UNIT- I

1. Define the rank of the matrix

2. Echelon form and Rank of the matrix
1 2 3 0
i) Reduce the matrix 𝐴 = [2 4 3 2 ] into echelon form and hence find its rank
3 2 1 3
6 8 7 5
5 3 14 4
ii) Reduce the matrix Reduce the matrix [0 1 2 1] into Echelon form and hence find its rank
1 −1 2 0
−1 −3 3 −1
iii) Reduce the matrix 𝐴 = [ 1 1 −1 0 ] into echelon form and hence find its rank
2 −5 2 −3
−1 1 0 1
2 1 3 5
iv) Define the rank of the matrix and find the rank of the matrix 𝐴 = [ 4 2 1 3 ]
8 4 7 13
8 4 −3 −1
−2 −1 −3 − 1
v) Determine the rank of the matrix 𝐴 = [ 1 2 3 −1 ]
1 0 1 1
0 1 1 −1
1 2 3
vi) Find the value of 𝑘 such that the rank of 𝐴 = 2 𝑘 7 ] is 2
[
3 6 10
2 −4 3 −1 0
vii) Find the rank of [1 −2 −1 −4 2]
0 1 −1 3 1
4 −7 4 −4 5
0 1 −3 −1
viii) Find the rank of the matrix 𝐴 = [ 1 0 1 1 ]
3 1 0 2
1 1 −2 0
3 .NORMAL FORM ( OR) CANONICAL FORM
2 1 3 4
i) Reduce the matrix to canonical form and find its rank 𝐴 = [ 0 3 4 1 ]
8 3 7 5
8 5 11 6
1 2 1 0
ii) Reduce the matrix 𝐴 = [−2 4 3 0 ] to canonical form (normal form) and find its rank
1 0 2 −8

0 1 2 −2
iii) Reduce the matrix 𝐴 = [4 0 2 6 ] to normal form and find its rank
2 1 3 1

2 −2 0 6
iv) Find the rank of the matrix 𝐴 = [4 2 0 2 ] by reducing it to it to canonical form
1 −1 0 3
1 −2 1 2

1 2 3 4
v) By reducing the matrix 𝐴 = [2 1 4 3 ] into normal form and find its rank
3 0 5 10
 1 2 3 0
vi) Reduce 𝐴 to normal form and find its rank 𝐴 = [2 4 3 2]
3 2 1 3
6 8 7 5

2 3 −1 −1
vii) Reduce the matrix to canonical form and find its rank 𝐴 = [ 1 −1 −2 −4 ]
3 1 3 −2
6 3 0 −7
4.NON- HOMOGENOUS SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (AX =B)
i) Find the following system of equations are consistent if so solve them
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2, 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5 , 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −4, 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 0
ii) Find whether the following equations are consistent, if solve them .
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4; 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 9; 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2
iv) Find whether the following set of equations are consistent if so, solve them.
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 0, 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 − 𝑥4 = 4, . 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = −4, . 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 2
v) Prove that the following set of equations are consistent and solve them.
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4; 10𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −2; 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5
vi) Solve 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6; 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5; 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 7
vii) Test for consistency and solve 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 5; 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 12; 2𝑥 + 19𝑦 − 47𝑧 = 32
viii) Find the values of a and b for which the equations
𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3; 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 𝑏; 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 9 are consistent. when will these equations have a unique solution?
5.HOMOGENOUS SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS (AX =O)
i)Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0; 𝑥 − 11𝑦 + 14𝑧 = 0
ii)Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 + 2𝑤 = 0; 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 3𝑤 = 0;
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑤 = 0; −4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 + 𝑤 = 0
iii)Show that the only real number 𝜆 𝑓or which for which the system
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 𝜆𝑥; 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 𝜆𝑦; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝜆𝑧 has non-zero solution is 6 and solve them, when 𝜆 = 6
iv)Determine whether the following equations will have a non-trivial solution if so solve them.
4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3𝑤 = 0; 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 7𝑤 = 0; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0
v) Solve the system of equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0; 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0; 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑤 = 0; 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
vi) Solve the system of equations 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0; 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0
vii)Find all the solutions of system of equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0
viii)Solve completely the system of equations 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 11𝑦 + 14𝑧 = 0
6.EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS
2 2 1
1.Find the characteristic roots of the matrix [1 3 1]
1 2 2

II. Find the eigen values and the corresponding eigen vectors of the following matrices

8 −6 2 1 2 −1 −2 2 −3 5 −2 0
i) 𝐴 = [−6 7 −4] ii) 𝐴 = [0 2 2 ] iii) 𝐴 = [ 2 1 −6] iv) 𝐴 = [−2 6 2]
2 −4 3 0 0 −2 −1 −2 0 0 2 7

6 −2 2 1 1 1 2 2 0 1 −6 −4
v) 𝐴 = [−2 3 −1] vi) 𝐴 = [1 1 1] vii) 𝐴 = [2 5 0] vii) 𝐴 = [0 4 2]
2 −1 3 1 1 1 0 0 3 0 −6 −3
3 −1 1
ix)Verify that the sum of eigen values is equal to trace of ‘𝐴′ for the matrix 𝐴 = [−1 5 −1] and find the
1 −1 3
5 4
corresponding eigen vectors x) 𝐴 = [ ]
1 2
III. DIAGONALIZATION AND CALUCULATION OF POWERS OF A MATRIX
1 1 3
i) Determine the modal matrix 𝑃 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = [1 5 1] and hence diagonalize 𝐴 .
3 1 1
8 8  2
ii) Diagonalize the matrix 4  3  2 and find A4
[ 3 4 1 ]
1 1 1
iii) If A= 0 2 1 find a) A8 b) A4
[4 4 3 ]
−1 2 −2 8 −6 2
iv) Diagonalize the matrix A =[ 1 2 1] v) Diagonalize and find A4 of 𝐴 = [−6 7 −4]
−1 −1 0 2 −4 3
1 0 0
1 0
vi) Diagonalize the matrix A = 0 3  1 and find A5 vii) If A=[ ] , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴50
0 3
[ 0 1 3 ]
IV.CAYLEY-HAMILTON THEOREM AND ITS PROBLEMS
i) State and prove Cayley- Hamilton theorem
8 8  2
ii) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A= 4  3  2 .Hence find 𝐴−1
[ 3 4 1 ]
1 −1 0
iii) Find the inverse of the matrix A =[0 1 1] by using Cayley-Hamilton theorem
2 1 2
1 2 3
iv)State Cayley-Hamilton theorem and use it to find the inverse of the matrix A =[2 −1 4 ]
3 1 −1
7 2 −2
v)Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem find the inverse and 𝐴4 of the matrix A =[−6 −1 2 ]
6 2 −1
1 −2 2
vi)Show that the matrix A =[1 −2 3] satisfies its characteristic equation . Hence find 𝐴−1
0 −1 2
1 2
vii) Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem find the inverse and 𝐴8 of the matrix A =[ ]
2 −1

1 2 −1
viii) If A =[2 1 −2] Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem
2 −2 1
1 2 2
ix) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem and find the characteristic roots where A =[2 1 2]
2 2 1
3 4 1
x) Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A= [ 2 1 6] .Hence find 𝐴−1
−1 4 7
QUADRATIC FORMS
i)Define Quadratic form
ii)Define Index, Signature, Nature of Quadratic form
I.Find the symmetric matrix of the following Quadratic forms
i)𝑥1 2 + 6x1 x2 + 5 𝑥2 2 ii) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦𝑧 + 6𝑧𝑥
iii)𝑥1 2 + 2 𝑥2 2 − 7𝑥3 2 − 4x1 x2 + 8x1 x3 + 5x2 x3 iii)𝑥1 2 + 2 𝑥2 2 − 7𝑥3 2 − 4x1 x2 + 8x1 x3 + 5x2 x3
2 2
iv) 𝑥1 + 2 𝑥2 + 4x2 x3 + x3 x4
II.Find the Quadratic form relating to to the following matrices
1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 5 6 −2 2
i) A =[2 1 2] ii) A =[2 1 3] iii) A = [2 0 3] iv) A =[−2 3 −1]
2 2 1 3 3 1 5 3 4 2 −1 3
III.Reduce the following Quadratic forms to Canonical form (or) normal form (or) sum of squares form by using
Orthogonal Transformation 𝑿 = 𝑷𝒀 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑷 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒙 and give the matrix of transformation. And
also find Rank, Index, Signature, Nature.
i) 3 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 ii) 3 𝑥1 2 + 3𝑥2 2 + 3𝑥3 2 + 2x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 − 2x2 x3 iii) 𝑥1 2 +
2
3𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 2 − 2x2 x3 iv) 2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑧
2 2 2
v) 5 𝑥 + 26𝑦 + 10𝑧 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦𝑧 + 14𝑧𝑥 vi) 3 𝑥1 2 + 5𝑥2 2 + 3𝑥3 2 − 2x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 − 2x2 x3
vii) 3 𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝑧 viii) 6 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧

IV.Reduce the following Quadratic forms to Canonical form (or) normal form (or) sum of squares form by using
Lagrange’s reduction and also find Rank, Index, Signature, Nature
i) 𝑥1 2 + 2𝑥2 2 − 7𝑥3 2 − 4x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 ii) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧
iii) 2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑧 iv) 2𝑥1 2 + 7𝑥2 2 + 5𝑥3 2 − 8x1 x2 − 10x2 x3 + 4x1 x3
v) 6𝑥1 2 + 3𝑥2 2 + 3𝑥3 2 − 4x1 x2 − 2x2 x3 + 4x1 x3
V.Identify the nature of the following Quadratic forms
𝑖) 𝑥1 2 + 3𝑥2 2 + 3𝑥3 2 + 2x1 x2 + 2x1 x3 − 2x2 x3 ii) 3 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑧 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧
2 2 2
iii) 2 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑧 iv) 2𝑥1 2 + 7𝑥2 2 + 5𝑥3 2 − 8x1 x2 − 10x2 x3 + 4x1 x3
6 −2 2
v)identify the nature of the matrix A =[−2 3 −1]
2 −1 3