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LabManual DBMS 1-5

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LabManual DBMS 1-5

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ASSIGNMENT NO.1 AIM: Study of Open Source Relational Databases : MySQL OBJECTIVES: Study of Open Source Relational Databases : MySQL. Theory: MySQL is a Relational Management Database System(RDBMS), and ships with no GUI tools to administer MySQL databases or manage data contained within the databases. Users may use the included Command line tools, or use MySQL "front-ends", desktop software and web applications that create and manage MySQL databases, build database structures, back up data, inspect status, and work with data records. The official set of MySQL front-end tools, MySQL workbench is actively developed by Oracle, and is freely available for use. Client server system has one or more client process and one or more server processes,and a client process can send a query to any one server process.Clients are responsible for user-interface issues,and servers manages data and execute transaction .Thus, aclient process could run on a personal computer and send queries to a server to a server running on a mainframe Commands for installation: > Sudo apt-get update Sudo apt-get install mysql-server ‘Mysql_secure_installation Sudo mysql —u root ~p Enter Ubuntu Passward and Mysql Passward (root) vyvy Steps For creating client server connectivity: To connecting client and server in a network we have to follows the following steps : Server side Commands: 1] > sudo i It is used to open file my.cnf 2] $ nano /etc/mysql/my.enf In this step we have to search #bind_address command and afier finding this command comment that command then used following options ctrl v : Itis used to move next page. ctrl o : It is used to save the changes. ctrl x : It is used to exit from file 3] S sudo service mySql restart; 4] $ mySqI -u root -p; Itis used for login into mysql. then itis asked for the password. Enter the appropriate password. 5] mySql> grant all privileges on *.* to root@ identified by "mysql" with grant option; Client side Commands: 1] > mySql -h -u root - This commands is used to login into mysql database then enter the correct password. 2] mySql>create user @ "%" ; ‘This command used for client for cereating the login and password. Example: mySql>create TEComp@ where, % is used for any computer which are in network can access server data. and if not then insted of % we can also pass the IP address for particular client, 3] mySql> grant all on *.* to TEComp@"%' ; Exit 4] To connecting to the server used the following command: $ mySql -h -u TEComp -p; After that enter the user created password In this by following server client connectivity steps, we can eassily connect the client and server. Database Creation commands SQL> Show Databases; SQL> create database Bank; SQL> use Bank; Components of SQL: 1) DDL (Data Definition Language) -This SQL syntax is used to create, modify and delete database structures. DDL syntax cannot be applied to the manipulation of business data.DDL is almost always used by the database administrator, a database schema implementer or an application developer. Every DDL command implicitly issues a COMMIT making permanent all changes in the database. Examples e@ CREATE: Create objects in database schema. ALTER: Alters the structure of objects that exist within the database schema. DROP: Drops objects that exist within database schema. TRUNCATE: Removes all records from a table, including all space allocated for the records. COMMENT:Adds comments generally used for proper documentation of a database schema. 2)DML(Data Manipulation Language) -Itis the SQL syntax that allows manipulating data within database tables. Examples: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. 3)DCL(ata Control Language) -It controls access to the database and table data. Oc grouped with DML statements. Examples: COMMIT,SAVEPOINT,ROLLBACK,SET TRANSACTION ¢ The commands used in MySQL are: sionally DCL statements are 1) CREATE : ‘The CREATE command is used to create a database or create a table in a particular database. i) FOR CREATING A DATABASE : Syntax: create database database_name; /ifor creating a database Example: create database Student_info //Student_info database is created ii)FOR CREATINGA TABLE: The table creation command requires: Name of the table Names of fields Definitions for each field Syntax: CREATE TABLE table_name (column_name! column_type, column_name2 column_type,. Example: create table Student(Roll_no tinyint PRIMARY KEY,Fname varchar(20) NOT NULL,Lname varchar(20),Mob_no char(10)); 2)ALTER:MySQLALTER command is used to change a name of your table, any table field or if you want to add or delete an existing column in a table. Syntax: )DROP- Used to delete a particular column. Syntax: mysql> ALTER TABLE table_name DROP i; //i is the row you want to delete. iiADD-Used to add a particular column to an existing table. Syntax:mysql> ALTER TABLE table_name ADD i int; iti) CHANGE- Used to change a column's definition, use MODIFY or CHANGE clause along with ALTER command. After the CHANGE keyword, you name the column you want to change, then specify the new definition, which includes the new name Syntax: For example, to change column ¢ from CHAR(1) to CHAR(10), do this: mysql> ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY c CHAR(10); mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tb] CHANGE i j BIGINT; 3)DELETEzused to delete a record from any MySQL table, then you can use SQL command DELETE FROM. Syntax: DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE Clause] INDEX: Indexing is the way of keeping table column data sorted so that searching and locating data consumes less time.Hence indexes essentially improve the speed at which records can be located and retrieved from a table. Types of Index: SIMPLE INDEX: An index created on single column data is called Simple index. COMPOSITE INDEX: An index created on multiple column data is called a composite index. I)CREATE INDEX: A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of operations in a table. Indexes can be created using one or more columns, providing the basis for both rapid random lookups and efficient ordering of access to records. Syntax: CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name ( column], column: 2)DELETE INDEX: Used to delete any index. Syntax: mysql> ALTER TABLE table_name DROP INDEX (c); VIEWS: A view is a table whoes rows are not explicitly stored in the database but are computed as needed from a view defination.To reduce redundant data to the minimum possible, MySQL allows creation of an object called a view .A view is mapped to a SELECT statement. This technique offers a simple, effective way of hiding columns of a table. Exampl CREATE VIEW stud_info(name,sid,course) AS SELECT S.name,S.sid,S.cid FROM stud S,Enrolled E WHERE S.sid_ | AND E.grade: I)CREATE VIEW: Used to create a view. Syntax: mysql> CREATE VIEW database_name.view_name AS SELECT * FROM table_name; Example: CREATE VIEW stud_info(name,sid,course) AS SELECT S.name,S.sid,S.cid FROM stud Enrolled E WHERE S.sid AND E.grade="B" 2)DELETE VIEW: DROP view removes one or more views. Syntax: mysql>DROP view viewname; Example: DROP view stud_info; Conclusion: Thus we studied Open Source Relational Databases: MySQL successfully. 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Use the toolbar t ‘manually get help forthe current caret position or te automatic help. 62035 ar met ore en oe) Coase Ret 0 team 9 Yen 0 ons HH enna awe sors . oe rT E-=—accaa : ee ASB g : men meng i Ri a iether ea me 5 miinnertxnamaeoeananteacaaacooaee oe a eee oe = octgamareeaasuerees ans toa Fe Bsc. erence sa0 S56 e0nnHare Sakriee saLrieT _sabries sakriee Sarin ane Tale andi * BEF FROB COM mm 8 9a obec sete a a ee (0 “2 teak ercunit te CC 1 Te et te et Chae © 2 seuss srs e WrOATES +0 oe eet tome B50. wast erence sa0 Hf 6 sasaaae Sartor saLrin7 Sabri sakrie Sarin ane Tale sedi * BEF FROB OOM mm -% 93 + eeate WIEN v2 15 select Sane, ane fron student af where couse = "AIDS, sect * fron 25 eT eh Bb Bh (ene 5m gy obec sete - a ee (© “tt 12058 ae EW VA mt Ra neato set ence HMDS Ge dt © 15 162058 sae hon 2UMTO 100 tice S56 enn sommas > sarfnoe set Sa SAFE oases =n co (Race fram amet obec sete 0 rawoune (0 “2 teak ercunit te © 2 seuss srs e WrOATES +0 © 2 18182 peneaie nero ee PR) tm tm avo wo eh Bb Bh (ene 5m ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 AIM: Study of Design and Develop SQL DDL statements which demonstrate the use of SQL objects such as Table, View, Index, Sequence, Synonym OBJECTIVES: Study of Design and Develop SQL DDL statements which demonstrate the use of SQL objects such as Table, View, Index, Sequence, Synonym Problem Statement: (Create following tables with constraints, alter table, insert, drop table , rename table, view, index, synonym, sequence/AUTO_INCREMENT) Account(Acc_no, branch_name,balance) branch(branch_name,branch_city,assets) customer(cust_name,cust_street,cust_city) Depositor(cust_name,acc_no) Loan(loan_no,branch_name,amount) Borrower(cust_name,loan_no) Theory: A schema is the collection of multiple database objects,which are known as schema objects. These objects have direct by their owner schema,Below table lists the schema objects. Table - to store data View - to project data in a desired format from one or more tables Sequence - to generate numeric values ‘¢ Index - to improve performance of queries on the tables, © Synonym - alternative name of an object One of the first steps in creating a database is to create the tables that will store an organization's data.Database design involves identifying system user requirements for various organizational systems such as order entry, inventory management, and accounts receivable. Regardless of database size and complexity, each database is comprised of tables, Table of Contents 1. DDL 2. DML 3. DCL 4. TCL DDL DDL is short name of Data Definition Language, which deals with database schemas and descriptions, of how the data should reside in the database. ‘* CREATE - to create a database and its objects like (table, index, views, store procedure, function, and triggers) ‘* ALTER - alters the structure of the existing database ‘+ DROP delete objects from the database TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are removed COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary * RENAME- rename an object DML DML is short name of Data Manipulation Language which deals with data manipulation and includes most common SQL statements such SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc., and it is used to store, modify, retrieve, delete and update data in a database. «SELECT - retrieve data from a database «INSERT - insert data into a table «UPDATE - updates existing data within a table «DELETE - Delete all records from a database table MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update) CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram » EXPLAIN PLAN - interpretation of the data access path + LOCK TABLE - concurrency Control DCL DCL is short name of Data Control Language which includes commands such as GRANT and mostly concerned with rights, permissions and other controls of the database system. © GRANT - allow users access privileges to the database ‘+ REVOKE - withdraw users access privileges given by using the GRANT command TCL TCL is short name of Transaction Control Language which deals with a transaction within a database. * COMMIT - commits a Transaction * ROLLBACK - rollback a transaction in case of any error occurs * SAVEPOINT - to rollback the transaction making points within groups «SET TRANSACTION - specify characteristics of the transaction SQL Statements For Tables char(n). Fixed length character string, with user-specified length n. varchar(n). Variable length character strings, with user-specified maximum length n. int. Integer (a finite subset of the integers that is machine-dependent). smallint, Small integer (a machine-dependent subset of the integer domain type). numerie(p.d).. Fixed point number, with user-specified precision of p digits, with n digits to the right of decimal point. real, double precision. Floating point and double-precision floating point numbers, with machine-dependent precision. float(n). Floating point number, with user-specified precision of at least n digits. Constraints Constraints are the set of rules defined in Oracle tables to ensure data integrity. These rules are enforced placed for each column or set of columns.Whenever the table participates in data action, these rules are validated and raise exception upon violation. The available co NULL, Primary Key, Unique, Check, and Foreign Key. The below syntax can be used to impose constraint at the column level. Syntax: column [data type] [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type All constraints except NOT NULL, can also be defined at the table level. Composite constraints can only be specified at the table level. NOT NULL Constraint ANOT NULL constraint means that a data row must have a value for the column specified as NOT NULL.If a column is specified as NOT NULL,the Oracle RDBMS will not allow rows to be stored to the employee table that violate this constraint.It can only be defined at column level, and not at the table level. Syntax: COLUMN [data type] [NOT NULL] UNIQUE constraint Sometimes it is necessary to enforce uniqueness for a column value that is not a primary key column, The UNIQUE constraint can be used to enforce this rule and Oracle will reject any rows that violate the unique constraint.Unique constraint ensures that the column values are distinct, without any duplicates. Syntax: Column Level: COLUMN [data type] [CONSTRAINT ] [UNIQUE] Table Level: CONSTRAINT [constraint name] UNIQUE (column name) Note: Oracle internally creates unique index to prevent duplication in the column values.Indexes would be discussed later in PL/SQL. CREATE TABLE TEST Cans NAME VARCHAR2(20) CONSTRAINT TEST_NAME_UK UNIQUE, In case of composite unique key,it must be defined at table level as below, CREATE TABLE TEST ( NAME VARCHAR2(20), STD VARCHAR2(20) , CONSTRAINT TEST_NAME_UK UNIQUE (NAME, STD) Me Primary Key Each table must normally contain a column or set of columns that uniquely identifies rows of data that are stored in the table. This column or set of columns is referred to as the primary key. Most tables have a single column as the primary key.Primary key columns are restricted against NULLs and duplicate values. Points to be noted - ‘© Atable can have only one primary key. ‘© Multiple columns can be clubbed under a composite primary key. © Oracle internally creates unique index to prevent duplication in the column values.Indexes would be discussed later in PL/SQL. Syntax: Column level: COLUMN [data type] [CONSTRAINT PRIMARY KEY] Table level: CONSTRAINT [constraint name] PRIMARY KEY [column (s)] The following example shows how to use PRIMARY KEY constraint at column level. CREATE TABLE TEST (ID NUMBER CONSTRAINT TEST_PK PRIMARY KEY, ... ); The following example shows how to define composite primary key using PRIMARY KEY constraint at the table level. CREATE TABLE TEST ( ..., CONSTRAINT TEST_PK PRIMARY KEY (ID) ); Foreign Key When two tables share the parent child relationship based on specific column, the joining column in the child table is known as Foreign Key. This property of corresponding column in the parent table is known as Referential integrity. Foreign Key column values in the child table can either be null or must be the existing values of the parent table. Please note that only primary key columns of the referenced table are eligible to enforce referential integrity, If a foreign key is defined on the column in child table then Oracle does not allow the parent row to be deleted, if it contains any child rows.However,if ON DELETE CASCADE option is given at the time of defining foreign key,Oracle deletes all child rows while parent row is being deleted.Similarly,ON DELETE SET NULL indicates that when a row in the parent table is deleted, the foreign key values are set to null. Syntax: Column Level: COLUMN [data type] [CONSTRAINT] [constraint name] [REFERENCES] [table name (column name)] Table level: CONSTRAINT [constraint name] [FOREIGN KEY (foreign key column name) REFERENCES] [referenced table name (referenced column name)] ‘The following example shows how to use FOREIGN KEY constraint at column level. CREATE TABLE TEST (ccode varchar2(5) CONSTRAINT TEST_FK REFERENCES PARENT_TEST(ccode), ... ); Usage of ON DELETE CASCADE clause CREATE TABLE TEST (ccode varchar2(5) CONSTRAINT TEST_FK REFERENCES PARENT_TEST (code) ON DELETE CASCADE, ... ); Check constraint Sometimes the data values stored in a specific column must fall within some acceptable range of values, A CHECK constraint requires that the specified check condition is either true or unknown for each row stored in the table. Check constraint allows to impose a conditional rule on a column, which must be validated before data is inserted into the column, The condition must not contain a sub query or pseudo column CURRVAL NEXTVAL, LEVEL, ROWNUM, or SYSDATE. Oracle allows a single column to have more than one CHECK constraint. In fact, there is no practical limit to the number of CHECK constraints that can be defined for a column. Syntax: Column level: COLUMN [data type] CONSTRAINT [name] [CHECK (condition)] Table level: CONSTRAINT [name] CHECK (condition) The following example shows how to use CHECK constraint at column level, CREATE TABLE TEST ( ..., GRADE char (1) CONSTRAINT TEST_CHK — CHECK (upper (GRADE) in (A'BYC)), ...)s ‘The following example shows how to use CHECK constraint at table level. CREATE TABLE TEST (.... CONSTRAINT TEST_CHK CHECK (stdate < = enddate), ); create database Student; show databases; use Student; drop database Student; DDL : create, desc, alter, drop, rename, create table (column_namel —dat_type(size) [constraint], column_name2 data_type(size) [constraint],...column_nameN dat_type(size) [constraint]); create table Student_info(RolINO integer(10) NOT NULL, Name varchar(30), MobNo integer(10)); dese student_info; show tables; drop table student_info; alter table student_info add(emailid varchar(30)); alter table student_info modify(emailid char(10));, rename Student_info to Stud_data; create index idx on student_info(rolIno); alter table student_info drop index idx; index: show databases; use student; show tables; dese student_int Create table using subquery A table can be created from an existing table in the database using a subquery option.It copies the table structure as well as the data from the table. Data can also be copied based on conditions. The column data type definitions including the explicitly imposed NOT NULL constraints are copied into the new table. The below CTAS script creates a new table EMP_BACKUP. Employee data of department 20 gets copied into the new table CREATE TABLE EMP_BACKUP. AS SELECT * FROM EMP_TEST WHERE department_id=20; QL CREATE INDEX Statement ‘The CREATE INDEX statement is used to create indexes in tables. Indexes are used to retrieve data from the database very fast. The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up searches/queries. Note: Updating a table with indexes takes more time than updating a table without (because the indexes also need an update). So, only create indexes on columns that will be frequently searched against. CREATE INDEX Syntax Creates an index on a table. Duplicate values are allowed: CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column1, column2, ...); Example: create index roll_no on student_info(rollno); alter table student_info drop index roll_no; CREATE UNIQUE INDEX Syntax Creates a unique index on a table. Duplicate values are not allowed: CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column1, column2, ...); Note: The syntax for creating indexes varies among different databases. Therefore: Check the syntax for creating indexes in your database. CREATE INDEX Example ‘The SQL statement below creates an index named "Persons" table: CREATE INDEX idx_lastname ON Persons (LastName); Ix_lastname" on the "LastName" column in the If you want to create an index on a combination of columns, you can list the column names within the parentheses, separated by commas: CREATE INDEX idx_pname ON Persons (LastName, FirstName); DROP INDEX Statement ‘The DROP INDEX statement is used to delete an index in a table. MS Access: DROP INDEX index_1 SQL Server: DROP INDEX table_name.index_name; DB2/Oracle: DROP INDEX index_name; MySQL: ALTER TABLE table_name DROP INDEX index_name; SOL Sequence Sequence is a feature supported by some database systems to produce unique values on demand. Some DBMS like MySQL supports AUTO_INCREMENT in place of Sequence. AUTO_INCREMENT is applied on columns, it automatically increments the column value by | each time a new record is entered into the table. Sequence is also some what similar to AUTO_INCREMENT but it has some extra features. create table Student_info(RolINO integer(10) Primary key AUTO_INCREMENT, Name varchar(30), MobNo integer(10)); insert into Student_info (Name, MobNo) values (‘Amol’, 9049417616); insert into Student_info (Name, MobNo) values (‘Amol’, 9049417616); Creating Sequence Syntax to create sequences is, CREATE Sequence sequence-name start with initial-value increment by increment-value maxvalue maximum-value cycle|nocycle Initial-value specifies the starting value of the Sequence, increment-value is the value by which sequence will be incremented and maxvalue specifies the maximum value until which sequence will increment itself. Cycle specifies that if the maximum value exceeds the set limit, sequence will restart its cycle from the beginning. No cycle specifies that if sequence exceeds maxvalue an error will be thrown. Example to create Sequence The sequence query is following CREATE Sequence seq_1 start with 1 increment by 1 maxvalue 999 cycle ; Example to use Sequence The class table, ID NAME 1 abhi 2 adam 4 alex The sql query will be, INSERT into class value(seq_1.nextval,'anu’);, Result table will look like, ID NAME 1 abhi 2 adam 4 alex 1 anu Once you use nextval the sequence will increment even if you don't Insert any record into the table. CREATE SYNONYM: Examples To define the synonym offices for the table locations in the schema hr, issue the following statement: CREATE SYNONYM offices FOR hr.locations; To create a PUBLIC synonym for the employees table in the schema hr on the remote database, you could issue the following statement: CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM emp_table FOR hr.employees @remote.us.oracle.com; ‘A synonym may have the same name as the underlying object, provided the underlying object is contained in another schema. Oracle Database Resolution of Synonyms: Example Oracle Database attempts to resolve references to objects at the schema level before resolving them at the PUBLIC synonym level. For example, the schemas oe and sh both contain tables named customers. In the next example, user SYSTEM creates a PUBLIC synonym named customers for oe.customers: CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM customers FOR oe.customers; If the user sh then issues the following statement, then the database returns the count of rows from sh.customers: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM customers; To retrieve the count of rows from oe.customers, the user sh must preface customers with the schema name. (The user sh must have select permission on oe.customers as well.) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM oe.customers; If the user hr's schema does not contain an object named customers, and if hr has select permission on oe.customers, then hr can access the customers table in oe’s schema by using the public synonym customers: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM customers; SQL CREATE VIEW Statement In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement. A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are fields from one or more real tables in the database. You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN statements to a view and present the data as if the data were coming from one single table. CREATE VIEW Syntax CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT columnl, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE condition; Note: A view always shows up-to-date data! The database engine recreates the data, using the view's SQL statement, every time a user queries a view. SQL CREATE VIEW Examples If you have the Northwind database you can see that it has several views installed by default. ‘The view "Current Product List" lists all active products (products that are not discontinued) from the "Products" table. The view is created with the following SQL: CREATE VIEW [Current Product List] AS SELECT ProductID, ProductName FROM Products WHERE Discontinued = No; ‘Then, we can query the view as follows: SELECT * FROM [Current Product List]; Another view in the Northwind sample database selects every product in the "Products" table with a unit price higher than the average unit price: CREATE VIEW [Products Above Average Price] AS SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice FROM Products WHERE UnitPrice > (SELECT AVG(UnitPrice) FROM Products); We can query the view above as follows: SELECT * FROM [Products Above Average Price]; Another view in the Northwind database calculates the total sale for each category in 1997. Note that this view selects its data from another view called "Product Sales for 1997": CREATE VIEW [Category Sales For 1997] AS SELECT DISTINCT CategoryName, Sum(ProductSales) AS CategorySales FROM [Product Sales for 1997] GROUP BY CategoryName; We can query the view above as follows: SELECT * FROM [Category Sales For 1997]; We can also add a condition to the query. Let's see the total sale only for the category "Beverage: SELECT * FROM [Category Sales For 1997] WHERE CategoryName = 'Beverages’; SQL Updating a View ‘You can update a view by using the following syntax: SQL CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW Syntax CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name AS SELECT columnl, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE condition; Now we want (o add the "Category" column to the "Current Product List" view. We will update the view with the following SQL: CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW [Current Product List] AS SELECT ProductID, ProductName, Category FROM Products WHERE Discontinued = No; SQL Dropping a View ‘You can delete a view with the DROP VIEW command. SQL DROP VIEW Syntax DROP VIEW view_name; Examp! insert into student_info values(3,'amol',2154455, abe @ gmai’); insert into student_info values(I,vijay',21543255,asvs@gmai’); select * from student_info; view: create view myview as select rollno.name from student_info; select * from myview; create view myview? as select rollno,name from student_info where rollno>1; (Create following tables with constraints, alter table, insert, drop table , rename table, view, index, synonym, sequence/AUTO_INCREMENT) Account(Acc_no, branch_name,balance) branch(branch_name,branch_city,assets) customer(cust_name,cust_street,cust_city) Depositor(cust_name,acc_no) Loan(loan_no,branch_name,amount) Borrower(cust_name,loan_no) Solve following queries: Q1-Create Depositor table with foreign key with on delete cascade constraint on columns cust_name and acc_no. Q2. Create Borrower table with foreign key with on delete cascade constraint on columns cust_name,loan_no. Q3. Create Account table with primary key and AUTO_INCREMENT constraint on Acc_no column Q4. Create Loan table with primary key and AUTO_INCREMENT constraint on loan_no column. QS. Create Customer table with primary key constraint on cust_name column, Q6. Create View on Account table and Loan Table. Q7. Insert following Data into above tables Q8. Create synonym for customer table as cust. Q9. Create sequence acc_seq and use in Account table for acc_no column. Q.10 Insert following data into all above tables. Sbisnicremeereencersetset Problem Statements sserserreererrees QI. Q1.Create Depositor table with foreign key with on delete cascade constraint on columns cust_name and ace_no. Column Level: SQL> create table depositor (cust_name varchar(20) CONSTRAINT FK_1 REFRENECS customer(cust_name) ON DELETE CASCADE , acc_no integer(10) CONSTRAINT FK_2 REFRENECS account(acc_no) ON DELETE CASCADE); 2. Create Borrower table with foreign key with on delete cascade constraint on columns cust_name,loan_no Table level : SQL> create table borrower (cust_name varchar(20), loan_no integer(10) , CONSTRAINT FK_1 FOREIGN KEY (cust_name) REFRENECS customer(cust_name) ON DELETE CASCADE, CONSTRAINT FK_2 FOREIGN KEY (loan_no) FK2 REFRENECS loan(loan_no) ON DELETE CASCADE); Q3. Create Account table with primary key and AUTO_INCREMENT constraint on Acc_no column, SQL> create table account (acc_no integer(10) primary key AUTO_INCREMENT, branch_name varchar(20), balance integer(10)); Q4. Create Loan table with primary key and AUTO_INCREMENT constraint on loan_no column. SQL> create table loan (loan_no integer(10) primary key AUTO_INCREMENT, branch_name varchar(20), amount integer(10)); QS. Create Customer table with primary key constraint on cust_name column. SQL> create table customer (cust_name varchar(20) primary key, cust_street varchar(20), city varehar(20)); Q6. Create View on Account table and Loan Table. SQL> create view acl AS (select acc_no, balance from account); SQL> create view In| AS (select loan_no, amount from loan); Q.7. Create synonym for customer table as cust. SQL> create public synonym cust2 for customerl; Synonym created. Q.8. Create sequence acc_seq and use in Account table for acc_no column. CREATE Sequence seq_1 start with 1 increment by 1 maxvalue 100000 no cycle ; Q.9 Insert following data into all above tables. sthiseesennensernennsssensensees Table Structure #ittettstinesstnenieesennenests create table Account(Acc_no, branch_name,balance) : SQL> select * from account; ACC_NO BRANCH_NAME BALANCE 1001 Akurdi 15000 1002 Nigdi 11000 1003 Chinchwad 20000 1004 Wakad 10000 1005 Akurdi 14000 1006 Nigdi 17000 6 rows selected. Create table branch(branch_name,branch_city,assets) : SQL> select * from branch; BRANCH_NAME BRANCH_CITY ASSETS Akurdi Pune 200000 Nigai Pimpri_chinchwad 300000 Wakad Pune 100000 Chinchwad Pimpri_chinchwad 400000 Sangvi Pune 230000 create table customer(cust_name,cust_street,cust_city) : SQL> select * from customerl; CUST_NAME CUST_STREET — CUST_CITY JM road Pune Senapati road Pune Savedi road Pimpri_chinchwad Lakshmi road Pune Pipeline road Pimpri_chinchwad FC road pune Camp road Pimri_chinchwad 7 rows selected. Create table Depositor(cust_name,ace_no): SQL> select * from depositer; CUST_NAME ACC_NO Rutuja 1005 Trupti 1002 Samiksha 1004 Loan(loan_no,branch_name,amount) : SQL> select * from loan; LOAN_NO 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 7 rows selected. Create table borrower(cust_name,loan_no) : BRANCH_NAME, Akurdi Nigdi Akurdi Wakad Chinchwad Akurdi Akurdi SQL> select * from borrower; CUST_NAME Mahima Trupti Rutuja Ayushi Priti Conclusion: LOAN_NO 2005 2002 2004 2006 2007 AMMOUNT 2000 1200 1400 1350 1490 12300 14000 Thus we successfully implemented Table, View, Index, Sequence, Synonym MySQL queries. BBryscr Wonton eine sau Hf6 eAaaag es net ~ sous + BEF FROB COM mm a vale eT en rect cor i” ad 8 recaps 5 © testy BBryscr wert eine sau Hf6 eAaaag es sommas * Bar ehOe a eT ee la I [cat TE = sociedad decot © het 8 recaps : BBryscr Wonton _ ae fe esintrce sa Hf6 eAaaag es esone oc sommas * BHF FAO 80 OM mmm 1% 9a ie Seman Gi © imert Sato eran wales Chl", Eto “an tend © rte se Bb 1 een econ | . am int how to ob mca snes wo 0 hoon : 25 Behn nrc on abt Rota! teed same Bry scr Wonton fe esintrce tsa Hf6 eAaaag es sommas . 0 OM) wemm aie © Anart Sate Roun wales (386°, awe eel $9 rartow co we Bb Be evenen S K wrectcee T ‘3 otc etn bone soem 8 recaps 5 Bry scr Wonton 0 eine ySaU Hf6 eAaaag es emod ed oc sous + BEF FRO BOOM mmm a vale Barware | AS eee ne cet ms Ca aed eae Brae 7 ed i & g e { i é e i e { a we BS 2 — — eset a ne anna a aa! 4 i J ASSIGNMENT NO. 3 AIM: To Design at least 10 SQL queries for suitable database application using SQL DML statements: Insert, Select, Update, Delete with operators, functions, and set operator, OBJECTIVES: To Study and Design SQL queries for suitable database application using SQL DML statements: Insert, Select, Update, Delete with operators, functions, and set operator. Problem Statement: (Insert, Select, Update, Delete, operators, functions, setoperator, all constraint synonym, sequence) Account(Acc_no, branch_name,balance) branch(branch_name,branch_city,assets) customer(cust_name,cust_street,cust_city) Depositor(cust_name,acc_no) Loan(loan_no,branch_name,amount) Borrower(cust_name,loan_no) view, index, Input: insert Data into above tables and fire queries on databases; Theory: Set Operator The set operations union, intersect, and except operate on relations and correspond to the relational algebra operations U, 9, Each of the above operations automatically eliminates duplicates; to retain all duplicates use the corresponding multiset versions union all, intersect all and except all. Suppose a tuple occurs m times in r and n times in s, then, it occurs: m +n times inr union all s ‘min(m,n) times in r intersect all s ‘max(0, m—n) times in r except all s Aggregate Function: These functions operate on the multiset of values of a column of a relation, and return a value avg: average value min: minimum value ‘max: maximum value sum: sum of values count: number of values Solve following queries: QU. Find the names of all branches in loan relation. Q2. Find all Joan numbers for loans made at Akurdi Branch with loan amount > 12000. Q3. Find all customers who have a loan from bank. Find their names.loan_no and loan amount. Q4. List all customers in alphabetical order who have loan from Akurdi branch. QS. Find all customers who have an account or loan or both at bank. Q6. Find all customers who have both account and Ioan at bank. Q7. Find all customer who have account but no loan at the bank. Q8. Find average account balance at Akurdi branch. Q9. Find the average account balance at each branch QUO. Find no. of depositors at each branch. QUI. Find the branches where average account balance > 12000. Q12. Find number of tuples in customer relation. Q13. Calculate total loan amount given by bank. Q14. Delete all loans with loan amount between 1300 and 1500. QUIS. Delete all tuples at every branch located in Nigdi. Q.16. Create synonym for customer table as cust. Q.17. Create sequence roll_seq and use in student table for roll_no column. Create above tables with appropriate constraints like primary key, foreign key, check constrains, not null etc. JSosHeLneksoeLEeREEEELEes Table Structure HEHseHaSHL HERE create table Account(Acc_no, branch_name,balance) : SQL> select * from account; ACC_NO BRANCH_NAME BALANCE, 1001 Akurdi 15000 1002 Nigdi 11000 1003 Chinchwad 20000 1004 Wakad 10000 1005 Akurdi 14000 1006 Nigdi 17000 6 rows selected. Create table branch(branch_name,branch_city,assets) : SQL> select * from branch; BRANCH_NAME BRANCH_CITY Akurdi Pune Nigai Pimpri_chinchwad 300000 Wakad Pune 100000 Chinchwad Pimpri_chinchwad 400000 Sangvi Pune 230000 create table customer(cust_name,cust_street,cust_city) : SQL> select * from customer1; CUST_NAME CUST_STREET Rutuja JM road Alka Senapati road Samiksha Savedi road Trupti Lakshmi road Mahima Pipeline road Ayushi FC road Priti Camp road 7 rows selected. CUST_CITY Pune Pune Pimpri_chinchwad Pune Pimpri_chinchwad pune Pimri_chinchwad Create table Depositor(cust_name,ace_no): SQL> select * from depositer; CUST_NAME ACC_NO Rutuja 1005 Trupti 1002 Samiksha 1004 Loan(loan_no,branch_name,amount) : SQL> select * from loan; LOAN_NO BRANCH_NAME 2001 Akurdi 2002 Nigdi 2003 Akurdi 2004 Wakad 2005 Chinchwad 2006 Akurdi 2007 Akurdi 7 rows selected. AMMOUNT Create table borrower(cust_name,loan_no) : SQL> select * from borrower; CUST_NAME LOAN_NO Mahima 2005 Trupti 2002 Rutuja 2004 Ayushi 2006 Priti 2007 Jeperoeeeeeeeereeeeeesoe Problem Statements ** ee Heer QL. Find the names of all branches in loan relation. SQL>select branch_name from loan; BRANCH_NAME Akurdi Nigdi Akurdi Wakad Chinchwad Akurdi Akurdi 7 rows selected. (Q2. Find all loan numbers for loans made at Akurdi Branch with loan amount >12000. SQL> select loan_no from loan where branch_name="Akurdi’ and amount>12000; LOAN_NO 2006 2007 Q3. Find all customers who have a loan from bank. Find their names, loan_no and loan amount. SQL> select b.cust_name,b.loan_no,|.amount from borrower b inner join loan | on. b.loan_no=I.loan_no; CUST_NAME LOAN_NO AMOUNT Trupti 2002 1200 Rutuja 2004 1350 Mahima 2005 1490 Ayushi 2006 12300 Priti 2007 14000 Q4. List all customers in alphabetical order who have loan from Akurdi branch. SQL> select b.cust_name from borrower b inner join loan | on b.loan_no=I.loan_no where L.branch_name='Akurdi'order by b.cust_name; CUST_NAME Ayushi Priti QS. Find all customers who have an account or loan or both at bank. SQL>select cust_name from depositer union select cust_name from borrower; CUST_NAME Ayushi MahimaPriti 6 rows selected. Q6. Find all customers who have both account and loan at bank. SQL> select cust_name from depositer intersect select cust_name from borrower; CUST_NAME Rutuja Trupti Q7. Find all customer who have account but no loan at the bank. SQL> select cust_name from depositer minus select cust_name from borrower; CUST_NAME Samiksha Q8. Find average account balance at Akurdi branch. SQL> select avg(balance) from account where branch_name="Akurdi’; AVG(BALANCE) 14500 Q9. Find the average account balance at each branch SQL> select branch_name,avg(balance) from account group by branch_name; BRANCH_NAME, AVG(BALANCE) Chinchwad 20000 Nigdi 14000 Wakad 10000, Akurdi 14500 10. Find no. of depositors at each branch. ‘SQL> select branch_name,count(branch_name) from account a inner join depositer d on a.aec_no=d.ace_no group by branch_name; BRANCH_NAME COUNT(BRANCH_NAME) Nigdi 1 Wakad 1 Akurdi 1 QIL. Find the branches where average account balance > 12000. SQL> select branch_name from account group by branch_name having avg(balance)>1200; BRANCH_NAME Chinchwad Nigai Wakad Akurdi Q12. Find number of tuples in customer relation. SQL> select count(cust_name) no_of_tuples from customerl; NO_OF_TUPLES 7 Q13. Calculate total loan amount given by bank. ‘SQL> select sum(amount) total_loan_amount from loan; TOTAL_LOAN_AMOUNT 33740 Q14. Delete all loans with loan amount between 1300 and 1500. SQL> delete from loan where amount>1300 and amount<1500; LOAN_NO BRANCH_NAME AMOUNT 2001 Akurdi 2000 2002 Nigdi 1200 2006 Akurdi 12300 2007 Akurdi 14000 QU5. Delete all tuples at every branch located in igdi. ‘SQL>delete from branch where branch_name='Nigdi'; Q.16. Create synonym for customer table as cust. SQL> create public synonym cust2 for customer!; Synonym created. Q.17. Create sequence roll_seq and use in student table for roll_no column. Conclusion: Thus we successfully implemented MySQL queries. 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Create following Tables cust_mstr(cust_no,fname,Iname) add_dets(code_no,add1 add2,state,city,pincode) Retrieve the address of customer Fname as 'xyz' and Lname as 'pgr’ 2. Create following Tables cust_mstr(custno,fname,lname) ace_fd_cust_dets(codeno,acc_fd_no) fd_dets(fd_sr_no,amt) List the customer holding fixed deposit of amount more than 5000 3. Create following Tables emp_mstr(e_mpno,f_name,|_name,m_name,dept,desg,branch_no) branch_mstr(name,b_no) List the employee details along with branch names to which they belong 4. Create following Tables emp_mstr(emp_no,f_name,|_name,m_name,dept) c_dets(code_no,ente_type,ente. along with contact detai lata) List the employee detail s using left outer join & right join 5. Create following Tables cust_mstr(cust_no,fname,lname) add_dets(code_no,pincode) List the customer who do not have bank branches in their vicinity. 6.a) Create delete operations -w on borrower table by selecting any two columns and perform insert update b) Create view on borrower and depositor table by selecting any one column from each table perform insert update delete operations c) create updateable view on borrower table by selecting any two columns and perform insert, update and delete operations. Solutions: 1, Create following Tables cust_mstr(cust_no,fname,Iname) add_dets(code_no,add1 ,add2,state,city,pincode) Retrieve the address of customer Fname as ‘Rutuja' and Lname as 'Deshmane’ SQL> select * from cust_mstr; CUSTNO FNAME —LNAME c10L Rutuja Deshmane c102 Trupti Bargaje C103 Samiksha Dharmadhikari C104 Mahima Khandelwal SQL> select addl,add2 from add_dets where code_no in(select custno from cust_mstr where fname='Rutuja’ and Iname="Deshmane’); ADDI ADD2 venu nagar dange chowk 2 Create following Tables cust_mstr(custno,fname,Iname) ace_fd_cust_dets(codeno,acc_fd_no) fd_dets(fd_sr_no,amt) List the customer holding fixed deposit of amount more than 5000 SQL> select fname,name from cust_mstr where custno in(select codeno from acc_fd_cust_dets where acc_fd_no in(select fd_st_no from fd_dets where amt>5000)); FNAME — LNAME. Rutuja Deshmane Sami Dharmadhikari 3. Create following Tables emp_mstr(e_mpno,{_name,|_name,m_name,dept,desg,branch_no) branch_mstr(name,b_no) List the employee details along with branch names to which they belong ‘SQL> select emp_no,fname,Iname,mname,dept,desg,branch_no,b.name from emp_mstr e inner join branch_th b on e.branch_no=b.b_no; EMP_NO FNAME LNAME MNAME DEPT DESG BRANCH.NO NAME 1011 Samarth Deshmane —Suryakant sports. trainer 2011 Akurdi 1012 Alka Choudhari_ Rohitash comp tester 2012 nigdi 1013 Shriyash —Shingare Santosh comp coder 2013 chinchwad 4. Create following Tables ‘emp_mstr(emp_no,f_name,|_name,m_name,dept) ente_dets(code_no,entc_type,cnte_data) List the employee details along with contact details using left outer join & right join SQL> select emp_no,fname,Iname,mname,dept,c.code_no,c.cnte_type,c.cnte_data from emp_mstr e left outer join cntc_dets c on e.emp_no=c.code_no; FMP.NO_ FNAME LAME, Naw DEPT CODENOCNTC-TYPE —_CNTC_DATA 1011 Samarth Deshmane Suryakant_ sports. 1011. phno 9689349523, 1012. Alka Choudhari ——Rohitash comp 1012 email rutu@ gmail.com 1013 Shriyash Shingare Santosh comp, SQL> select emp_no,fname,Iname,mname,dept,c.code_no,c.ente_type,c.cnte_data from emp_mstr e right outer join entc_dets c on e.emp_no=c.code_no; EMP_NO_ FNAME LNAME MNAME, pePr cor NO CNTC-TYPE —_CNTe_DATA 1011 Samarth, Deshmane Suryakant’ — sports. 1011. phno 9689349523 1012 Alka Choudhari —Rohitash comp 1012 email rutu@ gmail 1014 email [email protected] com, 5. Create following Tables cust_mstr(cust_no,fname,Iname) add_dets(code_no,pincode) List the customer who do not have bank branches in their vicinity. SQL> select * from cust_mstr where cust_no in (select code_no from add_dets where code_no like 'C%' and pincode not in (select pincode from add_dets where code_no like 'B%’)); CUST_NO| FNAME — LNAME Trupti Bargaje c102 6. A) Create View on borrower table by selecting any two columns and perform insert update delete operations SQL> select * from borrower; ACC_NO NAME AMOUNT. 101 Aish 10000 102 Adi 10000 103 ‘Swati 45216 SQL> create view b1 as select name, amount from borrower; View created. SQL> select * from bl; NAME Aish Adi Swati 10000 AMOUNT. 10000 45216 SQL> update b1 set amount=7845 where name='swati' 1 row updated, SQL> select * from borrower; ACC_NO NAME AMOUNT. 101 Aish 10000 102 Adi 10000 103 Swati 7845 SQL> delete from bl where name='swati'; 1 row deleted. SQL> select * from borrower; ACC_NO NAME AMOUNT. Aish 10000 B) Create view on borrower and depositor table by selecting any one column from each table perform insert update delete operations SQL> select * from borrower; ACC_NO NAME AMOUNT. 101 Aish 10000 102 Adi 10000 SQL> select * from depositor; DACC_NO DNAME. 102 Adi 104 Sneha 103 Swati DAMOUNT. 45789 7895 T9854 SQL> create view b3 as select amount loan, damount deposit from borrower, depositor; View created. SQL> select * from b3; LOAN DEPOSIT 10000 45789 10000 7895 10000 79854 C) create updateable view on borrower table by selecting any two columns and perform insert, Update and delete operations. SQL> create table borrower(ace_no number(10) primary key,name varchar(10),amount number(10)); Table created. SQL> insert into borrower values(&acc, ‘&name’,&amount); Enter value for ace: 101 Enter value for name: Aish Enter value for amount: 10000 old 1: insert into borrower values(&acc, &name’,&amount) new I: insert into borrower values(101,’aish’,10000) 1 row created. SQL>/ Enter value for ace: 102 Enter value for name: Adi Enter value for amount: 4500. old 1: insert into borrower values(Scace, Sname',&amount) new 1: insert into borrower values(102,'adi',4500) 1 row created. SQL>/ Enter value for ace: 103 Enter value for name: Swati Enter value for amount: 45216. old 1: insert into borrower values(&ace,'S&name’,&amount) new 1: insert into borrower values(103,'swati’ 45216.) 1 row created. SQL> create view bview as select acc_no, amount from borrower; View created. SQL> insert into bview values(&acc,&amount); Enter value for ace: 104 Enter value for amount: 58901 old I: insert into bview values(Sace,&amount) new 1: insert into bview values(104,58901) 1 row created. SQL> select * from borrower; ACC_NO AMOUNT. 10000 4500 45216 58901 SQL> update bview set amount=45000 where acc_no=104; 1 row updated. SQL> select * from borrower; ACC_NO NAME AMOUNT. 101 aish 10000 102 adi 4500 103 swati 45216 104 45000 SQL> select * from bview; ACC_NO AMOUNT 101 10000 102 4500 103 45216 104 45000 SQL> delete from bview where acc_no= 1 row deleted. SQL> select * from bview; ACC_NO AMOUNT 101 10000 102 4500 103 45216 Conclusion: Thus we Bry scr Wonton fe esintrce tsa Hf6 eAaaag we obec sete BEF FAOM OCOD wrmm i & Vale sma |B) rar ch Be meen HK econ c= 0 moi z (© “10 at652 SET Fromme UT. Sevan tree ote (© 1Y 2160 SELECT Frome UNTO deveined te ote (© 11 1608 SELECT“ OMe cot me UIT. 100 Sines ‘t0.c/ 0.000 © 14 121719 seh rete nme et © 15 121738 SLT FroMbkal aT, 10 Centered snes Bry scr Wonton - 9 x 0 eine ySaU Hf6 eAaaag we emod ed sorte ce at ome ED sous * BE FF ARO MOOK wmm i vale —— ae aaa tien eeseseath oblate oo Nae spear epetlanerin ce a cn moet Se 'g =) at a (gm var: ot 1 kamnouns . 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