Building Materials and Construction - Binding - Henock
Building Materials and Construction - Binding - Henock
Materials‐ Lime, Gypsum and Cement
Introduction:‐ Definition
The term cement is applied to all kinds of materials with adhesive and cohesive
properties enabling them to bind particles of solid matter.
In building construction, however the term refers to those materials which form a paste
when mixed with water.
This paste can temporarily be molded into any shape but hardens into a solid mass with
time.
In particular such materials are called Calcareous Cements.
Types of calcareous cements
Hydraulic cements
These set and harden in water, thus remain stable in it without disintegrating
Eg. Portland cement
Non‐hydraulic cements
These are either unable to set and harden in the presence of water or they are not
stable in water
Eg. Gypsum plasters
Lime
The main compound in lime is Ca O.
In its pure form Ca O normally associates with CO2 to form white Ca CO3 (lime stone).
However, it is naturally found mixed with impurities which give it different colors.
The production of lime involves burning of the raw stone and then slaking/hydrating it.
Depending on the temperature in which it is burnt lime gets its hydraulic or non‐hydraulic
properties.
According to the ways of production, lime could have different forms as described below:
Quick Lime‐ lime stone is burnt in a kiln to temperature of about 10000c which drives off the CO2
leaving Ca O which is called quick lime.
Quick lime has great affinity to water and it cannot be used for construction. But then a
second process –slaking‐ makes it ready for use in construction.
Slaked/Hydrated Lime‐ Slaking is a process in which the quick lime produced after burning of
lime stone is mixed with a certain proportion of water and left to mature for several days.
Slaking can have two forms.
Wet slaking: the quick lime is mixed with excess water and the product is carefully
stirred and sieved to get well hydrated lime. This is normally done on site.
Dry slaking: in which case hydrating is done in factories with scientifically controlled
proportioning of water and lime and stirring.
Slaked lime can be then used to make mortar for building brick and stone masonry and
for plastering walls of buildings.
Hydraulic Lime‐ This is produced by burning impure limestone which contains clay producing
compounds similar to those present in Portland cement. The advantage gained by doing so is more
strength in an expense of plasticity. Hydraulic lime is produced in the same way as quick lime except a
somewhat higher temperature is used in burning. This also needs to be slaked before use.
Since hydraulic lime hardens in water its slaking should be done carefully so that excess water is
not used which otherwise could lead to premature hardening. The exact proportion of water to
be used in slaking can only be determined by experience with the particular lime concerned.
Lime as Used in Building Construction
As already indicated lime is used to make mortar for building brick and stone masonry and for
plastering walls of buildings.
Pure lime usually cracks due to shrinkage when hardening, if attempted to be used as mortar or
plaster. To fill in these cracks it is usually mixed with sand. Mixing it with sand also helps in
making it less impervious to air enabling faster hardening. Besides it proved to be economical in
the usage of cementing material.
Since lime mortar doesn’t harden under water and without exposure to air, it should never be
used for in the construction of foundations and structures which are exposed to moisture.
Gypsum
Gypsum is mainly composed of sulphate of lime ‐ CaSO4.
It naturally occurs in a hydrous form with some proportion of water of crystallization or without.
Gypsum rock however is naturally found with other impurities.
Production and uses of Gypsum Plaster
Gypsum plaster is produced by heating the raw material Gypsum at different temperatures to
get plaster‐of‐paris or hard‐finish plaster.
Apart from the above, there are also other forms of gypsum plasters with different setting time
and working quality. They are produced by mixing gypsum with other materials such as sand,
wooden fibers, mineral aggregates and other additives which control the setting time and
working quality.
Plaster of Paris‐
results after burning the raw material in a relatively low temperature. It is white in color
and has a character to set very rapidly when mixed with water to form a paste. Due to
this character it is not very workable. And its use is limited to sculptural and ornamental
works and finishing. However additives can be added which retard the time of setting
and thus elongate the working duration.
During hardening plaster of paris has a character to shrink and then expand. This
character makes it valuable in making casts using molds. It enables sharp contours, and
hard surfaces with sufficient strength.
Hard finish plaster‐
results after burning gypsum at a higher temperature. It is considerably slow in setting
which makes it more workable.
Unlike Cement, the fact that it is soft after drying makes easy to be manipulated with metal
tools or even sand paper.
Thus gypsum plaster is highly used in sculpture and interior architecture.
Portland cement
Portland cement is obtained by mixing calcareous or other lime bearing material with silica,
alumina or iron oxide bearing material and burning them at a clinkering temperature and
grinding the resulting clinker.
Basically lime stone or Chalk mixed with clay or shale.
Production of Portland cement
The manufacturing of Portland cement involves the following processes
à Obtaining the raw materials
à Grinding it
à Mixing it in a certain proportion
à Burning the mixture which ends up giving the ground raw materials fused into balls,
called clinkers
à Cooling the hot clinker and grinding it again to get a fine powder gives Portland cement
Mixing of the materials could be done in dry or wet conditions. Wet mixing has been found
better in achieving a better blend between the calcareous and argillaceous (clay bearing)
materials.
Mortar
Mixture of sand or similar inert particles with cementing materials and water.
The cementing materials can be lime or portland cement, the sand should be less than 5mm in
size, and clean water should be used.
They have the capacity to harden into a rock like mass.
It is used in building construction mainly as a jointing medium in masonry works and as wall
plasters
The proportions of the constituents in mortar vary according to what purpose it is required.
In masonry works the mortar used should be as strong as the masonry units to attain a durable
wall.
In common plastering works, to get an even surface a wall is given two or three layers of mortar,
with the final layer made smoother.
Compo‐mortar
The mix contains, lime, cement and sand in proportions depending on the requirements of the
work.
Lime is more workable.
portland cement results a rapid that development of strength as well as stronger mortar
Lime and portland cement are manipulated in compo‐mortar to get a combined advantage of
both – good workability with early strength.
Low cost binders
refer to those materials other than Portland cement which have cementitious properties and
can contextually be produced more cheaply.
Characterized by:
à The use of simple processing technology (compared with Portland cement)
à They have the potential to lower energy consumption.
à The production uses widely available raw materials.
Some types of low‐cost binding materials
à Lime, lime ‐ pozzolana mixtures, blended cements, gypsum plasters
Lime‐pozzolanas and blended cements
Pozzolanas are siliceous materials which on their own have little or no binding property, but
when mixed with lime in the presence of water, will set and harden like cement.
The most commonly used pozzolanas
à Volcanic ash, fly ash, rice‐husk ash, calcined clay
Pozzolanas are used in two ways
à Lime‐pozzolana mixtures
à Blended cements‐
portland pozzolana cement or masonry cements
Lime‐pozzolana mixtures
à substitute cement in building works in making mortars, plasters, block making and low‐
strength concretes.
Portland pozzolana cements
à have range of properties according to the type of pozzolana and the proportions used.
à At best they can attain the physical properties of Portland cement in every respect.
Masonry cements
à are manufactured by blending or intergrinding Portland cement powder or clinker with
inert materials such as limestone. Their primary use is in mortars and renders for
masonry work.
à Masonry cements generally have a lower strength and rate of strength development
than Portland pozzolana cements.