MINI PROJECT PART-B

ON
USE OF PLASTIC WASTE IN CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE
BATHELOR’S DEGREE (B.E.) IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING,
Submitted by

RUTWIK TUKARAM KARMORE

SWAPNIL BABULAL KOLI
PRANAY SADANAND KONKAR
SHIVAM DURYODHAN LUBAL

Guide : Prof. TRUPTI NARKHEDE

 Conferred by
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MGM’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
KAMOTHE, NAVI MUMBAI- 410 209
(2021-2022)
 CERTIFICATE
(MINI PROJECT PART-B)

This is to certify that the Mini project titled “USE OF

PLASTIC WASTE INCONSTRUCTION OF ROADS.” duly
submitted by the following students
RUTWIK TUKARAM KARMORE
SWAPNIL BABULAL KOLI
PRANAY SADANAND KONKAR
SHIVAM DURYODHAN LUBAL
has been completed under my supervision in a satisfactory
manner in a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering, Semester IV -
(Part-B) to be conferred by the UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI. In my
opinion, the work embodied in this report is comprehensive
and fit for evaluation.
Prof. TRUPTI NARKHEDE
(Guide)
Prof. P.J. SALUNKE. Dr. Mrs. GEETA
LATHKAR
HOD ( Civil ). Principal
Abstract:-
The aim of this project is to replace cement
with Plastic waste in paver block and to reduce
the cost of paver Block when compared to that
of convention concrete paver Blocks. At present
nearly 56 lakhs tones of plastic waste is
Produced in India per year. The degradation
rate of plastic Waste is also a very slow process.
Hence the project is helpful in Reducing plastic
waste in a useful way. In this project we have
Used plastic waste in different proportions with
quarry dust,Coarse aggregate and ceramic
waste. The paverblocks were Prepared and
tested and the results were discussed
. INTRODUCTION
Before the invention of plastic, the only
substances that could be molded were clays
(pottery) and glass. Hardened clay and glass
were used for storage, but they were heavy and
brittle. Some natural substances, like tree gums
and rubber, were sticky and moldable.
Plastic waste used in this work was brought
from the Surrounding areas. Currently about 56
lakh tonnes of plastic Waste dumped in India in
a year. The dumped waste pollutes The
surrounding environment. As the result it
affects both Human beings and animals in
direct and indirect ways. HenceIt necessary to
dispose the plastic waste properly as per the
Regulations provided by our government. The
replacement of Plastic waste for cement
provides potential environmental as Well as
economic benefits.

OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT:-
1.Cement is replaced with plastic.
2.Decrease the cost of paver block.
3.Decrease setting time of paving block.
4.Curing is not important.
5.Made block light in weight.
6.Made block is water resistant.
7.Strength comparison between plastic used
paving blocks Vs normal paving Block.
8.Cost comparison between plastic used
paving blocks Vs normal paving Block.
9.To safe guard to the environment by utilizing
waste property.
10.To provide an economical construction
material.

REQUIREMENT :-
TYPES OF PAVER BLOCK :-
Concrete Paving Block
Concrete blocks are mass manufactured to
standard sizes. Hence, they can be easily
interchanged. A typical concrete block has
two surfaces – one is smooth, and the other
is a rough surface.The concrete paving
blocks are most suitable for heavy-duty
applications, able to support substantial
loads and resist shearing and braking
forces.The concrete blocks come in various
colors. The colors typically come from
metallic oxides. However, there is a
possibility of these colors to fade away.
Hence one needs to be very careful while
choosing the color of the block.

CONCRETE PAVING BLOCK

2.Clay Paving Blocks
Clay paving blocks are also called bricks or
cobbles. These blocks are generally
available as typical, rectangular brick-
shaped. Although custom shapes can be
made for specific projects.Unlike the
concrete paving blocks, either side of clay
paving blocks can be used. So both sides are
interchangeable. Clay blocks are available in
natural color only; hence the possibility of
color fading is not there in these blocks.
These blocks are mostly used for walls or

pillars.
TYPES OF WASTE PLASTIC:-
1.PETE or PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate
2.Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE or PET)
3. Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Polyvinyl Chloride (P or PVC)
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Polypropylene (PP)
Polystyrene (PS)
Miscellaneous Plastics
LITERATURE SURVEY

Plastic pollution is the accumulation of

plasticobjects and particles (e.g. plastic bottles,
bags and in the Earth’s environment that
adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, and
humans.[1][2] Plastics that act as pollutants are
categorized into micro-, meso-, or macro
debris, based on size.[3]Plastics are inexpensive
and durable making them very adaptable for
different uses; as a result levels human produce
a lot of plastic.[4]However, the chemical
structure of most plastics renders them
resistant to many natural processes of
degradation and as a result they are slow to
degrade.[5] Together, these two factors allow
large volumes of plastic to enter the
environment as mismanaged waste and for it to
persist in the ecosystem.
INDUSTRIAL SURVEY

According to the reports for year 2017-18,

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has
estimated that India generates approximately
9.4 Million tonnes per annum plastic waste,
(which amounts to 26,000 tonnes of waste per
day), and out of this approximately 5.6 Million
tonnes per annum plastic waste is recycled (i.e.
15,600 tonnes of waste per day) and 3.8 Million
tonnes per annum plastic waste is left
uncollected or littered (9,400 tonnes of waste
per day)6
Out of the 60% of recycled plastic7
• 70% is recycled at registered facilities
• 20% is recycled by Unorganized Sector
• 10% of the plastic is recycled at home
.Obstruction by most waste polluter

The ten corporations that produce the most

plastic on the planet, The Coca-Cola Company,
Colgate-Palmolive, Danone, Mars,
Incorporated, Mondelēz International, Nestlé,
PepsiCo, Perfetti Van Melle, Procter & Gamble,
and Unilever, formed a well-financed network
that has sabotaged for decades government
and community efforts to address the plastic
pollution crisis, according to a detailed
investigative report by the Changing Markets
Foundation. The investigation documents how
these companies delay and derail legislation so
that they can continue to inundate consumers
with disposable plastic packaging.
2.Gjenge Makers Ltd.

One of them is Gjenge Makers Ltd, a

sustainable, alternative, affordable building
products manufacturing company that
transforms plastic waste into durable building
materials. These include paving blocks, paving
tiles, and manhole coversGjenge Makers
produces between 1,000 to 1,500 paving bricks
every day in different sizes and colors. The
bricks are usually made using high-density
polyethylene, used in milk and shampoo
bottles; low-density polyethylene, often used
for bags for cereals or sandwiches; and
polypropylene, used for ropes, flip-top lids, and
buckets. Matee said her company had already
recycled 20 tons of plastic waste since its
opening
METHODOLOGY :-
PROCESS OF MAKING PLASTIC PAVER BLOCK
1.SELECT THE RIGHT PLASTIC
It is very important to select the right plastics.
This process uses LDPE. Examples include food
wrap film, food bags, water and ice bags,
storage bags, agricultural Film and stretch wrap
2.MELT
Light a small fire under the metal drum And
gently heat it. Add the plastic waste. As it
warms up it will reduce in size. Light the plastic
at the top using a small Flame to help it melt
down.
3.MIX
Keep mixing thoroughly until all the plastic has
melted and there is a consistent black Liquid.
Sometimes LDPE lumps can remain even at very
high temperatures. Stirring and Heating must
continue until all lumps are removed and a
homogenous paste is obtained, since They
affect the strength of the material. This can
take up to 20 minutes.
4.MOULD
Prepare the mould by making sure it is very
clean, with no pieces of plastic on it from
Previous mouldings, and well oiled.
5.SET
Allow the hot mixture in the mould to set for a
few minutes, repeatedly shaking the mould to
loosen the edges (a rocking motion works well).
Keep trying to lift the mould. When the mixture
has hardened enough that the slab will not
collapse, remove the mould and leave. It should
harden in around 2 hours. Experiment with
different amounts of sand and LDPE – the
different amounts can be used for different
purposes – slabs, tiles or bricks.

6.MARKET

Tiles made in this way are as strong as concrete

paving tiles. If you can have your Product
tested and certified as an approved
construction product, you will be able to
market it To local building companies as well as
directly to customers
TEST.

Compressive test:-

This is done to know the compressive strength

of the bricks and paver Blocks. This is also
called crushing strength of bricks and paver
blocks. Generally five Specimens of bricks are
taken to laboratory for testing and tested one
by one. In this test a Brick and paver block
specimen is put on crushing machine and
applied pressure till it breaks. The ultimate
pressure at which brick is crushed is taken into
account. All five brick Specimens are tested one
by one and average result is taken as brick’s
compressive /crushing Strength. The plastic
sand bricks and paver blocks of different ratios
are tested one by one And in this the high
compression is found and comparison made
between the fly ash and Normal bricks.

WATER ABSORPTION TEST

In this the bricks first weighted in dry condition and
they are immersed in water for 24 hours. After that
they are taken out from water and they are wipe
out with cloth. Then the difference between the dry
and wet bricks percentage are calculated.
EFFLORESCENCE TEST

The presence of alkalis in bricks is harmful and they

form a grey or white layer on brick surface by
absorbing moisture. To find out the presence of
alkalis in bricks this test is performed. In this test a
brick is immersed in fresh water for 24 hours and
then it's taken out from water and allowed to dry in
shade. The plastic sand brick has low alkali content
and so a little white patch is formed over the
surface
FIRE RESISTANT TEST
The Plastic is highly susceptible to fire but in case of
Plastic sand bricks/Paver blocks the presence of
sand imparts insulation. There is no change in the
structural properties of block of bricks up to 180oC
above which visible cracks are seen and the
blocks/bricks deteriorate with increase in
temperature.

HARDNESS TEST
In this test a scratch is made on brick surface with
steel rod (any hard Material can be used) which was
difficult to imply the bricks or blocks were hard. This
shows the brick possess high quality.
DETAILED DESIGN

Dimensions of plastic paver block.

Shape = square (zigzag)
Material = plastic
Length =225mm
Width =100mm
Thickness = 75mm
Price = 45₹
 Clear description of method.
First of all It is important to only select the correct
type of plastic. Them adding plastic gently all the
side of the melted plastic until it melt down to
about black liquid. Adding plastic until you have
around a 20cm depth of melted plastic.Keep mixing
thoroughly until all the plastic Sometimes LDPE
lumps can remain even at very high temperatures.
Stirring and heating must continue until all lumps
are removed and a homogenous paste is obtained,
since they affect the strength of the material.
Prepare the mould by making sure it is very clean,
with no pieces of plastic on it from previous
mouldings, and well oiled. Press and work the
mixture into the mould so there are no air gaps.
Allow the hot mixture in the mould to set for a few
minutes, repeatedly shaking the mould to loosen
the edges (a rocking motion works well). , remove
the mould and leave. It should harden in around 2
hours.Tiles made in this way are as strong as
concrete paving tiles.

Material precautions
Red oxide
Label precautions: Avoid contact with eyes, skin
and clothing. Wash thoroughly after handling.
Avoid breathing dust. Keep container
closedSafety equipment
suppliers/manufacturers can provide
recommendations on the most protective
glove/clothing material for your operationDo
not breath dust or fumes.
Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at
machinery and at places where dust can be
generated.
Do not create a dust cloud by using a brush or
compressed air. Do not use tobacco or food in
work area
Cement
alkali-resistant gloves
suitable eye protection where mixing, pouring,
or other activities may endanger eyes coveralls
with long sleeves and full-length trousers
Using a taut string line set at the finished height
of your paving level to act as your guide, make
sure the edging stones you're using will sit at
the level they need to be.

River sand
The sand selected for each of these purposes
must be carefully chosen to meet these specific
needs.
Although it’s not as naturally course as concrete
sand, it still offers interlocking properties The
sand is coated with a water-activated polymer.
When selecting the type of sand to use for your
bedding layer, you should look for a material
that is somewhat sharp, course, granular and
features grains of sand in similar sizes. 
Wear safety glasses or goggles. Material is
stable under normal conditions. Avoid
generation of dusts.
 Precautions for use of concrete
compressive testing machine:

 The operation should be carefully checked

and carefully operated according to the steps
before starting and operation, and illegal
operation is strictly prohibited.
 When operating, it is strictly forbidden to
exceed the marking line on the vertical column
(50mm).
 It is strictly forbidden to start the motor at
high pressure to avoid damaging the electrical
appliances.
 Always check whether the hydraulic oil of
the tank is sufficient, and the oil standard shall
prevail.
 Replace the hydraulic oil and clean the tank
every half year when using frequently.
Summary
Paver block made using plastic waste, quarry dust,
coarse aggregate and ceramic waste have shown
better result. It also shows good heat resistance.
compared to the concrete paver block it can be
used in gardens, pedestrian path and cycle way etc.
The need for the construction sector to be
sustained by innovative technology targeted at
conserving the natural resources and protecting the
environment cannot be overemphasized. The use of
plastic wastes as additives in the production of
pavement blocks has both engineering and
environmental implications. The use of paver blocks
produced from plastic wastes is becoming more
popular, finding applications in parking areas,
compounds, open spaces, streets, and in minor and
major roads. The way and manner plastic wastes
generated are managed in developing countries is
worrisome and disturbing, due to their non-
biodegradable nature. The research is aimed at
using plastic wastes as binding groundmass in place
of cement in the production of pavement blocks.
This will go a long way in solving part of our
environmental and ecological problems resulting
from indiscriminate dumping of plastic wastes.
Plastic wastes (LDPE type) were melted at
temperatures between 180˚C-250˚C in a closed
system and mixed in different proportions (70:30,
60:40 and 50:50) with granite-dust, sand and clay to
produce sample paver blocks. The same mold was
also used to produce cement paver blocks. These
blocks were subjected to flexural, compressive-
strength, water-absorption, oven and acid tests.
The results of these tests revealed that paver blocks
produced from plastic additives show more tensile
strength, better water absorption, more resistant to
corrosion and good heat absorber compared to the
blocks produced from cement. Plastic paver blocks
also showed abysmally low water absorption than
the cement blocks. The application of plastic waste
in the production of paver block is an innovative
way of disposing plastic waste littered all over the
place, thereby cleaning the environment. The cost
of plastic waste paver block when compared with
concrete paver block is stronger, tougher,
economical and more resistant to heat and
corrosion. The study has clearly established that
plastic paver blocks are better alternative to normal
cement paver blocks.

Case study of plastic

 Case Study: Sikkim: First State to Ban

Plastics Bottles & Disposable
FoamProductsSikkim, which is often applauded
for being one of the cleanest states in India has
now taken one more step to reduce its carbon
footprint. In two recent notifications issued by
the state’s home department, the Sikkim
government has decided to manage its waste in a
more efficient and eco-friendly manner by banning
the use of plastic water bottles in all Government
meetings and programmes. Further, it has banned
the use of disposable foam products across the
entire state. A huge quantity of municipal waste is
created in the form of disposable products which
are environmentally hazardous, and claim a lot of
space in landfills. It was found that a lot of
disposable foam containers were being used not
just in bazaar areas at food stalls, but also in rural
pockets. Owing to this, there is now a state-wide
ban on the use and sale of cups, plates, spoons,
containers, and other foam items. It is also stated
that rampant use of packaged drinking water in
departmental meetings and programmes has led to
the piling up of disposable plastic bottles that add
an unnecessary burden on dump yards. Therefore,
in order to reduce creation of garbage in the form
of used drinking water plastic bottles it is notified
that the packaged drinking water bottles may not
be used during any government meetings or
functions. The alternative proposed is to switch to
filtered water, water from large reusable dispensers
or reusable water bottles at such government
functions and meetings.The government has been
initiating various measures to manage the waste
and maintain a clean environment. Sikkim was also
the first state in the country to ban the use of
plastic bags in 1998.

 Case Study: Maharashtra- Ban on Plastics

Maharashtra will be the 18th state in India to ban
single-use disposable plastic. Maharashtra has
banned disposable products manufactured from
plastic and thermocol (polystyrene). Maharashtra
plastic ban carries penalties starting at Rs. 5,000
and goes up to Rs 25,000 and 3 months of
imprisonment. The government has played a major
role by bringing in the law, mechanism of imposing
it, the fines and the paraphernalia that goes with
the implementation. Now, flower vendors are
sending flowers to people’s home in cloth bags.
Vegetables are being sold in cloth bags. Women in
self-help groups are looking at making jute or
cotton bags as a major source of income. Medicines
are coming in small paper pouches. Tea and coffee
stalls, college canteens and restaurants are doing
away with plastics. Also, the corporates like
Starbucks, Coca Cola and Bisleri have risen to the
occasion and taken up responsibility of collecting
waste plastics from Mumbai and recycle it or up-
recycle it to different use. People participation can
be seen as NGOs, schools, celebrities, industrialists
have begun campaigns to beat plastic pollution.
Conclusion

The Plastic sand bricks possess more advantages

which include Cost efficiency, Removal of waste
products thus abolishing the land requirement
problem for
dumping plastic, Reduction in the emission of
greenhouse gases by the conversion of flue gases
into synthetic oil etc. This method is suitable for the
countries which has the difficult to dispose /recycle
the plastic waste. The natural resources consumed
for the manufacturing of
Plastic sand bricks and Paver blocks are very much
less when compared to its counterparts. The
manufacturing cost could be reduced further by
replacing the river sand with fly ash/quarry dust or
other waste products. Owing to the numerous
advantages further research would improve the
quality and durability of plastic sand bricks and
paver blocks.