
P3 = Force due to log impact
Case 1 a - With Boyancy + Both spans fully loaded
Case 1 b - With Boyancy + One span is fully loaded & other has dead load only
Horizontal Forces
Force due to water current
P1 = 52kv2 sin20
k = 0.66
v = 1.76 m/s
P1 = 36.47 kg/m2
= 357.80 N/m2
= 0.64 kN/m
Height of the acting point from A = 0.469 + 3.588 x2/3
= 2.861 m
Force due to debris
where, P2 = 52kv2 sin20
k = 1
v = 1.76 m/s
P2 = 55.26 kg/m2
= 542.12 N/m2
= 0.97 kN/m
60
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Height of the acting point from A = 3.457 m
Force due to log impact P3 = 0.1wv
where, v = 1.76 m/s
w = 2000 kg
P3 = 352.56 kg/m2
= 3458.59 N/m2
Force due to log impact = 7.02 kN/m
Height of the acting point from A = 4.057 m
Calculation of No. of piles required
Vertical loads on piles
Dead load when both sapns loaded = 1808.653 x 2
= 3617.306 kN
Supper imposed load = 85.58 x 2
= 171.1556 kN
Live load HA UDL = 570 x 2
= 1140 kN
Live load HA KEL = 240 x 2
= 480 kN
Pedestrian Load = 114 x 2
= 228
Weight of Pier Capping = 5.72 x 24 x 1.0
= 137.280 kN
Weight of pier stem = 19.81 x 24 x 0.6
= 285.696 kN
Weight of Pile cap = 0.8 x 5.0 x 8.0 x 24
= 1105.92 kN
Dead load of Sub structure = 1528.896 kN
80% of Tractive Force applied at bearing level
61
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Vertical Load - SLS
ULS
Factored Mome
Load Type Load (kN) Lever Arm ϒF2 ϒF3
Load(kN) nt(kNm
)
Vertical Force
Dead Load 3617.3 1.00 1.0 3617.31 0.00
S.I.Load 171.2 1.00 1.0 171.16 0.00
Live HA UDL 1140.0 1.20 1.0 1368.00 0.00
Live HA KEL 480.0 1.20 1.0 576.00 0.00
Live Footwalk 228.0 1.00 1.0 228.00 0.00
Dead (Sub) 1528.9 1.00 1.0 1528.90 0.00
7165.4 7489.36 0.00
Hori. Force
Tractive 281.6 1.00 1 281.60 0.00
Force due to
6.5 1.00 1 6.55 0.00
water current
Force due to
9.9 1.00 1 0.00 0
debries
Force due to
71.6 1.00 1 71.56 0
log impact
359.71 0.00
Vertical Load - ULS
ULS
Factored Mome
Load Type Load (kN) Lever Arm ϒF2 ϒF3
Load(kN) nt(kNm
)
Vertical Force
Dead Load 3617.3 1.15 1.1 4575.89 0.00
S.I.Load 171.2 1.75 1.1 329.47 0.00
Live HA UDL 1140.0 1.20 1.1 1504.80 0.00
Live HA KEL 480.0 1.25 1.1 660.00 0.00
Live Footwalk 228.0 1.50 1.1 376.20 0.00
Dead (Sub) 1528.9 1.15 1.1 1934.05 0.00
9380.42 0.00
Hori. Force
Tractive 281.6 1.25 1.1 387.20 0.00
Force due to
6.5 1.00 1 6.55 0.00
water current
Force due to
9.9 1.00 1 9.92 0
debries
Force due to
71.6 1.00 1 71.56 0
log impact
475.23 0.00
62
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Total vertical load on pier when both spans
are loaded = 7489.36 kN
Carring capacity of the pile
Assume 1000mm Dia. Bored Piles
1. Bassed on concrete strength
Allowable Stress = 0.25 fcu
= 0.25 x 30
= 7.5 N/mm2
2. Rock Bearing Capacity = 2.500 N/mm2
Allowable load on a pile = 2.5 x π r2
= 2828.571 kN
3. Friction resistance by soil on pile
Allowable skin friction = 108.4286 kN
Length of a pile = 19.531 m
Self weight of a pile = π r2h x 24
= 530.3504 kN
Total Allowable load = 7.5 +1964.29 + 108.4
= 2944.5 kN
No. of pile required = 2826.24/1711.92
= 3.102276
Say 4 Piles
Ultimate resistance to lateral Loads
Tractive Force = 281.60 kN
Total Horizontal force = 359.71 kN
Pile deign
and
( )
1/ 5
construction EI
T=
by ηh
M.J.Tomlinson
eq 6.9 Where, E I- Stiffness of Pile
63
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
ηh -Co-efficent of soil Modulus Variation
I- Second Moment of area
BS5400 E= 28*106 kN/m2 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
Part4
App .B
Table 35
Assuming Relative Density = 50 %
from fig 6.20 of M.J.Thomson
ηh = 6.5 Mn/m3
I = πx D2/64
= 0.049
( )
1/ 5
T = 28× 106 ×0 . 049
4×10 3
= 2.92 m
2T = 5.84
4T = 11.68
Embeded Length L = 19.537 m
L > 4T
Therefore Pile is considered as Long Elastic Pile.
Ultimate Resistance of Long Pile
Pile deign
and 2× M u
H u=
construction e +Z f
by
M.J.Tomlinson Zf = 1.8 T
eq 6.24 & 6.34 = 5.256
Pile length above ground (e) = 0m
Total Ultimate vertical load = 9,380.42 kN
Ultimate load on a pile = 15,199.13/8
64
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
(assume 8 piles)
N = 1563.403 kN
h
h = 1000 mm
hs
hs = 1000-75x2-25
= 825 mm
N / h2 = 1.563403 N/mm2
For minimum r/f 100As / Ac = 1
hs/h = 0.825
fy = 460 fcu = 30
M / h3 = 1.41
M = 1410
Hu = 2 x 2200/(0 + 4.356)
= 536.5297 kN
Take FOS = 2.5
Allowable load = 214.6119 kN
No. of piles required for horizontal loads = 1.676086
Say 2no's
Provide 6 No's of piles
Calculation of load on each pile
Case 1 a - With Boyancy + Both spans fully loaded
Stability Moment - Ms
= F1 x 2.258 + F2 x 2.743 +(w1+w2+w3) x2.5
= (3617.306/2 + 171.156/2 + 1140/2 + 480/2 + 228/2) x (2.258+2.743)+
(w1 +w2 +w3) x 2.5
= 22471 kNm
Overturning Moment - Mo
65
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
= P1 x 2.861 + P2 x 3.457 + P3 x 4.057 + TA x 4.6
= 1,329.02 kNm
Total Vertical Froce = 7165.4 kN
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
= 2.951
e = 2.5-e'
= 0.049
Total vertical load on piles in row 1
ω we x
V= + +Selfweightofpile
n ∑ x2
V = 1757 < 2945
Case 2 a - With Boyancy + One span fully loaded & other has dead load only
Stability Moment - Ms
= F1 x 2.758 + F2 x 3.243 +(w1+w2+w3) x3
= (3617.306/2 + 171.156/2 + 1140/2 + 480/2 + 228/2) x (2.258+2.743)+
(w1 +w2 +w3) x 2.5
= 19476 kNm
Overturning Moment - Mo
= P1 x 2.861 + P2 x 3.457 + P3 x 4.057 + TA x 4.6
= 1,329.02 kNm
Total Vertical Froce = 6403.4 kN
on the pier when one span loaded
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
= 2.834
e = 3.0-e'
66
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
= 0.166
Total vertical load on piles in row 1
ω we x
V= + +Selfweightofpile
n ∑ x2
V = 1696 < 2945
Check for ULS
Case 1 a - With Boyancy + Both spans fully loaded
Stability Moment - Ms
= F1 x 2.258 + F2 x 2.743 +(w1+w2+w3) x2.5
= (3617.306/2 + 171.156/2 + 1140/2 + 480/2 + 228/2) x (2.258+2.743)+
(w1 +w2 +w3) x 2.5
= 28145 kNm
Overturning Moment - Mo
= P1 x 2.861 + P2 x 3.457 + P3 x 4.057 + TA x 4.6
= 2,124.47 kNm
Total Vertical Froce = 9380 kN
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
= 2.774
e = 2.5-e'
= 0.226
Total vertical load on piles in row 1
ω we x
V= + +Selfweightofpile
n ∑ x2
V = 2290 < 2945
Case 2 a - With Boyancy + One span fully loaded & other has dead load only
67
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Stability Moment - Ms
= F1 x 2.758 + F2 x 3.243 +(w1+w2+w3) x3
= (3617.306/2 + 171.156/2 + 1140/2 + 480/2 + 228/2) x (2.258+2.743)+
(w1 +w2 +w3) x 2.5
= 21553 kNm
Overturning Moment - Mo
= P1 x 2.861 + P2 x 3.457 + P3 x 4.057 + TA x 4.6
= 1.00 kNm
Total Vertical Froce = 7357.5 kN
on the pier when one span loaded
Re sistingMonment−OverturningMoment
e '=
TotalForce
= 2.929
e = 3.0-e'
= 0.071
Total vertical load on piles in row 1
ω we x
V= + +Selfweightofpile
n ∑ x2
V = 1805 < 2945
Use 6 piles of 1200mm Dia
3.4.2 Calculation of reinforcement for Pier Shaft
Case II b is Critical for bending
F1 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load + HA
F2 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load
W0 = Self weight of pier capping
68
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
W1 = Self weight of stem
TA = Tractive force ( maxm of HA & HB)
P1 = Force due to water current
P2 = Force due to debries
P3 = Force due to log impact
Vertical loads
F1 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load + HA
= 306.33 kN/m
F2 = Dead Load + Super Imposed load
F2 = 205.89 kN/m
W0 = 14.92 kN/m
W1 = 31.05 kN/m
Horizontal load
Tractive force for piers is 80% of the toatal tractive force
TA = 30.61 kN/m
P1 = 0.64 kN/m
P2 = 0.97 kN/m
P3 = 7.02 kN/m
Taking moment around A
Ultimate bending moment
= TA x 4.6 x1.25x1.1 + P1 x 2.861 x1.5x 1.1 + P2 x 3.457 x 1.5x1.1+
P3 x 4.057 x 1.5 x1.1
= 249.14 kNm/m
Assuming Φ = 16mm tor steel will be used as r/f
69
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Width of the Shaft = 600 mm
Cover = 50 mm
fcu = 30 N/mm2
b = 600 mm
Effective depth = Wall thickness - Cover - half the bar diameter
= 542 mm
Mu = 0.047
fcubd 2
< 0.15
Compression r/f is not required
Mu = 0.87fyAsz
z= 1- 1.1fyAs d
fcubd
Where,
Mu - Ultimate resistance moment = 249.14 kNm/m
As - Area of tension r/f
z - liver arm
b - Width of the section = 600 mm
d - effective depth to the tension r/f = 542 mm
fy - charasteristic strength of r/f = 460 N/mm2
fcu - charasteristic strength of concrete = 30 N/mm2
249.14 = 0.87 x 460 x AS x Z
Z = [1- 1.1x 460x As ] 542
30 x 600 x 542
Z = 542 - 0.0281 As
As = 542 - Z
0.0281
249.14 x 106 = 0.87 x 460 x [ 542 - Z ]Z
0.0281
Z2 - 542 Z + 17500.36 = 0
Z = 507.5 mm or Z = 34.4823 mm
70
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
0.95d = 514.90 mm
Hence the Z = 507.52 mm
As = 1,226.64 mm2
BS 5400 IV 100As 0.377 which is greater than the minimum of 0.15
=
1990 bd
Cl 5.8.4
Therefore,
provide r/f as T16 @ 150
As pro = 1408 mm2
BS 5400 IV Calculation of nominal reinforcement
1990
Cl 5.8.4.2 100As 0.12
=
bd
As nominal = 390.24 mm2
Therefore,
provide r/f as T12 @ 150
BS 5400 IV check for shear at the bottom of the stem
1990
Cl 5.4.4 Ultimate Shear force at the bottom of the stem
= TA + P1 +P2 +P3
= 64.74 kN/m
BS 5400 IV Shear stress v= V
1990 bd
Cl 5.3.3.1
v= 0.199 N/mm2 per meter
Maximum allowable shear stress = 0.75 √ fcu
0.75 √ fcu = 4.11 N/mm2 per meter
Therefore the Shear check is satisfied
BS 5400 IV Ultimate shear stress of concrete
1990
Table - 8 Vc = 0.27 100As 1/3
fcu 1/3
71
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Table - 9 γm bd
γm = 1.25 fcu = 30 N/mm2
b= 600 mm d= 542 mm
Vc = 0.508 N/mm2
ξ s =(500/d)1/4 where, ξs = Depth factor
= 0.9800374676
Shear capacity
ξsVc = 0.498 N/mm2
V ≤ ξsVc
Hence the shear stress is within the allowable
Check for Crack width(SLS)
d
h
d acr
fig 14.1Check for Crack width(SLS)
Es = 200 KN/mm2
Ec = 28 KN/mm2
h = 600 mm
Cover = 50 mm
d=1800-50-16d = 542 mm
Spacing = 150 mm
Longitudinal bar db = 16 mm
No of bar = 7
Area of bar = 201.06 mm2
Moment at the Servicebility limit state
= (30.61x1.0x1.0x4.6) + ( 0.64 x 2.861 x 1.0 x 1.0 )+ (0.97 x 3.457 1.0 x 1.0)+
(7.02x4.057x1.0 x 1.0)
= 177.82 kNm
R/F Stress fs = Ms
As*z
= 116 .5196×10 6
1608 . 8× 415. 49
72
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
6
Ref 116 .5196×10
Description & Calculations Out Put
1608 . 8× 415. 49
= 248.95 N/mm2
x
d
=αρ [√ 1+
2
αρ
−1 ]
α = Es
Ec
= 200
14
= 14.28571
As
ρ =
bd
= 0.004328
x=14. 28 x0.00433 1+ [√ 2
14. 28x 0.00433
−1 x 542 ]
= 160.037 mm
Strain at sofffit of concrete;
f s (h−x )
ε1 ε1 =
E s (d−x )
= 248.95 (600−160 .037 )
200×103 ( 542−160 .037 )
= 1.434x10-3
ε m =ε 1−
[ 3 . 8 bt h ( a ' −d c )
( εs A s ( h−d c ) ) ] [( 1−
Mq
Mg )
10−9
]
but not greater than ε1
Moment due to live load > Moment due to dead load
then εm=ε1
( ) +( 50+8)
2
2 150 2
( a cr +8 ) = 2
acr = 86.81 mm
3acr*εm = 0.37
= 0.634655
acr −cnom
h−d s
73
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Design Crack Width = 0.37
1 + 2x0.63466
= 0.164568
0.165 mm < 0.25 mm
Crack with is O.K
Design of pile cap for pier
Calculation of bending moments
Case 01
F kN/m C D
1.2m 3.6m 1.2m
3.6m
2290 2290 2290
Ultimate load on a pile = 2,290 kN
F * 9.6 = 2290 X 3
F = 715.66 kN/m
Cut point C and take moment
Mc = 715.66*4.8*4.8/2 -2290*3.6
= 0.00 kNm Hogging
Cut point D and take moment
MD = 2290*3.6/4 -715.625*3*3/2
= -1159.37 kNm Sagging
Cantilever moment = 715.625*1.2*0.6
= 515.28 kNm Hogging
Case 02
F kN/m E
1.2m 3.6m 1.2m
74
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref 1.2m Description 3.6m
& Calculations 1.2m Out Put
2290 2290
Ultimate load on a pile = 2,290 kN
F*6 = 2290*2
F = 763.37 kN/m
Cut point E and take moment
ME = 763.33*3*3/2 -2290*1.8
= -687.04 kNm Sagging
Cantilever moment = 763.33*1.2*1.2/2
= 549.63 kNm Hogging
Design of reinforcement for pile cap
Bottom R/F
Max. Sagging Moment at section = 687.0 kNm
Effective Depth d = 800-75-(16/2)
= 717 mm
Assume 16mm dia. Tor Steel bars,
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
k = M
BS 5400-4 bd 2 f cu
Part 4, 1990 = 0.0046 < 0.15
Cl. 5.3.2.2 b = 9600
Therefore, Single reinforcement is enough.
BS 5400-4 Mu = 0.87 fy As Z
[ ]
Part 4, 1990
1 .1 f y A s
Cl. 5.3.2.3 Z = 1− d
f cu bd
687×106
As Z =
0. 87×460
= 1.717 *106
Z2 - 717 Z+3016.67 = 0
Z = 698.36 or 4.23
75
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
0.95 d = 0.95 * 717
= 681.15 mm
Therefore, Z = 681.15 mm
As = 1.717 *106 /681.15
= 2,520.3 mm2
100 As/bd = 100*2520.3/9600*717
= 0.037 < 0.15
Therefore, provide 0.15% of bd
100 As/bd = 0.150
As = 0.15*9600*717/100
As = 10325 mm2
No. of bars = 10325/(π×82)
= 52 Nos.
Spacing = 188 mm
As (Provided) = 15448 mm2
Provide the spacing of 125mm, T16@125
Bottom R/F in transverse direction
Max. Sagging Moment at section = 1,159 kNm
Effective Depth d = 800-75-16-(16/2)
= 701.0
Assume 16mm dia. Tor Steel bars,
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
k = M
bd 2 f cu
= 0.0131 < 0.15
Therefore, Single reinforcement is enough.
Mu = 0.87 fy As Z
Z = 1−
[ 1 .1 f y A s
f cu bd ]
d
6
As Z = 1159×10
0. 87×460
= 2.897 *106
[ ]
6
Z = 1− 1 . 1×460×2. 897×10 ×701
Z ×30×6000×701
76
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
[ ]
6
Ref Description & Calculations 1 . 1×460×2. 897×10 Out Put
1− ×701
Z ×30×6000×701
Z2 - 701 Z+ 8143.79 = 0
Z = 689.18 or 11.82
0.95 d = 0.95 * 701
= 665.95 mm
Therefore, Z = 665.95 mm
As = 2.897*106 /665.95
= 4,350.2
100 As/bd = 100*4350.2/6000*701
= 0.103 < 0.15
Therefore, provide 0.15% of bd
100 As/bd = 0.150
As = 0.15*6000*701/100
As = 6309 mm2
No. of bars = 6309/(π×82)
= 32 Nos.
Spacing = 194 mm
As (Provided) = 9655 mm2
Provide the spacing of 125mm, T16@125
Top Reinforcement
Max. Hogging Moment at section = 550 kNm
Effective Depth d = 800-75-(16/2)
= 717.0
Assume 20mm dia. Tor Steel bars,
fcu = 30 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
k = M
bd 2 f cu
= 0.0037 < 0.15
Therefore, Single reinforcement is enough.
Mu = 0.87 fy As Z
Z = 1−
[ 1 .1 f y A s
f cu bd ]
d
77
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
[ ]
Ref Description & Calculations
1 .1 f As Out Put
y
Z = 1− d
f cu bd
6
As Z =
550×10
0. 87×460
= 1.373 *106
[ ]
6
1.1×460×1.373×10
Z = 1− ×717
Z×30×9600×717
Z2 - 717 Z+2412.28 =0
Z = 713.62 or 3.38
0.95 d = 0.95 * 717
= 681.15 mm
Therefore, Z = 681.15 mm
As = 1.373*106 /681.15
= 2,016.3 mm2
100 As/bd = 100*2016.3/9600*717
= 0.029 < 0.15
Therefore, provide 0.15% of bd
100 As/bd = 0.150
As = 0.15*9600*717/100
Therefore As = 10325 mm2
No. of bars = 10325/(π×82)
= 52 Nos.
Spacing = 188 mm
As (Provided) = 15448 mm2
Provide the spacing of 125mm, T16@125
Top R/F in transverse direction
Max. Hogging Moment at section = 515.28 kNm
Effective Depth d = 800-75-16-(16/2)
= 701.0
Assume 20mm dia. Tor Steel bars,
fcu = 30 N/mm2
78
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
fy = 460 N/mm 2
M
k =
bd 2 f cu
= 0.0058 < 0.15
Therefore, Single reinforcement is enough.
Mu = 0.87 fy As Z
Z = 1−
[ 1 .1 f y A s
f cu bd ]
d
6
515 .28×10
As Z =
0 . 87×460
= 1.288 *106
Z [
= 1−
1.1×460×1.288×106
Z×30×6000×701
×701 ]
Z2 - 701 Z+ 3620.71 = 0
Z = 695.80 or 5.20
0.95 d = 0.95 * 701
= 665.95 mm
Therefore, Z = 665.95 mm
As = 1.288*106 /665.95
= 1,933.4
100 As/bd = 100*1933.4/6000*701
= 0.046 < 0.15
Therefore, provide 0.15% of bd
100 As/bd = 0.150
As = 0.15*6000*701/100
As = 6309 mm2
No. of bars = 6309/(π×82)
= 32 Nos.
Spacing = 194 mm
As (Provided) = 9655 mm2
Provide the spacing of 125mm, T16@125
Check for Shear
79
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
1 Critical section 1 for shear in pile cap is section a-a,
Maximum shear force on a pile = 2,290 kN
Maximum shear force = 3 × 2290
= 6870 kN
Effective depth d = 717.00 mm
Shear Stress ν = V
bd
ν = 6870× 103
9600×717
ν = 0.998 N/mm2
Vmax = 0.75 √fcu
Vmax = 0.75 √30
= 4.11 N/mm2
ν < Vmax
Maximum shear stress satisfied.
Ultimate concrete shear stress
( )
1
νc 0.
= 27
100 A s 3
f 1
γm bd 3
cu
( )
1
=
0. 27 100×9655 3 30 3
1. 25 9600×717
= 0.349
[ ]
Depth Factor 1
500 4
ξs =
d
ξs = 0.914
ν c ξs = 0.319
80
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
shear enhancement factor = 2d/av
= 2*717/1140
= 3.297
since spacing is 3D provide enhancement factor through the total length.
Shear capacity = (0.373*3.297*9600*717)/1000
= 7231 kN
Maximum shear force < shear capacity
Shear reinforcement is not required.
81
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
82
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
83
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
84
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
85
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
1.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
86
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
87
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
88
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
1.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
89
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
90
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
1.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
91
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
92
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
1.8
12
93
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
94
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
95
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3
3.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
96
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
97
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3 . 83
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
98
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
99
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
3.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
100
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
101
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3
3.8
12
102
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
103
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
104
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
( M res − M over )
F
3 . 83
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
105
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
106
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3
3.8
12
F M×y
±
A I
M = F×e
107
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
6
209 .212×10
25×1000×544 2
M u =( 0 . 87 f y ) A s z
z= 1−
( 1. 1 f y A s
f cu bd
d
)
z= 1−( 1 . 1×460× A s
25×1000×544
544)
6
209 .212×10 =0 . 87×460× A s ×( 544−0 . 02024 A s )
6
8 . 1 A 2 −217708 . 8 A s +209 . 212×10 =0
s
108
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
6
8 . 1 A 2 −217708 . 8 A s +209 . 212×10 =0
s
109
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
¿ hagg +5 mm
110
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
111
PART 1
DESIGN OF SUB
STRUCTURE
(SUBSTRUCTURE FOR BRIDGE ACROSS YAN OYA AT
WAHALKADA (NON RDA))
TAKING OFF SHEETS
RATE ANALYSIS
BILL OF QUANTITIES
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Design Data
3.0 Initial Design of Beam section
4.0 Grillage Analysis
5.0 Design of Tendon Profile
6.0 Calculation of Losses
7.0 Checking the beam for Stresses
8.0 Checking the beam for Ultimate Limit State
9.0 Checking the beam for Serviceability Limit State
10.0 Design of Longitudinal Shear Reinforcement
11.0 Design of End Block
12.0 Design of Diaphragm Walls
13.0 Design of Deck Slab
14.0 Extension of Cables
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
NOTATIONS
The principle symbols used in this report are as follows. Other symbols are defined in the text.
A - Cross sectional area
As - Area of tension reinforcement
B - Bending moment due to dead loads
d - Effective Depth
e - Eccentricity
F - Axial Force
fcu - Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
FVA - Total vertical dead load with HA live loads acting on abutment bearing in dry condition
FVA' - Total vertical dead load with HA live loads acting on abutment bearing in submerged condition
FVB - Total vertical dead load with HB live loads acting on abutment bearing in dry condition
FVB' - Total vertical dead load with HB live loads acting on abutment bearing in submerged condition
fy - Characteristic tensile strength of steel
H1 - Lateral active pressure force due to surcharge load in dry condition
h1 - Height to H1 or H1' from the point considered
H1' - Lateral active pressure force due to surcharge load in submerged condition
H2 - Lateral active pressure force due to overburden soil in dry condition
h2 - Height to H2 or H2' from the point considered
H2' - Lateral active pressure force due to overburden soil in submerged condition
Hp - Lateral passive pressure force due to overburden soil in dry condition
hp - Height to Hp or Hp' from the point considered
Hp' - Lateral passive pressure force due to overburden soil in submerged condition
TA - HA Longitudinal force
TB - HB Longitudinal force
ht - Height to TA or TB from the point considered
Ixx - Second Moment of area about centroidal axis considered
Ka - Lateral active pressure Co-efficient
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Kp - Lateral passive pressure Co-efficient
Mover - Overturning moment of the structure about a point considered
Mres - Resisting moment of the structure about a point considered
Mxx - Bending moment about centroidal axis considered
σ - Stress at any point of the section
σmax - Maximum Stress on the section
σmin - Minimum Stress on the section
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
erged condition
erged condition
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
CONTENTS
Page
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 General data 2
3.0 Waterway Calculations 3
3.1 Data 3
3.2 Calculation of Design Discharge 3
3.3 Calculation of Afflux 4
3.4 Calculation of Scour Depth 4
4.0 Compuation of Nominal Loads 6
4.1 Selection of Load Combination 8
5.0 Design of Capping Beam 9
5.1 Calculations of loads on capping beam for dry condition 9
5.2 Calculations of loads on capping beam for partial submerged condition 12
5.3 Check for HB Loading 12
6.0 Design of Abutments 13
6.1 Design of Horowpothana End Abutment 13
6.1.1 Calculation of Loads at Dry Condition 13
6.1.2 Calculation of Loads at Partial Submerged Condition 18
6.2 Design of Horowpothana End Foundation 23
6.2.1 Dry Condition 23
6.2.2 Partial Submerged Condition 27
6.2.3 Calculation of Reinforcement for the Foundation 32
6.2.4 Checking Stability During Construction 37
6.3 Design of Thiriyaya End Abutment 39
6.4 Design of Thiriyaya End Foundation 39
7.0 Design of Wing Walls 40
7.1 Design of Horowpothana End Wing wall 40
7.1.1 Dry Condition 40
7.1.2 Partial Submerged Condition 43
7.2 Foundation Design of Horowpothana End Wing Wall 45
7.2.1 Dry Condition 45
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Page
7.2.2 Partial Submerged Condition 49
7.2.3 Calculation of Reinforcement for the Foundation 53
7.3 Design of Thiriyaya End Wing Wall 58
7.4 Foundation Design of Thiriyaya End Wing Wall 58
8.0 Design of Pier 59
8.1 Design of Pier Cap 59
8.2 Design of Pier Stem 63
8.3 Calculation of Reinforcement for the Foundation 105
Bridge designs Division, Road Development Authority
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Road Development Authority has a responsibility for the development of the road network to cater for the on-
going overall development programme of the country. Since road transport is the primary mode of transport in the
country, it is very vital that roads and bridges developed to promote efficient transport of people and goods. RDA
has a responsibility to plan the future road network taking in to consideration the future travel demand. It is
predicted that proposed bridge across Yan oya at Wahalkada would provide safe and comfortable access by
connecting Horowpothana and Thiriyaya.
The overall length of proposed bridge is 38.0 m and consists with mass concrete substructure and pretensioned
prestressed concrete superstructure. Bridge is having two equal spans and section consists with 4.2 m extra
wide carriageway and 0.9 m width footwalk.
1
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3.0 WATERWAY CALCULATIONS
a
.
3.1 Data
Wetted Area
of the stream A = 186 m2
Wetted perimeter P = 101 m
D stream at HFL
Width of the W = 102 m
i
Width of the
mstream under the bridge L1 = 101.6 m
e
Linear waterway under the bridge L = 101.6 m
n
s
i
3.2 Calculationo of Design Discharge
n Method
Area Velocity
s
Hydraulic mean depth R = A/P
o
= 186.2/101.4
f
= 1.84 m 1.84 m
t
h
Essentials of e flow
Velocity of the V = 1/n R2/3 S 1/2
Bridge where,
B
r
Engineering
i
n = Manning's roughness coefficient
D.J. Victor d S = Slope of the river bed
g
e
Take n = 0.045
S = 0.001 (i.e. 1.4 m per km)
V = (1/0.045) x (1.84)2/3 x (0.0014)1/2
= 1.25 m/s
Flood Discharge Q1 = AV
= 186.2 x 1.25
= 232.07 m3/s Q Area Velocity =
232.07 m3/s
3
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Emperical Formular Method
Essentials of Maximum Flood Discharge ( Q ) = C×A n
Bridge
Engineering As per the Ryve's formular ;
D.J. Victor n = 2/3
For the Catchment Area ( A = 231.0km2)
C = 6.8
Then ,
Q = 6.8 x 231 2/3
= 256.006 m3/s Q Emperical =
256.006 m3/s
Design Discharge
Essentials of According to results above, two values for discharges are closer. Maximum
of above discharge values are taken for calculations
Bridge
Engineering
D.J. Victor Maximum Discharge = 256.006 m3/s
For the catchments whose area is lesser than 500 km2, calculated maximum
discharge will be increased by 30%.
Design Discharge Q = 1.3 x 256.006
= 332.81 m3/s 332.81 m3/s
New Velocity V1 = Q/A
= 332.81/186.18
= 1.79 m/s 1.79 m/s
4
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
3.3 Calculation of Afflux
( )
Essentials of Afflux h = V2 L2
−1
2g c L 2
2
Bridge 1
Engineering where,
D.J. Victor V = velocity of normal flow in the stream
g = acceleration due to gravity
L = Width of stream at HFL (regime width)
L1 = Linear waterway under the bridge
c = coefficient of discharge through the bridge,
= taken as 0.7 for sharp entry and 0.9 for bell
mouthed entry
h = 1. 792 101. 62
(
2×9 . 81 0 . 92 ×101 . 62
−1 )
= 0.038 m 0.038 m
3.4 Calculation of Scour Depth
( )
0 .33
D
Essentials of dsm = b2
1. 34×
K sf
Bridge where,
Engineering dsm = The mean depth of scour below HFL
D.J. Victor Db = Discharge in m3/s per 1m width, obtained as total
discharge divided by effective linear waterway
Ksf = Silt factor for a representative sample of bed
material as in Table 26 taken as 1.76 times the
square root of the particle size distribution
Effective linear waterway
L = 101.6 m
Db = Q/L
= 332.81 / 101.6
= 3.28
Ksf = 1.25
( 31.. 2825 )
2 0 .33
dsm = 1.34×
= 2.72 m 2.72 m
5
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Minimum scour depth for piers = 2 x dsm
or Abutment
= 2 x 1.84
= 5.45 m
Reduced level at the foundation = HFL - 5.46
= 99.246 - 3.68
= 93.80 m
Depth from the lowest point of stream = 98.567-95.56
= 4.77 m
Say = 3 m
Foundation Level = 98.567 - 3.0
= 95.57 m 95.57 m
6
Bridge Designs Division, Road Development Authority
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
7
Ref Description & Calculations Out Put
Moment Redistribution
F (Axial Force)
-My
I
(-)
(+) (+)
F/A
+My
I
s min
s max
Ideal Stress Distribution
s redistributed
Actual Stress Distribution
After Redistribution,
Direct Stress - Bending Stress = 0
F M×y = 0
−
A I
D
F ×e×
F 2 = 0 Eq 1
−
( )
D×1 1×D 3
12
Where, M = F×e
3
I = 1× D
12
y = D
2
e = D
From Eq 1, 6
D
e' =
2
−e
D D
e' = −
2 6
e' = D
3
e D
3
Hence, D = 3 e'
List of Publications
1) Tharanganie B.G.N. and Puswewala U.G.A., “Unsaturated Shear Strength and
Matric Suction Characteristics of a Residual Soil”, Full paper at Annual Sessions,
Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, 2004.
2) Chandrakeerthy S.R.De.S. and Tharanganie B.G.N., “Feasibility of Single-Storey
Blockwork Columns for House Construction", Full paper at Annual Sessions,
Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, 2004.
3) Tharanganie B.G.N., “Use of Pressure Plate to Study Matric Suction of Soil”, Young
Members Section of Annual Sessions, Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka, 2004.
4) Tharanganie B.G.N. and Puswewala U.G.A., “Unsaturated Shear Strength and
Matric Suction Characteristics of a Sri Lankan Residual Soil”, submitted to the
International Young Geotechnical Engineers Session of ISSMGE, 2005 and participated
3rd IYGEC in Osaka, Japan, from 11th September 2005 to 16th September 2005.
5) Tharanganie B.G.N. and Puswewala U.G.A., “Development of Soil-Water
Characteristic Curve for a residual soil using Triaxial and Pressure-Plate Apparatus”,
Engineering Research Union-University of Moratuwa for the Symposium of 2005.
Moment Redistribution
Moment Redistribution
F (Axial Force)
-My
I
(-)
(+) (+)
F/A
+My
I
s min
s max
Ideal Stress Distribution
s redistributed
Actual Stress Distribution
After Redistribution,
Direct Stress - Bending Stress = 0
F M×y = 0
−
A I
D
F ×e×
F 2
− = 0 Eq 1
( )
D ×1 1×D 3
12
Where, M = F×e
I = 1× D 3
12
y = D
2
D
From Eq 1, e =
6
D
e' =
2
−e
D D
e' = −
2 6
e' = D
3
3e
Hence, D = 3 e'
List of Publications
6.2.3 CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT FOR THE FOUNDATION
Note: Higher stresses are developed on foundation under dry condition than partial su
considered for calculation of reinforcement.
a. Calculation of Ultimate Loads on the Foundation
Nominal Dead Load from the Deck =
Nominal Super Imposed Load =
Nominal HA Live Loading =
Nominal Pedestrian Loading =
Table 6.3: Calculation of Ultimate loads
Load Type Nominal Load
Vertical Loads (kN/m)
Dead Load from the Deck #REF!
Super Imposed Load #REF!
HA from the Deck #VALUE!
Pedestrian Load #REF!
Weight of Capping Beam (w1) #REF!
Weight of Abutment (w2) #REF!
Weight of Soil (w3) #REF!
Surcharge Force (P) #REF!
Horizontal Forces
Lateral Force due to Surcharge (H1) #REF!
Active Earth Pressure Force (H2) #REF!
Tractive Force (T) #REF!
Passive Earth Pressure Force (HP) #VALUE!
Moment about X – X;
3.86
Mx-x'
Moment about X – X =
(286.60+18.32+92.81+19.59)×1.225+(20.34×
(480.35×0.585)+(313.52×-0.678)+(42.9×-0.33)+
(35.46×3.98)+(243.89×2.653)+(48.4×7.0)+
Total Vertical Load (F) =
20.34+480.35+
=
Cross Section Area Considered (A) =
=
Moment of Inertia about x – x (Ixx) =
Stress of any Point of the Section (σ); = F M×
±
A I
Where; M = F ×e
Substituting Moment and Axial Force to equation above
Maximum Stress (σmax or Smax) =
Minimum Stress (σmin or S min) =
b. Moment Redistribution
Eccentricity (e) = M xx
F
=
e' =
So, as per previous calculation 1
F= ×σ red ×3
2
#REF! =
σred =
σq =
Considering the bending failure of the foundation section
Fig: 6.8 Actual stress distribution in soil
F1 =
=
F2 =
=
Taking moment about the section;
Design Moment =
BS 5400 Cover should not be less than the maximum size of the
Part 4
Cl. 5.8.8
maximum size of the coarse aggregate
& =
Table 13 =
=
Minimum grade of cover is 45 mm for grade 25 concrete
So, cover selected as 50 mm
Assuming Ф12 mm bars are used;
Bar diameter =
Effective depth (d) =
=
BS 5400 The ultimate resistance moment (Mu),
Part 4 Mu =
Cl.
5.3.2.3
Mu =
fcubd2
For the above section,
Mu =
fcubd 2
Therefore the section can be design as singly reinforced section.
From,
M u =( 0 . 87 f y ) A s z
z=
( 1−
1. 1 f y A
f cu bd
s
) d
(
z= 1−
1 . 1× 460 × A s
25 ×1000× 444 ) 444
z = 444 -0.02024 As
6
59 . 01 ×10 =0 . 87 × 460× A s × ( 444 −0 . 0
8.1 A −177688 . 8 A s +59 . 01×10 6 =0
s2
As = 120365.0
As = 337.3
BS 5400 c. Check for minimum area of main reinforcement
Part 4
5.8.4.1 The area of tension reinforcement in a beam or slab should be not less than 0.15%
reinforcement.
100 As = 0.08 <
bad
As = 0.15x1000x 444
100
= 666.0 mm2
No of 12mm diameter r/f bars per 1 m length,
= 5.9
Say No. of Bars = 6
Spacing = 167 mm
Say = 150 mm
BS 5400 d. Check for minimum area of secondary reinforcement
Part 4
Cl. In the predominantly tensile area solid slab or wall the minimum area of secondary reinforc
5.8.4.2
0.12% of btd when using grade 460 reinforcement.
100As =
btd
As =
No of 12mm diameter r/f bars per 1 m length,
=
Say No. of Bars =
Spacing =
Say =
<
BS 5400 e. Maximum reinforcement area in member
Part 4
Cl. 5.8.5 <
=
It satisfies the provided reinforcement
BS 5400 f. Minimum distance between the bars
Part 4 Spacing Should be ¿ hagg +5 mm
Cl.
5.8.8.1 >
BS 5400 g. Maximum spacing between bars in tension
Part 4 Should not be grater than 300 mm
Cl.
5.8.8.2
BS 8110 h. Lap length
Part 1 Lap length =
Table
3.29 =
=
Provided main reinforcement =
12 mm dia. 6 bars per m enough with 150mm spaces
Provided secondary reinforcement =
12 mm dia. 5 bars per m enough with 175 mm spaces
dry condition than partial submerged condition and hence
#REF!
#REF! × 2
#REF! kN/m #REF! kN/m
#REF!
#REF! × 2
#REF! kN/m #REF! kN/m
#VALUE!
#REF!
#VALUE! kN/m #VALUE! kN/m
#REF!
#REF! ×2
#REF! kN/m #REF! kN/m
Ultimate Load
γFL γ3
(kN/m)
1.15 1.1 #REF!
1.75 1.1 #REF!
1.25 1.1 #VALUE!
1.25 1.1 #REF!
1.15 1.1 #REF!
1.15 1.1 #REF!
1.5 1.1 #REF!
1.5 1.1 #REF!
1.5 1.1 #REF!
1.5 1.1 #REF!
1.25 1.1 #REF!
1.5 1.1 #VALUE!
1.225+(20.34×1.256)+
8)+(42.9×-0.33)+
(-118.8×0.33)
#REF! kNm/m #REF! kNm/m
286.60+18.32+92.81+19.59+
20.34+480.35+313.52+42.9
#REF! kN/m #REF! kN/m
3.86×1
3.860 m2 3.860 m2
3 . 863
12
4.793 m4 4.793 m4
F M×y
±
A I
M = F ×e
#REF! kN/m2 #REF! kN/m2
#REF! kN/m2 #REF! kN/m2
M xx
F
#REF! m
#REF! m #REF! m
1 '
F= ×σ red ×3× e
2
0.5×σred×3×0.613
#REF! kN/m2
#REF! kN/m2 #REF! kN/m2
(1386.7-1160.4)×0.3/2
#REF! kN/m #REF! kN/m
1160.4×0.3
#REF! kN/m #REF! kN/m
(33.949×0.3×2/3)+
(348.11×0.3/2)
#REF! kNm/m #REF! kNm/m
coarse aggregate + 5mm
19 mm
19mm + 5mm
24 mm
12 mm
500-50-(12/2)
444 mm
0.15fcubd2
0.15
6
59 .01×10
25× 1000× 4442
0.012 < 0.15
1f
cu
y A
bd
s
) d
460 × A s
00× 444 ) 444
0× A s × ( 444 −0 . 02024 A s )
or 337.3 mm2
mm2 337.3 mm2
be not less than 0.15% of b ad when using grade 460
0.15
666.0 mm2
< 333 (0.75d) or 300 mm 150 mm
area of secondary reinforcement should be not less than
0.12
533 mm2 533 mm2
4.7
5
200 mm
175 mm 175 mm
333 (0.75d) or 300 mm
4 × 1000 × 500/100
20000 mm2
¿ hagg +5 mm
24 mm
55Φ
55 × 12
660 mm 660 mm
h with 150mm spaces
h with 175 mm spaces
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