STRENGTHENING DESIGN OF CONCRETE BEAMS BY ADITION OF STEEL PLATES ‘Augusto Gomes and Jalio Appleton Department of Civil Engineering, IST, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL ABSTRACT ‘This paper presents a synthesis ofthe strengthening design of reinforced concrete beams and columns by external reinforcement. The design criteria, the methods of analysis and the evaluation of the design resistant bending moment and’shear are presented. Construction etal for this type of strengthening are also presented. KEYWORDS Strengthening, reinforced concrete beams, design, bending, shear. INTRODUCTION “The need to strength a structure is caused by problems due to a wrong design, the degradation of the characteristics of the materials along the time and the amplification of the load capacity ‘caused by a new utilisation of the building. Other cause isthe publication of new design codes that inereases the actions, such asthe seismic action, ‘The design methods and criteria for the bending and shear strengthening of reinforced concrete ‘beams by external reinforcements addition are presented in this paper. ‘The structure strengthening design must be proceeded by a strength assessment of the existent structure. This involves a compilation of all the information related to the build erection and design, a structural inspection and a load capacity evaluation. Taking into account the objectives of the strengthening there are various types of interventions that can be adopted: demolition of all the structure; substitution of some structural elements; new structural elements introduction or the strengthening ofthe existent elements. ‘The conception must be based on the structural assessment and the objectives to achieve. That conception must be established in order to minimise the intervention in the building, by 657638, ‘economic reasons, and to reduce the consequences thatthe strengthening work causes in the ‘non-structural elements and in the normal use of the bulding, ‘STRENGTHENING DESIGN CRITERIA ‘he strengthening design includes the Ultimate Limit Sates and the Limit States verifications {a the analytical evaluation of the structural resistant capacity there are used models tha Simulates the actions, the materials characteristics, the sicture behaviour, the design Gtiteria's and the safety level. In the strengthening design the Serviceablity Limit Stace verification, the existent damages and the lower stiffness of the strengthened elementa mast he ‘considered. A reduction ofthe cross sections area and inertia is usally adopted In suengthening design the Ultimate Limit States verification is expressed by: A SP)ER, mae (f) o x Sy Where S denotes the F loads effects, yp the actions partial safety factor, R the cross sections Strength, fy the materials characteristic strength and Ym the partials materials safety factor. The subseript d means a design value and the suporseript refers a value that can be different from that one usually adopted in the design of a new structure, This is caused by the additional luncertainties related to the existent damage simulation and, as a consequence ofthe structure assessment, by the possiblity to reduce the materials stength uncertainty, ‘The load effects evaluation inthe strengthening design process is generally based on plastic ‘models, figure I, or elastic analysis followed by stresses resultant redistibution, as shown in figure 2. Because the need to reduce the numberof strengthened elements and the necesity to use the full strength capacity of the existing elements, the elastic model is not usually adequate, ooo, MJ IM, +, My -M, = Ms) Vy My - 2M (My -MgP poe Mie RSD EL OE Mpa) OM) Er Figure I : Plastic analysis ~ Ultimate load of a beam, Py ‘Two different models can be used to evaluate the section strength: ~ Modelling of the damage in the intial section and the additional materials bebaviour, including the bond between the new and old materials;659 = Simplified method based on the use of a global coefficient ~ monolithic coefficient ~ ‘which takes into account all the factors that cause a section strength reduction. The design is made as a new structure, assuming that there are no damages and a perfect connection between the materials (monolithic). The values are then reduced by the strength monolithic coefficient, Yax © 1, that depends on the strengthening type and technique. For the structures displacements evaluation are used monolithic coefficients of stiffness, Ye 51 ‘Bending Moments obained by: = ies este anaysstLEA) ~ LEA followed by ates ressstbuon Figure 2 : Elastic analysis followed by a stress resultant redistribution. DESCRIPTION OF THE STRENGTHENING TECHENIQUE, For the elements with insufficient reinforcements and a good concrete quality, the external reinforcements addition is the more adequate technique. There are usually used stee! plates or hot rolled sections, mainly angle profles_as reinforcements. To mobilise the additional steel strength with low deformations of the strengthened element itis convenient the use of a low tensile steength steel, such as the Fe360, In terms of serviceability Limit States this type of strengthening increase the section inertia and stiffness and as a consequence of the resin injection that reestablished the continuity of the element. ‘The additional steel reinforcements ace connecting to the initial section by gluing with injected epoxy resin. The use of high strength stecl bolts (steel anchor) particularly in the ‘anchorage zones, near the ends of the plates is convenient. The strengthening efficiency is ‘mainly depending on the connection behaviour. ‘When the connection is only guaranteed by the resin a stel plate with a maximum Sram thick and 200mm width is recommended. The resin thick must be comprehended between 1 and 3 ‘mm. A higher resin thick leads to a lower bond capacity. Figure 3 and 4 shows the recommended steel plates dimension limits, J. Appleton and A. Gomes (1997)660 ‘To allow the additional stee! mobilisation for the service loads the live loads must be removed from the structures during the strengthening execution, ‘A careful preparation of the concrete and steel surfaces is necessary to achieve a good bond 4quality. The concrete surface preparation is done by a light pacumatic needle hammer in order {0 increase the roughness. A high roughness is inconvenient because it lead to an elevate resin thick. The steel plates are shotblasted and protected against the corrosion with a plastic film for transport and handling. The plastic film is moved before the steel plate application, 4 s4mm 12mm stim qs 2mm 250mm 280mm coon fe__J epoxy a sec = +e plate 2) Withou metalic anchors 1b) With metalic anchors Figure 3 : Flexural strengthening — recommended dimensions limits. hs3mm 4 stmm stom 4s2mm a2 1001 2100, 1) Without metalic anchors 2) With metic achons Figure 4: Shear strengthening — recommended dimensions limits. ‘After surface preparation, the reinforcing steel plates are installed free of adhesive, using the bolts placed into holes drilled in the concrete member. To allow for complete confinement of the airdrop plate Boundaries and bolt heads are sealed wih an epoxy mortar, Small diameter tubes are let around the plate boundaries. The injection of the resin is made through those {ubes. In the final of the injection, the tubes are blocked to allow some pressure in the resin ‘This causes the penetration ofthe resin inthe small eavties and eracks, ‘The more relevant resin properties for this type of application are the viscosity, the pot life, the hardeing me, th laity medals and he suet, Ii ok convenient ihe aplication ‘of the resin with a ambient temperature lower than 10°C, J. Appleton and V. Silva (1992)661 “The strengthening of # conerete beams by addition of steel plates involves the followings steps: Concrete surface preparation; Positioning of the steel plates fixed with metallic anchors; Sealing ofthe steet plates boundaries with an epoxy mortar; Epoxy resia injection, BEAMS STRENGTHENING DESIGN Bending Figuee 5a) shows the behaviour model in the Ukimate Limit State, In structural elements {eign the global coefficient method ~ monolithic coefficients - can be use, as shown in figure ‘So) "According this method the section design bending strength, Mw, is determined as a new lement with two reinforcement layers. The resulting value of May is then affected by the ‘monolithic coefficient. For the steel plates is adapted the following monolithic coefficients, Eurocode 8 (1995): Bending ym = 1.0, shear yey = 09. te Ate Gt AEs? | 9 | be — : Figure 5 : Bending strength models. Ifthe distance between the two reinforcement layers is smal, the My value can be determined by a equivalent reinforcement area, A‘, with a tensile stength fy, positioned at the ‘mechanical centre, The design bending strength can be expressed by: My = AT 24 the 2 My ALT! fhe @ Assuming 2 «0.9 d gives:662 rs God! f+ A; 09g @ sual design tables for reinforced concrete section can be used with the previous equation, ‘The strengthening steel area is given by: taf gaa ay=tee(ag tas aly My =A7 096" 13, =f, @ ‘The connection between the stel plate and the concrete strength is écermined assuming a plastic distribution of bond stresses as shown in figute 6. ‘The design connection strength verification can be expressed by following equations + connection without bolts nesta 6 ifn 2 MPa) © = conection with bolts L AA fhg sam tty a= Ree Al fig Sah +4, a ® Figure 6 : Distribution of bond stresses inthe steel plate connection to the concrete F, denotes the bol design shear strength, n the numberof bolts positioned inthe length L/2, b the plate width and tthe design bond strength of the steelresin/concrete connection. Ts recommended a value of 0.5 MPA for tg when metallic anchors are used, I Appleton and A. Gomes (1997), nthe connection serviceability verification, itis recommended an elastic model to the shear stresses evaluation. For the service load level, the connection behaviour depends mainly on the resin. Experimental tests have shown when the metallic anchors were fot applied carly collapses occurs caused by the steel plates debond, J. Alfaate (1986). The presence of the663 bolts in the plate extremities led to a higher ultimate foad capacity mobilising the full strength ofthe steel plate. Other advantage inthe use ofthe bolts is the fire strength “To improve the connection strength, the steel plates must be extended until the edges of the team and anchored to the colurin as shown in figure 7a), In a continuos beam the forces ean be transferred along the columns by the connection ofthe stel plates toa collar usually made by angles as shown in Figure 7b). This collar is also useful in column strengthening iB al ss S Lswe » 9 Figure 7 : Connection details of the steel plates: a) Beam edges ; b) Beam column connection. Shear If there are an insufficient transverse reinforcements, the shear strengthening by steel plates addition is adequate. The shear strength of a strengthened beam can be determined by the simplified method of the monolithic coefficients as expressed in the followings equations: VIM AL=t, bya! 6) na New ° by (1) ood! Ax 4, +098" Am a Figure 8 shows details of the steel plates connection used to shear strengthening. Fig Sa) shows the solution obtained with a continuos steel plate which has the inconvenient of a large conetete surface to prepare and a higher difficulty (0 inject resin, The use of an angle profile in connection to the flange allows the application of mechanical steel anchors and led to a better solution. Fig 8b show the usual solution for the shear strengthening, The angle in the corner section makes the connection between the lateral and bottom plates.664 = Figure 8: Shear strengthening details COLUMNS STRENGTHENING DESIGN ‘The columns strengthening scopes are the increase of the confinement, flexural strength and axial strength. The confinement level increase led to an improvement in the ductility and seismic behaviour of the structure and to an axial capacity load increase The more adequate strengthening technique tothe axial force capacity is the jacketing. The ‘external addition of steel is more suitable in cases that have reinforcement insufficiency, Steel plates or profiles (angles) are usually applied. ‘The design of the columns strengthening is similar to the beams, by the application of the slobal coefficient method, as shown in figure 9. The monolithic coefficient for the bending ‘and compression strengthening is: Y,yux = 0.9, J. Appleton and A. Gomes (1997), ori UaeEe RP # E : = ee oF Et Mee=YavenM Doerner Figure 9 : Strength capacity evaluation of a column section665 Ina simplified way, the section strength can be determined as a new section. That is valid if the distance between the initial and additional reinforcements is small. In this case, itis obtained an equivalent steel area defined by the expression: tne 2) AS RALEAL & “The connection of the additional reinforcements is made by the epoxy resin complemented with steel connectors welded in the initial reinforcements, as shown in figure 10a). The application of steel bolt anchors is only possible ifthe strengthening plate has a sufficient dimension, figure 106) » » Figure 10: Column Strengthening details. 9 regtesng go cng (] taal seo so a aap Figure 11 : Strengthening details in a beam column joint666 Figure 1 shows the strengthening detail in a beam-column joint. The connection is composed. bby two collar linked through the slab by steel bars ora steal profiles. Figure 12 shows the strengthening steel plates connection tothe foundation. It is used a colar made by a steel angle profile which is connected by a steel anchor. a toe Figure 12 : Stet plate connection inthe foundation, CONCLUSIONS, In this paper were presented a synthesis of the strengthening design of reinforced concrete beams and columns by external reinforcement. The design criteria, the methods of analysis, the determination of the design resistant bending moment and shear and the constriction details were presented. REFERENCES . Rodrigues (1993). Comportamento da ligaedo ago-esina-betdo om elementos exruurls, Mse Dissertation, {astiuo SupeioeTéeico, 1993, Eurocode 8 (1995), Design provisions for earthquae resin of sractares- Part I-A ~ Strengthening and Repair of Buildings. ENV 19981-41995 4. Alfie (1986), Reforgo por adigdo de elements de ago em vigas de betto armado, Mse Dissertation, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1986 J.Appeton, A. Gomes (1997), Reforo de esyraturas de betto armado por adivéo de amaduras exterires Revista Portuguesa de Engenharia de Estas, 8°41, p 15-20, Jaco 1997 4. Appleton and V. Siva (1995) Sirenghening of enforced concrete Beams by external enforcement, JABSE, ‘Symposium, Sto Francisco, USA, Agost, 1995 ‘South Attican Roads Board (1992), Recommendations for the design of epoxy bonded extemal see! plore reinforcement, Presa, March 1992. ma enw