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7125 Exp (Hall Effect)

1. The experiment aims to calculate the Hall coefficient of a sample using the Hall Effect phenomenon. 2. When a current-carrying conductor is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field, a potential difference called the Hall voltage is generated perpendicular to both. 3. By varying the current and measuring the corresponding Hall voltage, the Hall coefficient of the material was calculated to be 19.403 Ω-mm/G.

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28 views

7125 Exp (Hall Effect)

1. The experiment aims to calculate the Hall coefficient of a sample using the Hall Effect phenomenon. 2. When a current-carrying conductor is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field, a potential difference called the Hall voltage is generated perpendicular to both. 3. By varying the current and measuring the corresponding Hall voltage, the Hall coefficient of the material was calculated to be 19.403 Ω-mm/G.

Uploaded by

vecalir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HALL EFFECT

AIM: To calculate the Hall coefficient of the sample.

CO 4: Understand theory of semiconductors and their applications in some


semiconductor devices.

Objectives: To understand the Hall Effect and use it to calculate Hall


coefficient of the sample.

APPARATUS: Two solenoids, Constant current supply, four probe, Digital


gauss meter, Hall Effect apparatus (which consist of Constant Current
Generator (CCG), digital milli voltmeter and Hall probe).

THEORY: If a current carrying conductor is placed in a perpendicular


magnetic field, a potential difference will be generated in the conductor which
is perpendicular to both magnetic field and current. This phenomenon is
called Hall Effect.

If the magnetic field is applied along negative z-axis, the Lorentz force moves
the charge carriers (say electrons) toward the y-direction. This results in
accumulation of charge carriers at the top edge of the sample. This sets up a
transverse electric field Ey in the sample. This develops a potential difference
along y-axis which is known as Hall voltage VH and this effect is called Hall
Effect. (Refer to the figure given below)

Hall Effect increases with the increase in external current or externally


applied magnetic field. It is inversely proportional to area of cross section.

Hall coefficient RH is an indicator of charge density and is given as


RH = 1/ne

 Diagram:

Fig.1 Schematic representation of Hall Effect in a conductor


CCG – Constant Current Generator, JX– current density
ē – electron, B – applied magnetic field
t – thickness, w – width
VH – Hall voltage

Formula:
V H ∗t
RH=
I∗B

Procedure:

 Connect ‘Constant current source’ to the solenoids


 Probe is connected to the Gauss meter and placed at the middle of the
two solenoids
 Switch ON the Gauss meter and Constant current source

 Vary the current through the solenoid from 1A to 5A with the interval of
1A, and note the corresponding Gauss meter readings
 Switch OFF the Gauss meter and constant current source and turn the
knob of constant current source towards minimum current
 Fix the Hall probe on a wooden stand. Connect green wires to Constant
Current Generator and connect red wires to milli voltmeter in the Hall
Effect apparatus
 Replace the probe with Hall probe and place the sample material at the
middle of the two solenoids.
 Switch ON the constant current source and CCG.
 Carefully increase the current I from CCG and measure the
corresponding Hall voltage VH. Repeat this step for different two
thicknesses
 Thickness t of the sample is measured using screw gauge.
 Hence calculate the Hall coefficient RH using the given formula.

Observation table:

Magnetic field for 2A current= 0.2964 Gauss

Hall Hall
Sr. Thickness (t) RH
current Voltage
No mm Ω-mm/G
mA mV
1 1 19.170 19.403
2 2 38.341 19.403
3 0.3 3 57.511 19.403
4 4 76.682 19.403
5 5 95.852 19.403
6 1 9.585 19.403
7 2 19.170 19.403
8 0.6 3 28.756 19.403
9 4 38.341 19.403
10 5 47.926 19.403

Results:

Hall coefficient of the material, RH= 19.403 Ω-mm/G


Precautions and sources of error:

1. The magnet power supply can furnish large currents at dangerous voltage
levels, do not touch exposed magnet coil contacts.
2. Current passing through the germanium slab should be within permissible
limit.
3. Distance between the solenoids should not be changed during the whole
experiment.

Conclusions: Hall coefficient of the given material is verified.

Questions and Discussion:


1. What is Hall Effect?
If a current carrying conductor placed in a perpendicular magnetic field,
a potential difference will generate in the conductor which is
perpendicular to both magnetic field and current. This phenomenon is
called Hall Effect.

2. What is Hall Voltage?


When magnetic field is applied perpendicular to direction of current in a
conductor, a potential difference develops along an axis perpendicular
to both current and magnetic field, this potential difference developed is
known as Hall Voltage.

3. What are the applications of Hall Effect?


Hall Effect can be used to determine
i) Whether the semiconductor is n-type or p-type
ii) Density of charge carriers
iii) Mobility of charge carriers
iv) To characterize the materials especially semiconductors. It
directly determines both the sign and density of charge carriers in a
given sample
v) Hall Effect sensors are used as counters, magnetometers, etc.
4. What is the challenge in using Hall effect in various applications?
The Hall voltage is very small in magnitude. Hence an amplifier is
needed before it can be used.

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