Module 2 Notes
Module 2 Notes
Health has always been one of the central topics even from the early society.
The ideas spawned then are being echoed up to present. Hippocrates argued that
disease is a product of diet, lifestyle and environmental factors. In 50BC, Greeks
believed that illness was a product of diet and lifestyle. 19th century new intellectual
movement popularized ideas about regaining or maintaining one’s health through diet,
exercise and other lifestyle measures. The philosophies embodied in these 19th century
systems – that a healthy body is a product of a healthy mind and spirit – are now
considered precursors to the current, thriving wellness and self-help movements. In
addition, although these approaches fell out of favor with the rise of modern,
evidence-based medicine in the mid-20th century, several of them are now regaining
favor within the mainstream medical community and the general public.
Our present society made health an essential component and added other
terms such as fitness and wellness - terms that are commonly used interchangeably to
mean one and the same and do not care to discover the difference. Advocates are
multiplying, health and wellness businesses are flourishing, practices and products
labelled with health and wellness become bestsellers and ideas and discoveries are
relentless. Surely, we have a wellness revolution and it is here to stay. It had crept into
the world of business, governments and the educational platform.
Health and wellness in the tertiary level seeks to be health optimizing by means
of supporting you in accessing, evaluating, and making informed decisions about your
own health and wellbeing. Our strong conviction as your teachers is that you become
an empowered learner who is reflective, self-regulated, and self-directed throughout
your life (CMO No. 80 series 2017). Fitness for life is our tagline that will lead you to take
responsibility for your activity, fitness and health that will eventually prepare you to be
physically active and healthy throughout your adult life.
Kinds of Exercises
1. Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise – From the word “aero” which means in the
presence of oxygen, muscle groups are activated by this type of exercise rely on
the sufficiency of oxygen during metabolism to extract energy in the form of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from amino acids, carbohydrates and fatty acids.
It is an exercise/physical activity that uses large muscle groups, can be
maintained continuously and is rhythmic in nature. Examples of aerobic exercise
include swimming, jogging, hiking, long distance running and walking.
On the other hand, anaerobic Exercise is an intense physical activity of
very short duration, fueled by the energy sources within the contracting muscles
and independent of the use of oxygen as an energy source. Examples of
anaerobic exercise include sprinting (short dashes like 50, 100, 200-meter dash).
Both exercises have been found to exert potential benefit to the
cardiovascular system. Hence, they are obviously for cardiovascular training.
2. Resistance Exercise/Weightlifting Exercise – This exercise is designed to improve
muscular fitness by requiring a muscle or a group of muscles to contract against
external load. The external load can be dumbbells, exercise tubing, your own
body weight, bricks, bottles of water or any object that cause the muscle to
contract. This is also called resistance training. Resistance training have been
shown to have a positive impact on many health measures, and the collective
impact can significantly improve functionality, well-being and quality of life.
3. Flexibility Exercise - This exercise increases the elasticity of muscles and tendons
surrounding a joint in order to improve flexibility. The following are common types
of flexibility exercises.
a. static stretching – this is executed by extending the targeted muscle
group to its maximal point and holding it for 30 seconds or more. There are
two types of static stretches:
a.1. Active: Added force is applied by the individual for greater intensity
b.2. Passive: Added force is applied by an external force (e.g., partner or
assistive device) to increase intensity
b. dynamic stretching – this is a stretch that requires the use of continuous
movement patterns that mimic the exercise or sport to be performed.
Generally, this intends is to improve flexibility for a given sport or activity.
Example would be a sprinter doing long exaggerated strides to prepare
for a race.
c. ballistic Stretching - this type of stretching involves quick jerking and often
bounce-like movements such as bouncing when trying to touch the toes.
Unfortunately, this kind of stretch has been thought to have more
disadvantages than its advantages as performing jerking movements can
predispose the muscles to injury.
1. Hypertrophy – This refers to an increase in muscle size or mass. For example, when
you want to look more “cut” or “wants bigger biceps” or “acquire the 6packs”, this
means you desire for the aesthetic look of that enlarged muscle groups.
Physiologically, hypertrophy occurs when there is an increase in size of the existing
muscle fibers.
2. Muscular endurance - This refers to wanting more stamina and the feel of less
winded after a workout or physical activity.
3. Muscular Strength – This refers to wanting to be stronger of lift heavier
weights/objects. This is generally desiring to exercise at heavier workloads to
enhance strength and power.
On Cardiovascular Training
In terms of cardiovascular training, the obvious goal is the development and
maintenance of aerobic fitness or cardiovascular fitness/cardiorespiratory fitness.
However, other people are also focused on weight loss. This is fine, but it is important to
note that weight loss is achieved by both cardio and weight training. For cardiovascular
training, a training that involves made one mode of exercise will not necessarily improve
a different mode. A person who has a high level of aerobic endurance as a runner
may not be able to achieve the same level of endurance as a cyclist. This is because
the muscle activation patterns, and oxygen requirement vary greatly among different
modes of exercise. Therefore, the responses and adaptations will not be equal.
Therefore, it is better to analyze your current cardiovascular fitness level (VO2max) so that
you can decide and be guided on what level will you be aiming for. This can also
guide you in identifying your mode of aerobic exercise such swimming, cycling, running,
walking, aerobic dancing and other types of sport or physical activity.
1. The Principle of Specificity states that the effect of exercise training is specific to
those involved in the activity. This is also called SAID principle which stands for
“specific adaptations to imposed demands” – that is what you do is what you
get. Therefore, fitness programs for children and adolescents for example differ
from those for older adults. Training programs for athletes differ from the training
programs for non-athletes. Another example would be, sessions of curl-ups will
not yield improvements on arm muscles, push-ups do.
2. The Overload Principle states that stress placed on the body must be greater
than normal during a specific workout, and it should exceed the stress during the
previous workout in order to improve fitness level.
3. The Principle of Progression states that overload should be increased gradually.
The ten percent rule also states that training intensity or duration of exercise
should not be increased by more than 10% per week. However, a continuous
unbroken increase in load should be avoided. It means that progression occurs
in a series of incremental steps (called steploading) in which every third or fourth
change is actually a decrease in training load. This can be illustrated in the
graph. It presents an incremental step series from week one to three. However,
the decrease in required on week four. This step-down allows for recovery, which
leads to adaptation. Each step should be small, controlled and flexible. A
continuous inbroken increase is training should be avoided.
4. The Principle of Reversibility states that attained fitness level can decline due to
physical inactivity. Hence, one has to maintain a program to sustain the desired
fitness level.
5. The Principle of Recuperation states that the body requires recovery periods
between exercise training sessions to adapt to the exercise stress. Adaptation is
the change in physiological function that occurs in response to training/exercise.
Adaptation occurs during the periods of rest, when the body recovers from the
disruption of previous body condition or fatigue. Everyone who are engaged in
regular work-out should consider this principle in order to get the maximum
benefit from exercise. Again, adaptation allows you to either do more work or do
the same work with a lesser effort.
Explore
The table below is a sample of exercise program that targets a specific fitness goal. Go
over each of them and see if it contains the following:
1. Fitness goal
2. Frequency of exercise
3. Duration of exercise
4. Intensity of exercise
5. Appropriateness of the mode of exercise (type of exercise)
Beginner Exercise Program
Fitness Goal
Cardio-respi
Monday
5 min walking
Tuesday
Wednesday
5 min walking
Thursday
Friday
5 min
Saturday
S
ratory (Warm up)
(Warm up)
walking
(Warm up) u
10-20 min
jogging
10-20 min
jogging
10-20 min n
d
(Workout) (Workout) jogging
(Workout)
Muscular
Fitness
5-10 min
(Warm up)
5-10 min
(Warm up)
5-10 min
(Warm up) a
1 set/15 reps
1 set/15
1 set/15 reps y
(6-10 reps (6-10 (6-10
exercises exercises exercises
designed to designed designed to
target major to target target major
muscle major muscle
groups) muscle groups)
(Workout) groups) (Workout)
(Workout)
Flexibility 2 reps/15 secs 2 reps/15 secs 2 reps/15 secs 2 reps/15 2 reps/15 2 reps/15
each (5-15 (5-15 min) each (5-15 secs (5-15 secs each secs (5-15
min) min) min) (5-15 min) min)
Coo Down Cool Down Cool Down Cool Down Cool Down Cool Down
The next section of this unit will now direct you to focus only on one important
component of fitness. This is considered the cornerstone of fitness because it is all about
the fitness of your cardiovascular system. Of course, you are aware how important is our
cardiovascular system.
Explain
Towards Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Cardiorespiratory training is one of the primary components of a balanced
exercise. The table below presents a sample of an exercise prescription for the
development/maintenance of cardiovascular fitness.
Frequency 3 – 5 times per week
Intensity 50% - 85% of HRmax (depends on individual’s MHR)
Time/duration 20-60 minutes per session
Type/Mode Jogging
The following discussions will help you understand how this is done:
The Aerobic/Cardiorespiratory Exercise Program
A. The Warm-up:
Points of Consider:
Be reminded that this phase is very important because of the benefits that were mentioned
in the previous lesson. – Generally, this is for your SAFETY and for you to MAXIMIZE THE BENEFITS
AN EXERCISE PROGRAM.
In this period, do 5 to 15 minutes of low-intensity exercise and some light and dynamic
stretches.
Aside from the heart and lungs, body parts which will be engaged or used during your
work-out should be prepared. If your work-out for the day is jogging, then warm-up will
logically include walking for a couple of laps or distance.
A. The Work-out:
1. Availability
2. Ability to perform the activity/exercise
3. Preference/ interest
4. GOAL
5. MEDICAL CONDITION – medical examination is very important before participating in a
regular exercise. The result of medical examination is a more exact way of determining
your personal strengths and limitations. The doctor can specify your appropriate target
heart rate. This is for your safety.
1. Cross training - This is the use of multiple training modes. To train, you can participate in
an aerobics class in one day, rune one day, and swim another day. This reduces
boredom and reduces injury of overused muscles.
2. Interval Training – This includes repeated sessions, or intervals of relatively intense exercise
alternated with lower-intensity periods to rest or recover. Usually, this is used in the
improvement phase of the work-out plan when you have been working out for quiet
sometime.
You are now ready to DEVELOP YOUR EXERCISE PLAN. Think about what physical
activity/exercise would you be doing while you read through the following:
The tables below further illustrate an application of the discussion provided above.
(Beginner)
Week/Days Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Initial Conditioning
Week 1 10 min 10 min 10 min
Week 2 10 min 10 min 10 min
Week 3 12 min 12 min 12 min
Week 4 12 min 12 min 12 min
Week 5 15 min 15 min 15 min
Week 6 15 min 15 min 15 min
Improvement
Week 7 20 min 20 min 20 min
Week 8 20 min 20 min 20 min
Week 9 25 min 25 min 25 min
Week 10 25 min 25 min 25 min
Week 11 30 min 30 min 30 min
Week 12 30 min 30 min 30 min
Week 13 35 min 35 min 35 min
Week 14 35 min 35 min 35 min
Week 15 40 min 40 min 40 min
Week 17 40 min 40 min 40 min
Maintenance
Week 18 30 min 30 min 30 min 30 min
Week 19 30 min 30 min 30 min 30 min
Week 20 30 min 30 min 30 min 30 min
(Intermediate)
Week/Days Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Initial Conditioning
Week 1 10 min 10 min 10 min
Week 2 15 min 15 min 15 min
Week 3 15 min 15 min 15 min
Week 4 20 min 20 min 20 min
Improvement
Week 5 25 min 25 min 25 min
Week 6 25 min 25 min 25 min
Week 7 25 min 25 min 25 min
Week 8 30 min 30 min 30 min
Week 9 30 min 30 min 30 min
Week 10 30 min 30 min 30 min
Week 11 35 min 35 min 35 min
Week 12 35 min 35 min 35 min
Week 13 40 min 40 min 40 min
Week 14 40 min 40 min 40 min
Maintenance
Week 15 30 min 30 min 30 min 30 min
Week 16 30 min 30 min 30 min 30 min
Week 17 30 min 30 min 30 min 30 min
(Advanced)
Week/Days Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Initial Conditioning
Week 1 15 min 15 min 15 min
Week 2 20 min 20 min 20 min
Improvement
Week 5 25 min 25 min 25 min
Week 6 30 min 30 min 30 min
Week 7 35 min 35 min 35 min
Week 8 40 min 40 min 40 min
Week 9 40 min 40 min 40 min
Week 10 40 min 40 min 40 min
Week 11 40 min 40 min 40 min
Week 12 40 min 40 min 40 min
Week 13 40 min 40 min 40 min
Week 14 40 min 40 min 40 min
Maintenance
Week 15 30 min 30 min 30 min 30 min
Week 16 30 min 30 min 30 min 30 min
Week 17 30 min 30 min 30 min 30 min
Below is a sample list of muscular exercises. Choose which of those are appropriate for
full body split, Push-pull-leg split and 5-day split.
Table A: Gym work-out/with equipment or machine
Over
Leg raise Plank Crunches Flat bench head Pull ups
press Shoulder press
Below is a sample of a Flexibility Training Program. Notice that there are at least 6 to 8
exercises involved and the duration of stretches is 15 seconds for the beginners and
progresses in the intermediate group to 20 and 30 seconds. Furthermore, the number of
sets has been increased from 1 to 3reps. For advanced program, it can actually reach
until 4 reps but are held only until 30 seconds.
1. Don't hold your breath. Try to breathe as normally as possible during the exercise.
2. Do not fully extend the knee, neck, or back.
3. Do not stretch muscles that are already stretched.
4. Do not stretch to the point that joint pain occurs.
5. Avoid stretching when having someone help you with passive stretches. Make
sure you communicate about the end of the range of motion.
6. Avoid forceful extension and flexion of the spine.