DCCN Numerical:

1. The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in kilohertz?

Formula:

2. A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0. What is its phase in degrees and
radians?
Theory:

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 3. If red light has frequency of 4*10^14 Hz, find the wavelength.
Formula:

i.e.

Solution:
We know the propagation speed of light is 3*10^8 m/s.
So,

Compiled By: Krishna Bhandari www.genuinenotes.com

 Note: Wavelength is generally measured in micrometers (microns) instead of meters.

4. If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves with frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700,
and 900 Hz, what is its bandwidth? Draw the spectrum, assuming all components have a
maximum amplitude of 10 V.

The spectrum is as follows:

5. A periodic signal has a bandwidth of 20 Hz. The highest frequency is 60 Hz. What is the lowest
frequency? Draw the spectrum if the signal contains all frequencies of the same amplitude.

The spectrum is as follows:

Since amplitude is not given, no need to draw the amplitude axis.

6. A non-periodic composite signal has a bandwidth of 200 KHz with a middle frequency of 140
KHz and peak amplitude of 20 V. The two extreme frequencies have an amplitude of 0. Draw
the frequency domain of the signal.

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 7. A digital signal has eight levels. How many bits are needed per level?
Solution:

So, each signal level is represented by 3 bits.

8. A digital signal has nine levels. How many bits are needed per level?
Solution:
Number of bits per level =log29=3.17 bits.
However, the number of bits sent per level needs to be integer. So, each signal level is
represented by 4 bits.

9. Suppose a signal travels through a transmission medium and its power is reduced to half.
Calculate the loss of power.
Formula:

The attenuation can be calculated as:

So, a loss of 3 dB is equivalent to losing one-half power.

10. A signal travels through an amplifier and its power is increased 10 times. Calculate the gain of
power.
Solution:
The amplification can be calculated as:

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 So, 10 dB is gained when the signal travels through an amplifier.

11. The loss in a cable is usually defined in decibels per kilometer (dB/km). If the signal at the
beginning of a cable with -0.3 dB/km has a power of 2 mW, what is the power of the signal at 5
km?

12. The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of the noise is 1 µW; what are the values of SNR
and SNRdB?
Formula:

13. Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000 Hz transmitting a signal with two signal
levels. What will be the maximum bit rate?
Formula: Nyquist Bit Rate

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 Solution:

14. We need to send 265 kbps over a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 20 KHz. How many
signal levels do we need?

15. If the SNRdB is 36 and the channel bandwidth is 2 MHz, calculate the channel capacity.
Formula: Noisy Channel-Shannon Capacity

16. We have a channel with a 1 MHz bandwidth. The SNR for this channel is 63. What are the
appropriate bit rate and signal level?

17. What is the propagation time if the distance between the two points is 12,000 km? Assume the
propagation speed to be 2.4*10^8 m/s in cable.

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 Formula:

18. What is the transmission time for a 2.5 KB message if the bandwidth of the network is 1 Gbps?
Formula:

Solution:

19. A signal is carrying data in which one data element is encoded as one signal element (r=1). If
the bit rate is 100 kbps, what is the average value of the baud rate if c is between 0 and 1?

Note: Difference between bit rate and baud rate:

Bit rate is referred to as data rate and baud rate is referred to as signal rate.
So, Data rate defines the no. of bits sent in 1s.
Signal rate defines the no. of signals sent in 1s. The unit is baud.
The relationship between data rate and signal rate is:

20. If you need to transmit a bit stream 10011001 11100010 00100100 10000100 between a pair of
nodes, how would you ensure the transmission as error free using checksum?
Solution:

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 If the complement of the sum is not set of all 0s (or the sum is not set of all 1s) at the receiver
side, then there exists error in the transmission. In case of error, the data is discarded and the
source is informed for retransmission.

21. If the message sequence is 1010000 and the generator polynomial is G(x)=x 3+1, calculate the
transmitted frame. Also, check if the data is accepted at the receiver side.
Solution:
The divisor will be:

Now, since the divisor is 4 bits, append 3 bits (set of zeros) to the message sequence at the end
i.e., if the divisor is n bits, append n-1 bits to the message.

Perform binary division. Divide the appended message sequence by divisor.

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 Here, the binary division refers to the process of performing X-OR operation between the message
sequence and divisor bits starting from the leftmost position.
The truth table for XOR operation is:

Neglect the leading zeros and start the XOR operation in the further iterations from the position
where the binary bit is 1.
Continue until the all the bits in the message sequence are processed.

In the above example, after processing all the bits in the message sequence, the remainder
becomes 0011. Since we need only 3 bits as appended in the message sequence at the beginning,
we take the remainder as 011 only.
This remainder is referred to as CRC bits. CRC bits are appended (or added) to the message
sequence.

The final result after appending will be the frame to be transmitted.

Frame to be transmitted is: 1010000 011

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 At the receiver side, to check if the message is accepted or not (i.e., if any error is occurred
during transmission), same process is followed until the remainder becomes zero.
If the remainder becomes zero after processing all bits, the result is accepted since there is no
error in the transmission.
Else, if the remainder does not become zero, there occurs error in the transmission.

Since the remainder becomes zero in the above example, the message sequence is accepted at
the receiver.

22. What is the first and last address of 192.168.1.0/24?

Solution:
/24 -> 28 hosts = 256 hosts
Complete address range = 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255
So, the first address is 192.168.1.0
The last address is 192.168.1.255

Note: If usable address asked, then first usable address is 192.168.1.1 and last usable address is
192.168.1.254

23. What is the aggregated address of following IP addresses?

192.168.1.0/26
192.168.1.64/26
192.168.1.128/26

Compiled By: Krishna Bhandari www.genuinenotes.com

 192.168.1.192/26
Solution:
The complete range IP addresses of above networks:
192.168.1.0/26=> 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.63 (64 hosts)
192.168.1.64/26=> 192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.127 (64 hosts)
192.168.1.128/26=> 192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.191 (64 hosts)
192.168.1.192/26=> 192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.255 (64 hosts)
As we can see, the total IP address range of all four networks is:
192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255 (total 256 hosts)

So, this can be written as: 192.168.1.0/24 where aggregated IP address is 192.168.1.0 and the
aggregated subnet mask after aggregation is /24 (255.255.255.0).

24. What is the aggregated address of these entries?

IP SUBNET NEXT HOP
> 129.10.112.0 255.255.255.0 R1
> 129.10.80.0 255.255.255.0 R1
> 129.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 R2
> 129.10.63.0 255.255.255.0 R4
> 129.10.63.0 255.255.255.0 R4
> 129.10.64.0 255.255.192.0 R3
> 129.10.65.0 255.255.255.0 R4
> 129.10.66.0 255.255.255.0 R4

Solution:

First, separate the entries by next hop. You have to summarize them separately:

IP SUBNET NEXT HOP

129.10.112.0 255.255.255.0 R1
129.10.80.0 255.255.255.0 R1

129.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 R2

129.10.64.0 255.255.192.0 R3

129.10.63.0 255.255.255.0 R4
129.10.63.0 255.255.255.0 R4

129.10.65.0 255.255.255.0 R4
129.10.66.0 255.255.255.0 R4
Then for each next hop, convert all the network addresses to binary. Here is just the first one:

10000001.00001010.01110000.00000000 = 129.10.112.0
10000001.00001010.01010000.00000000 = 129.10.80.0
Now find all the identical digits, starting from the left. In this case, the digits are all the same
up to the 18th position. So, your new mask is /18. Now, using either address and the /18 mask,
find the network address by ANDing the address and the mask:

Compiled By: Krishna Bhandari www.genuinenotes.com

 10000001.00001010.01110000.00000000 = 129.10.112.0
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 = /18 (255.255.192.0)
-------------------------------------
10000001.00001010.01000000.00000000 = 129.10.64.0 /18

So, the summarization of the routes is 129.10.64.0/18.

25. The administrator has four different departments with different number of hosts. Sales
department has 100 computers, Purchase department has 50 computers, Accounts has 25
computers and Management has 5 computers. How should the administrator perform the
subnetting? Provided Network: 192.168.1.0/24

Solution:

The given network address is: 192.168.1.0/24

Given requirement in descending order is:

Sales 100

Purchase 50

Accounts 25

Management 5

The complete range of the address in the above provided network is:

192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255

Divide the given network consisting 256 hosts into 2 networks with 128 hosts each:

192.168.1.0-192.168.1.127 (192.168.1.0/25)

192.168.1.128-192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.128/25)

The largest network requirement is of 100 hosts for Sales department. For this, we need to
assign subnetwork with 128 hosts.

Let us assign the first divided subnetwork 192.168.1.0/25 to Sales Department.

We now have remaining subnetwork 192.168.1.128/25.

Dividing this subnetwork, two subnetworks with 64 hosts each are formed.

192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.191 (192.168.1.128/26)

192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.192/26)

Our second network requirement is of 50 hosts for Purchase department. We need to assign
subnetwork consisting of 64 hosts.

Compiled By: Krishna Bhandari www.genuinenotes.com

 Assigning 192.168.1.128/26 to Purchase department.

The remaining subnetwork available is 192.168.192/26.

Dividing this subnetwork, two subnetworks with 32 hosts each are formed.

192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.223 (192.168.1.192/27)

192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.224/27)

The third largest requirement is of 25 hosts for Account department.

Assigning 192.168.1.192/27 to Account Department.

Remaining subnetwork is 192.168.1.224/27

Dividing this subnetwork, two subnetworks with 16 hosts each are formed.

192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239 (192.168.1.224/28)

192.168.1.240 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.240/28)

Our fourth network requirement is of 5 hosts for Management department. We need to assign
subnetwork consisting of 8 hosts, which is sufficient.

So, again dividing the subnetwork 192.168.1.240/28, two subnetworks with 8 hosts each are
formed.

192.168.1.240 to 192.168.1.247 (192.168.1.240/29)

192.168.1.248 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.248/29)

Our fourth network requirement is of 5 hosts for Management department. We need to assign
subnetwork consisting of 8 hosts.

We can Assign either of the subnetwork to Management department.

Summarizing the subnetting results,

Network Network ID Subnet mask No. of usable Usable Host ID Broadcast

Name hosts Range address

Sales 192.168.1.0 /25 126 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.127

192.168.1.126
Purchase 192.168.1.128 /26 62 192.168.129 to 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.190
Account 192.168.1.192 /27 30 192.168.1.193 192.168.1.223
to
192.168.1.222
Management 192.168.1.240 /29 6 192.168.1.241 192.168.1.247
to
192.168.1.246

Compiled By: Krishna Bhandari www.genuinenotes.com

 Unused 192.168.1.224/28 (192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239)

Unused 192.168.1.247/29 (192.168.1.247 to 192.168.1.255)

26. If you are given a network 210.25.23.0 with the subnet mask 255.255.255.0, assign the
networks to four different departments with 50 hosts each.

Ans: The complete range of the address in the above provided network is:

210.25.23.0 to 210.25.23.255

Total no of hosts available: 256 hosts

Each subnetwork requires 50 usable hosts. So, we need to assign n/w with 64 hosts each to the
four departments.

Since we are using FLSM, the divided networks will be of same size. The given network consists
of 256 hosts which needs to be divided into four subnetworks with 64 hosts each.

The process is as follows:

First of all, divide the given network range into four equal parts.

210.25.23.0 to 210.25.23.63 (210.25.23.0/26)

210.25.23.64 to 210.25.23.127 (210.25.23.64/26)

210.25.23.128 to 210.25.23.191 (210.25.23.128/26)

210.25.23.192 to 210.25.23.255 (210.25.23.192/26)

Now, as per the requirement, there are four networks required and we can assign the above
networks to each of the four departments.

Network Network ID Subnet mask No. of usable Usable Host ID Broadcast

Name hosts Range address

Dept 1 210.25.23.0 /26 62 210.25.23.1 to 210.25.23.63

210.25.23.62
Dept 2 210.25.23.64 /26 62 210.25.23.65 210.25.23.127
to
210.25.23.126
Dept 3 210.25.23.128 /26 62 210.25.23.129 210.25.23.191
to
210.25.23.190
Dept 4 210.25.23.192 /26 62 210.25.23.193 210.25.23.255
to

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 210.25.23.254

27. Suppose you are network administrator with provided network 172.16.0.0/24. You need to
manage the entire n/w by dividing into subnetworks so that each of the Development, Sales,
Reception, HR and Production. How would you do so?

Ans: Provided network: 172.16.0.0/24. Here, /24 indicates 256 hosts are contained in the given
network.

There are five departments to address the networks with. So, we divide the given network into 8
networks. 256/8 = 32

Each of the 8 subnetworks will contain 32 hosts each. The divided networks will be:

172.16.0.0 to 172.16.0.31 (172.16.0.0/27)

172.16.0.32 to 172.16.0.63 (172.16.0.32/27)

172.16.0.64 to 172.16.0.95 (172.16.0.64/27)

172.16.0.96 to 172.168.0.127 (172.16.0.96/27)

172.16.0.128 to 172.16.0.159 (172.16.0.128/27)

172.16.0.160 to 172.16.0.191 (172.16.0.160/27)

172.16.0.192 to 172.16.0.223 (172.16.0.192/27)

172.16.0.224 to 172.16.0.255) (172.16.0.224/27)

Now, we can assign 5 of the above 8 subnetworks to the departments of our requirement.

The result will be as follows:

Network Network ID Subnet No. of Usable Host ID Range Broadcast address

Name mask usable
hosts

Development 172.16.0.0 /27 30 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.30 172.16.0.31

Sales 172.16.0.32 /27 30 172.16.0.33 to 172.16.0.62 172.16.0.63

Reception 172.16.0.64 /27 30 172.16.0.65 to 172.16.0.94 172.16.0.95

HR 172.16.0.96 /27 30 172.16.0.97 to 172.168.0.126 172.168.0.127

Production 172.16.0.128 /27 30 172.16.0.129 to 172.16.0.158 172.16.0.159

Unused 172.16.0.160 to 172.16.0.191 (172.16.0.160/27)

Compiled By: Krishna Bhandari www.genuinenotes.com

Unused 172.16.0.192 to 172.16.0.223 (172.16.0.192/27)

Unused 172.16.0.224 to 172.16.0.255) (172.16.0.224/27)

28. If you are assigned an IP address 92.16.1.0/24 and plans to deploy CIDR. Here are some
requirements which you have to fulfill for Subnet A= 120 hosts, Subnet B=60 hosts, Subnet C=30
hosts, Subnet D= 10 hosts, Subnet E= 5. You are also required to calculate subnet mask, range,
netid, broadcast id for each subnet.

Ans: The given network address is: 92.16.1.0/24

Given requirement in descending order is:

Subnet A: 120

Subnet B: 60

Subnet C: 30

Subnet D: 10

Subnet E: 5

The complete range of the address in the above provided network is:

92.16.1.0 to 92.16.1.255

The largest network requirement is of 120 hosts for Subnet A. For this, we need to assign
subnetwork with 128 hosts.

Divide the given network consisting 256 hosts into 2 networks with 128 hosts each:

92.16.1.0-92.16.1.127 (92.16.1.0/25)

92.16.1.128-92.16.1.255 (92.16.1.128/25)

Let us assign the first divided subnetwork 92.16.1.0/25 to Subnet A.

We now have remaining subnetwork 92.16.1.128/25.

Our second network requirement is of 60 hosts for Subnet B. We need to assign subnetwork
consisting of 64 hosts.

Dividing this subnetwork, two subnetworks with 64 hosts each are formed.

92.16.1.128 to 92.16.1.191 (92.16.1.128/26)

92.16.1.192 to 92.16.1.255 (92.16.1.192/26)

Assigning 92.16.1.128/26 to Subnet B.

The remaining subnetwork available is 92.16.1.192/26.

The third largest requirement is of 30 hosts for Subnet C.

Compiled By: Krishna Bhandari www.genuinenotes.com

 Dividing this subnetwork, two subnetworks with 32 hosts each are formed.

92.16.1.192 to 92.16.1.223 (92.16.1.192/27)

92.16.1.224 to 92.16.1.255 (92.16.1.224/27)

Assigning 92.16.1.192/27 to Subnet C.

Remaining subnetwork is 92.16.1.224/27

Our fourth network requirement is of 10 hosts for Subnet D. We need to assign subnetwork
consisting of 16 hosts.

Dividing this subnetwork, two subnetworks with 16 hosts each are formed.

92.16.1.224 to 92.16.1.239 (92.16.1.224/28)

92.16.1.240 to 92.16.1.255 (92.16.1.240/28)

Assigning 92.16.1.224/28 to Subnet D.

Remaining subnetwork is 92.16.1.240/28

Our fifth network requirement is of 5 hosts for Subnet E. We need to assign subnetwork
consisting of 8 hosts.

So, again dividing the subnetwork 92.16.1.240/28, two subnetworks with 8 hosts each are
formed.

92.16.1.240 to 92.16.1.247 (92.16.1.240/29)

92.16.1.248 to 92.16.1.255 (92.16.1.248/29)

We can Assign either of the subnetwork to Subnet E. Let us assign 92.16.1.240/29 to Subnet E.

Summarizing the subnetting results,

Network Network ID Subnet mask No. of usable Usable Host ID Broadcast

Name hosts Range address

Subnet A 92.16.1.0 /25 126 92.16.1.1 to 92.16.1.127

92.16.1.126
Subnet B 92.16.1.128 /26 62 92.16.129 to 92.16.1.191
92.16.1.190
Subnet C 92.16.1.192 /27 30 92.16.1.193 to 92.16.1.223
92.16.1.222
Subnet D 92.16.1.224 /28 14 92.16.1.225 to 92.16.1.239
92.16.1.238
Subnet E 92.16.1.240 /29 6 92.16.1.241 to 92.16.1.247
92.16.1.246
Unused 92.16.1.248/29 (92.16.1.248 to 92.16.1.255)

Compiled By: Krishna Bhandari www.genuinenotes.com

Note:

1. Network: 192.168.0.0/24, 2^8, 256 hosts

Total Range: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.255

2. Network: 192.168.1.0/25, 2^7, 128 hosts

Total Range: 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.127

3. Network: 192.168.3.0/26, 2^6, 64 hosts

Total Range: 192.168.3.0 to 192.168.3.63

4. Network: 192.168.0.0/23, 2^9, 512 hosts

Total Range: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.255, 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255

5. Network: 192.168.1.0/23, 2^9, 512 hosts

Total Range: 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255, 192.168.2.0 to 192.168.2.255

6. Network: 172.16.10.0/23, 2^9, 512 hosts

Total Range: 172.16.10.0 to 172.16.10.255, 172.16.11.0 to 172.168.11.255

7. Network: 172.16.10.0/22, 2^10, 1024 hosts

Total Range: 172.16.10.0 to 172.16.10.255
172.16.11.0 to 172.16.11.255
172.16.12.0 to 172.16.12.255
172.16.13.0 to 172.16.13.255

8. Network: 172.16.10.0/21, 2^11, 2048 hosts

Total Range: 172.16.10.0 to 172.16.10.255
172.16.11.0 to 172.16.11.255
172.16.12.0 to 172.16.12.255
172.16.13.0 to 172.16.13.255
172.16.14.0 to 172.16.14.255
172.16.15.0 to 172.16.15.255
172.16.16.0 to 172.16.16.255
172.16.17.0 to 172.16.17.255

29. Given Network: 192.168.0.0/23

Requirement:

A: 128 hosts, B: 64 hosts, C: 31 hosts, D: 15 hosts

Compiled By: Krishna Bhandari www.genuinenotes.com

 Solution: Total Range= 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.255 (192.168.0.0/24)

192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.0/24)

A-> 128 hosts, need to assign n/w of 256 hosts

Let us assign: 192.168.0.0/24

B-> 64 hosts, need to assign n/w of 128 hosts

Divide 192.168.1.0/24,

192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.127 (192.168.1.0/25)

192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.128/25)

Assign 192.168.1.0/25 to B.

Remaining: 192.168.1.128/25

C->31 hosts, need to assign n/w of 64 hosts

Divide 192.168.1.128/25,

192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.191 (192.168.1.128/26)

192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.192/26)

Assign 192.168.1.128/26 to C.

Remaining: 192.168.1.192/26

D-> 15 hosts, need to assign n/w of 32 hosts

Divide 192.168.1.192/26,

192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.223 (192.168.1.192/27)

192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.224/27)

Assign 192.168.1.192/27 to D

Unused: 192.168.1.224/27

Need to tabulate like in previous examples.

Compiled By: Krishna Bhandari www.genuinenotes.com