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20ME403 - ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND
METALLURGY
UNIT –IV- NON METALLIC MATERIALS

Department: Mechanical Engineering

Batch/Year: 2021-22
Created by: Dr. A. Kadirvel, Mr.S.Rajesh &
Mr.C.Hemadri

Date: 26.02.2022
 1. CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENTS

1 Course Objectives

2 Pre Requisites

3 Syllabus

4 Course outcomes

5 CO- PO/PSO Mapping

6 Lecture Plan

7 Activity based learning

8 Lecture Notes

9 Assignments

10 Part A Q & A

11 Part B Qs

12 Supportive online Certification courses

13 Real time Applications in day to day life and to Industry

14 Assessment Schedule

15 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books

16 Mini Project suggestions

 2. COURSE OBJECTIVES

Students completing this course are expected to:

Explain the principles of constitution of alloys, phase diagrams, and

Iron carbide Equilibrium Diagram.

Classify various types of Heat treatment process and its applications.

Discuss the properties and applications of Ferrous and Nonferrous

metals.

Summarize the properties of Non-metallic materials and applications.

Select the suitable materials for various Engineering applications.

 3. Pre Requisites (Course Names with Code)

20ME403 - ENGINEERING
MATERIALS AND
METALLURGY (IV SEM)

20CH202 - CHEMISTRY 20PH202 - PHYSICS FOR

FOR MECHANICAL MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING (II SEM) ENGINEERING (II SEM)

20ME206 -
FUNDAMENTALS OF
MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES (II SEM)
 4. SYLLABUS
ME8491 ENGINEERING METALLURGY LTPC
3003
OBJECTIVE:
• Students completing this course are expected to:
● Explain the principles of constitution of alloys, phase diagrams, and Iron carbide Equilibrium Diagram.
● Classify various types of Heat treatment process and its applications.
● Discuss the properties and applications of Ferrous and Nonferrous metals.
● Summarize the properties of Non-metallic materials and applications.
● Select the suitable materials for various Engineering applications.
UNIT I : CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND PHASE DIAGRAMS 9
Constitution of alloys – Solid solutions, substitutional and interstitial – Gibbs phase rule– binary phase
diagrams - lever rule - Isomorphous, eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic, and peritectoid reactions, Iron – carbon
equilibrium diagram. Classification of steel and cast Iron microstructure, properties and application.
UNIT II : HEAT TREATMENT 9
Annealing – Full annealing, stress relief, recrystallization and spheroidising – normalizing, hardening and
Tempering of steel. Isothermal transformation diagrams for eutectoid steel – cooling curves superimposed on I.T.
diagram, CCT diagram – Hardenability, Jominy end quench test - Austempering, martempering – case hardening-
carburizing, Nitriding, cyaniding, carbonitriding – Flame and Induction hardening –strain hardening - Vacuum and
Plasma hardening.
UNIT III FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS 9
Effect of alloying additions on steel- Properties and applications of Carbon steel, Alloy steel - stainless
and tool steels – HSLA, Maraging steels – Copper and copper alloys – Brass, Bronze and Cupronickel – Aluminium
and Al-Cu – precipitation strengthening treatment – Bearing alloys, Super Alloys, Titanium and Titanium alloys,
Alpha, Beta, Alpha – Beta Ti alloys, Ni and Nickel alloys, Monel and Mg-alloys.
UNIT IV NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 9
Polymers – types of polymer, commodity and engineering polymers – Properties and applications of various
thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers (PP, PS, PVC, PMMA, PET,PC, PA, ABS, PI, PAI, PPO, PPS, PEEK, PTFE,
Polymers – Urea and Phenol formaldehydes)- Engineering Ceramics – Properties and applications of Al2O3, SiC,
Si3N4, PSZ and SIALON – Composites - Classifications - MMC - FRP – CMC – hybrid composites Applications of
Composites.
UNIT V MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION 9
Types of fracture – Testing of materials under tension, compression and shear loads – Hardness tests (Brinell, Vickers
and Rockwell), Impact test lzod and charpy, fatigue and creep failure mechanisms. Introduction to NDT
techniques such as X-ray radiography, Dye penetration test, Magnetic particle test and Ultrasonic test.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Avner, S.H., “Introduction to Physical Metallurgy”, McGraw Hill Book Company, 2017.
2. Williams D Callister, “Material Science and Engineering” Wiley India Pvt Ltd, Revised Indian 10th Edition, 2017
REFERENCES:
1. Kenneth G. Budinski and Michael K. Budinski, “Engineering Materials”, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, 2012.
2. Van Vlack L.H., ‘Elements of Materials Science and Engineering’, 6th Edition, AddisonWesley, 2011
3. Raghavan.V, “Materials Science and Engineering”, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 2017.
4. U.C.Jindal : Material Science and Metallurgy, "Engineering Materials and Metallurgy", First Edition, Dorling
Kindersley, 2012
5. Upadhyay. G.S. and Anish Upadhyay, “Materials Science and Engineering”, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2006.
6. Dieter George E., “Mechanical Metallurgy”, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2014
7. J. Prasad and C. G. K. Nair, Non-Destructive Test and Evaluation of Materials, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2nd
edition (2011).
 5. Course Outcomes

Upon the completion of this course the students will be able to

HIGHEST
CO No. CO Course Outcomes COGINITIVE
LEVEL
Explain various binary alloy systems with K2
C405.1 respective invariant reaction.
CO1
CO2 Classify various heat treatment process and its K2
C405.2
significance
CO3 Discuss various Ferrous and non-ferrous metals K2
C405.3
with its application
Summarize the various non-metallic materials with K2
C405.4
CO4 its applications
Compute the material properties by various K2
C405.5 material testing techniques
CO5
CO6 Apply the knowledge of material science on K3
C405.6
material selection for specific requirements

Knowledge level:
K1 – Remembering; K2 - Understanding; K3 – Applying; K4 –Analyzing;
K5 – Evaluating; K6 - Creating
 6. CO- PO/PSO Mapping

POs PO PO PO PO PO
COs PO1 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9
2 3 10 11 12

C405.1 CO1 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
C405.2 CO2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
C405.3 CO3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
C405.4 CO4 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
C405.5 CO5 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
C405.6 CO6 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
C405

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High)

PSOs
COs PSO 1 PSO 2 PSO 3

C405.1 CO1 2

C405.2 CO2 2

C405.3 CO3 2

C405.4 CO4 2

C405.5 CO5 2

C405.6 CO6 2

C405 - - 2
 6. CO- PO/PSO Mapping

POs PO PO PO PO PO
COs PO1 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9
2 3 10 11 12

C405.1 CO1 2 2
C405.2 CO2 3 2 1 2
C405.3 CO3 2 1 2
C405.4 CO4 2 1 2
C405.5 CO5 2 2 2
C405.6 CO6 3 2 2 2 2 2
C405 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High)

PSOs
COs PSO 1 PSO 2 PSO 3

C405.1 CO1

C405.2 CO2

C405.3 CO3

C405.4 CO4

C405.5 CO5

C405.6 CO6 2

C405 - - 2
 UNIT IV NON METALLIC MATERIALS

S. Propo Topic Actual Pertaini Highest Mode

No sed Lectur ng CO’s Cognitiv of
Letur e Date e Level Delive
e ry
Date
1. CO4 K2 Online
Introduction to Polymers

2 Polymers – types of polymer, CO4 Online

commodity and engineering K2
polymers
3 Properties and applications of CO4 K2 Online
various thermosetting and
thermoplastic polymers -PP, PS,
PVC, PMMA, PET,PC, PA
4 Properties and applications of CO4 K2 Online
ABS, PI, PAI, PPO, PPS, PEEK,
PTFE, Polymers – Urea and
Phenol formaldehydes
5 Introduction to Engineering CO4 K2 Online
Ceramics
6 Properties and applications of CO4 K2 Online
Al2O3, SiC, Si3N4, PSZ and
SIALON
7 CO4 Online
Introduction to Composites K2
classifications

8 Metal matrix and FRP CO4 K2 Online

composites
9 Applications of composites CO4 K2 Online
 7. LECTURE PLAN

UNIT IV NON-METALLIC MATERIALS

Polymers – types of polymer, commodity and engineering polymers – Properties and
applications of various thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers (PP, PS, PVC, PMMA,
PET,PC, PA, ABS, PI, PAI, PPO, PPS, PEEK, PTFE, Polymers – Urea and Phenol
formaldehydes)- Engineering Ceramics – Properties and applications of Al2O3, SiC,
Si3N4, PSZ and SIALON – Composites - Classifications - MMC - FRP – CMC – hybrid
composites Applications of Composites.

S. No. of K Mode of
Topics CO
No. Periods Level Delivery

K2 CO4
Introduction to Polymers, types of Board &
1 1
polymer Chalk, PPT
Commodity and engineering CO4 Board &
2 polymersProperties and applications 1 K2
Chalk, PPT
of various thermosetting
K2 CO4
thermoplastic polymers -PP, PS, PVC, Board &
3 1
PMMA, PET,PC, PA Chalk, PPT
K2 CO4
Properties and applications of ABS, Board &
4 1
PI, PAI, PPO, PPS, PEEK, PTFE Chalk, PPT
Polymenr- Urea and Phenol K2 CO4 Board &
5 formaldehydes, Introduction to 1
Chalk, PPT
Engineering Ceramics
K2 CO4
Properties and applications of Al2O3, Board &
6 1
SiC, Si3N4, PSZ and SIALON Chalk, PPT

CO4
K2 Board &
7 Composites classifications- MMC 1
Chalk, PPT

K2 CO4 Board &

8 FRP – CMC 1
Chalk, PPT

hybrid composites Applications of K2 CO4 Board &

9 Composites. 1
Chalk, PPT

Proposed Number of periods : 09

Actual Number of periods :

Proposed date of completion :

Actual date of completion :

 Activity Based Learning

Cross word: Polymers

 Activity Based Learning
Cross word with Answers:
 UNIT – IV NON METALLIC MATERIALS

Polymers – types of polymer, commodity and engineering

polymers – Properties and applications of various thermosetting
and thermoplastic polymers (PP, PS, PVC, PMMA, PET,PC, PA,
ABS, PI, PAI, PPO, PPS, PEEK, PTFE, Polymers – Urea and
Phenol formaldehydes)- Engineering Ceramics – Properties and
applications of Al2O3, SiC, Si3N4, PSZ and SIALON –
Composites - Classifications - MMC - FRP – CMC – hybrid
composites Applications of Composites.
 NON METALLIC MATERIALS
Polymer: A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating
structural units.

These subunits are typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. Although the
term polymer is sometimes taken to refer to plastics, it actually encompasses a large
class of natural and synthetic materials with a wide variety of properties.

Because of the extraordinary range of properties of polymeric materials, they play

an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life. This role ranges from familiar
synthetic plastics and elastomers to natural biopolymers such as nucleic acids and
proteins that are essential for life.

Natural polymeric materials such as shellac, amber, and natural rubber have been
used for centuries. A variety of other natural polymers exist, such as cellulose, which
is the main constituent of wood and paper. The list of synthetic polymers includes
synthetic rubber, Bakelite, neoprene, nylon, PVC, polystyrene, polyethylene,
polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, PVB, silicone, and many more.

The General characteristics of polymers are

➢ Light weight

➢ Low density, strength and stiffness

➢ Low thermal and electrical conductivity

➢ Good resistance to corrosion

➢ High coefficient of thermal expansion

➢ Easy to fabricate

➢ Low cost.

Structure of polymer:

➢ Polymer: Polymer is a substance (natural or synthetic), molecules of which

consist of numerous small repeated chemical units (monomers) linked to each
other in a regular pattern. Polymers usually combine crystalline and amorphous
structures (semicrystalline).
Degree of polymerization

Degree of polymerization is an average number of monomers (mers) in a polymer

molecule. Polymer molecules may combine up to million of monomers (mers)
forming a one-dimensional structure (chain), two-dimensional structure (planar
molecules) or three dimensional structure. One-dimensional structure is common for
organic polymers.

Organic polymer:

Organic polymer is a polymer compound built of hydrocarbon base monomer units.

Besides carbon and Hydrogen the following atoms may be incorporated in polymer
molecules: Oxygen, Nitrogen, chorine, fluorine, silicon, phosphorous, and sulfur.
Atoms of a polymer molecule are held by covalent bonding. Neighboring chains may
form secondary bonds between them (cross-links) which are less strong than
covalent bonding between the atoms within the molecules. Cross-links provide
elasticity to the polymer, preventing sliding of the neighboring chains when the
material is stretched.

Branched polymer:

Branched polymer consists of molecules having side chains (branches) attached to

the main chain.

Copolymer

Copolymer is a polymer molecule of which contains more than one kind of

monomers. Nylon is a common copolymer. Its molecules consist of two alternating
monomers: diacid and diamine.

Graft copolymer:

Graft copolymer is a kind of branch polymer, side chains of which are made of
monomers differing from the monomer of the main chain.
Polymerisation: Polymerization is a process through which a large number of
monomer molecules react together to form a polymer. The macromolecules produced
from a polymerization may have a linear or a branched structure. They can also
assume the shape of a complex, three-dimensional network. There exist several
different categories of polymerization reactions, the most notable of which being step-
growth polymerization, chain-growth polymerization (both of which fall under the
category of addition polymerization), and condensation polymerization.

A polymer is a substance that is made up very large molecules that are, in turn, made
up of many repeating units called monomers. Polymerization is the process through
which these monomers come together to form the macromolecules that constitute
polymers. An illustration detailing the polymerization of the monomer styrene into the
polymer known as polystyrene is provided below.

Depending on the functional groups present in the reacting monomers, the complexity
of the mechanism of the polymerization reaction may vary. The most simple
polymerization reactions involve the formation of polymers from alkenes via free-
radical reaction. Polyethylene, which is one of the most commercially important
polymers, is prepared via such a polymerization process (the reactant monomer used
here is ethylene).

Types of Polymerization:

Addition Polymerization: It is a physical linking process. In this an initiator is added

to open the double bond between the carbon atoms. The linking process continues by
adding identical monomers to the growing chain. The resultant long molecules form
simultaneously at ahigh rate.

Ex: Ethylene monomers are linked to produce the polyethylene polymer.

Condensation polymerization: The Different reacting mers are brought together
and they form bonds by chemical reactions. One characteristic of this mechanism is
that the reaction by products such as water is condensed out and hence the term
condensation. This mechanism is also known as step reaction polymerization because
the polymer molecules grow step by step until all the reactant is consumed. Ex: The
reaction between phenol and formaldehyde to form phenol formaldehyde and water is
an example.

Characteristics of Polymer Molecules: The physical and mechanical properties of a

polymer depend on the characteristics of polymer molecules. The characteristics
include

➢ Molecular weight

➢ Chain shape

➢ Type of mers

➢ Structure of molecular chain

Classification of polymers: Polymers are classified into two groups. Thermo plastic
and Thermo setting based on their response to elevated temperature.

Thermo plastic polymers: Thermoplastics are polymers, which soften (becomes

pliable and plastic) and melt when heated. In the melted conditions thermoplastics
may be formed by various methods (injection molding, extrusion, Thermoforming). No
new cross-links form (no chemical curing). when a thermoplastic cools and harden.
Thermoplastics may be reprocessed (remelt) many times.

Ex: Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS),

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), Polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE), Polyethylene Terephtalate (PET), Polyimide (PI), Polycarbonate (PC)

Thermosets polymers : Thermoset polymers have a highly cross linked or three

dimensional network structure in which all the atoms are connected by strong covalent
bonds. Thermosets are polymers which do not melt when heated. Cross- linking is
achieved in curing process initiated by heat, chemical agents or radiation.
Before curing processing thermoset materials are stored in partially polymerized
condition. Thermosets are stronger and stiffer than thermoplastics.

Ex: Epoxies (EP), Unsaturated Polyesters (UP), Phenolics (PF), Urea Formaldehyde (UF),
Melamine Formaldehyde (MF)

Polymers can also be classified as commodity polymers and Engineering polymers.

Commodity polymers: The light weight polymers with low strength and stiffness and
not suitable for high temperature uses are brought under this category. These polymers
are inexpensive and can be readily formed into a variety of shapes ranging from plastic
bags to bath tubs. They are most widely used polymers.

Ex: Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polystyrene (PS) etc.

Engineering polymers: The polymers which are designed to give improved strength,
greater environmental resistance, better performance at elevated temperatures (as high
as 350 C) are called engineering polymers. These materials are produced relatively in
small quantities and are often expensive.

Ex: Acrylonitrile Butadiene styrene (ABS), Polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA),

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) etc.

Properties and Applications of Thermo plastic & Thermosetting

polymers:

Polyethylene (PE): Properties: Chemically resistant, tough, low friction coefficient,

low strength, moisture resistant, It will degrade when they exposed to U-V radiation
from sunlight.

Poly Ethylene

Applications: Flexible bottles, toys, battery parts, ice trays, film wrapping materials

Polypropylene (PP): Properties: Light-weight material, about 95% air and has very
good insulation properties , Chemical resistance in most circumstances, Elasticity,
Electrical insulation properties, Fatigue resistance, Low density, Low friction, Toughness,
Transmissivity.
Applications: Packaging and foodservice products, automotive parts, toys, house
wares, appliance parts, wall tiles, radio and TV housings, furniture, floats, and
luggage

Polystyrene (PS): Properties: Excellent electrical properties and optical clarity,

good thermal and dimensional stability, Low cost, Poor chemical and corrosion
resistance, susceptible to ultra violet rays.

Polystyrene

Applications: Wall tile, battery cases, toys, lighting , panels, housing appliances,
disposable food containers

Polyvinylchloride (PVC): Properties: Low-cost general purpose material, rigid can

be made flexible with plasticizers, susceptible to heat distortion, Good dimensional
stability, It has good electrical, chemical, oil abrasion and weather resistance in
various grades.

Polyvinylchloride

Applications: Pipes, valves, fittings, floor tiles, wire insulation, phonograph records,
Guards, ducts, tanks, gaskets etc.
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA): Properties: They are hard , rigid and high
impact strength thermoplastic, They are highly transparent to light, It can be easily
formed, readily colored, excellent decorative property. Good chemical and weather
resistance.

Polymethyl methacrylate

Applications: Camera lenses, Flash lights, safety glasses, Instrument panels, window
glazing, display signs , Weather proof coatings etc.

Polyethylene tetraphthalate (PET): Properties: Tough plastic film, excellent

fatigue and tear strength, corrosion resistant, High stiffness, Good mechanical and
electrical properties, It has low moisture absorption characteristic. It can be easily
injection moulded and use of temperature is higher than plastics like PE, PP. It can be
reinforced with glass fibres.

Polyethylene tetraphthalate

Applications: Recording tapes, clothing, automotive tyre cords, beverage containers,

auto parts, gears, cams, water meter chambers.

Polycarbonate (PC): Properties: Excellent electrical insulating characteristics,

strong and rigid, High impact strength, Excellent mouldability, High dimensional
stability enables them to be used as engineering components where close tolerances
are needed.

Polycarbonate
Applications: Electrical and electronic applications, Helmets, face shields, window
glazing, cams and gears, automotive parts such as dashboards, boat propellers,
housing for hand-held power tools, electrical connectors.

Polyamide (PA): Properties: Very strong and tough, good abrasion resistance,
Flexible and high impact strength, High softening temperature so molding is difficult,
Tend to absorb water.

Polyamide

Applications: Bearings, gears, cams, fasteners, Automotive parts, bushings,

Electrical components , fibres and ropes.

Acrylonitrile Butadiene styrene (ABS): Properties: Good combination of

mechanical, thermal and chemical properties, Low cost of all engineering
thermoplastics, High impact strength, Low continuous use temperature, High
thermal expansion, Limited weather resistance, Poor solvent resistance

Acrylonitrile Butadiene styrene

Applications: Telephone casings Housing for domestic appliances eg. Vacuum

cleaners, TV cabinets, Luggage cases, Safety helmets , Car fascia and instrument
panels , Toys Furniture, Food mixture housings, Automobile radiator grills,
Refrigerator door and tank liners .

PolyImide (PI): Properties: Good Mechanical properties, low coefficient of

friction, excellent thermal resistance, Poor resistance to oxidizing acids, poor stability
in sun light.
 PolyImide

Applications: Films are used for circuit board types of applications where operating
temperatures are high, In resin form, they are used as adhesives, Composite with
polyimide matrix are used in space shuttle applications.

Polyamide-Imide (PAI): These polymers have a chemical structure , which has

the combination of nitrogen bond of a polyamide and the ring structure of polyimide.
High temperature, high strength polymers, Impact strength is high, these are costly
polymers.

Polyamide-Imide

Applications: Valves made from PAI are used in hot water systems, high
temperature electrical applications, spark ignition engines etc.

Polyphenylene oxide (PPO): Low moisture absorption levels, good electrical

properties over a wide range of humidity and temperature ranges, resistant to most
chemicals, high rigidity, high strength, high impact strength.

Polyphenylene oxide
Applications: Electrical and electronic applications, automotive parts, Computer
housings, T.V. tuners etc.

Polyphenylene sulphide (PPS): Excellent heat resistance, as well as outstanding

chemical resistance, high stiffness and good retention of mechanical properties at
elevated temperatures, fibre filled grades are used for high strength applications.

Polyphenylene sulphide

Applications: Industrial applications of PPS are chemical processing equipment's such

as submersible, centrifugal, vane and gear type pumps. PPS compounds are suitable for
many under hood automobile applications such as emission control systems because of
their resistance to corrosion effects due to engine exhaust gases, valve fittings,
couplings.

Polyetherether Ketone (PEEK): It has high melting temperature 330 C, Low

flammability, Good fatigue and chemical resistance, Good dimensional stability at
elevated temperature.

Polyetherether Ketone

Applications: It is used as high temperature electrical insulations and coatings,

Composites with PEEK matrix are used in aircrafts and aerospace applications.

Polytetra Fluroethylene (PTFE): Inert to all chemicals , Excellent weatherability and

not attacked by bio-organisms, Anti-stick and low friction , Stable at high temperature
(upto 250 0C), Tough at low temperature (down to -1600C) , Self extinguishing , Stable
electrical properties and non-tracking.
Difficult to process by conventional methods , Processed by sintering technique, Easy
machinable.

Polytetra Fluroethylene

Applications: High and low temperature electrical and electronic insulation , Bearings
Wear resistant, low friction surfaces , Chemical process equipment's, Valves, Pump
impellers, Gaskets, Non-stick cookware’s.

Urea Formaldehyde: Urea reacts with formaldehyde by condensation polymerization

reaction, which produces water as a by-product. The amine group (-NH2) at the end of
the molecule react with more formaldehyde molecules to produce a highly rigid network
polymer structure. Very hard, scratch-resistant material with good chemical resistance,
electrical qualities, and heat resistance.

Urea Formaldehyde

Applications: Electrical and electronic products- switches, circuit breakers, knobs and
handles, decorative products, laminates, and chemically resistant coatings.

Phenol Formaldehyde (phenolics): Phenolic thermosets are first major polymer

materials used by industry. Phenolic resins are most commonly produced by the
condensation polymerization of phenol with formaldehyde. Thermal stability, good
chemical resistance, excellent mechanical properties, exhibit very low creep and high
tensile strength, inherently resistant to flame combustion. These polymer are easily
mouldable and are filled with various filler elements to obtain the desired properties. To
withstand exposure of high temperature for long time.
 Phenol Formaldehyde

Applications: Adhesives(laminated plywood), casting resins, laminating resins,

electrical and electronic Applications, wiring devices, connectors and telephone relay
systems. They are used in power assist brake components and transmission parts in
automobiles. They are moulded into standard shapes and are subsequently machined
as gears, cams and other mechanical components. They are used as handles and
knobs for small appliances.

Engineering Ceramics:

Ceramic materials are inorganic, nonmetallic materials. Most ceramics are compounds
between metallic and nonmetallic elements for which the interatomic bonds are either
totally ionic or predominantly ionic but having some covalent character. The term
ceramic comes from the Greek word keramikos, which means burnt stuff, indicating
that desirable properties of these materials are normally achieved through a high-
temperature heat treatment process called firing.

Characteristics of ceramics :

➢ High temperature stability

➢ High hardness and wear resistance

➢ Brittleness

➢ High mechanical strength

➢ Low elongation under application of stress

➢ Low thermal and electrical conductivities

➢ They have relatively high melting temperature and good chemical stability.

Classification of ceramics:

1. Traditional ceramics: Clay products, Glasses, Refractories, cement.

2. Advanced Ceramics: Silicon carbide, Alumina, Silicon Nitride etc.

Advanced Ceramics

Alumina(Al2O3): It is the most widely use oxide ceramic, either in the pure form
or as a raw material mixed with other ceramics. Alumina is available in nature but it
contains unknown amounts of impurities. So it possesses non-uniform properties
and as a result its behavior is not reliable. Synthetic alumina is obtained by the
fusion of molten bauxite, iron fillings, coke in electric furnaces. The cooled product is
crushed and then graded in to various sizes. Alumina parts are manufactured from
these powders by cold pressing and sintering. Their properties are improved by
minor additions of other ceramics such as titanium oxide and titanium carbide.
Alumina has a hexagonal structure with a very strong ionic and covalent bonding.

Properties:

➢ Hard, wear-resistant

➢ Excellent dielectric properties.

➢ Resists strong acid and alkali attack at elevated temperatures Good thermal
conductivity

➢ Excellent size and shape capability

➢ High strength and stiffness

➢ Available in purity ranges from 94%, an easily metallizable composition, to 99.5%

for the most demanding high temperature applications.

➢ High Hardness (1600 HV) and moderate tensile strength (206 MPa).

➢ Compressive strength (2620 Mpa) of alumina is higher than hardened tool steels.
Applications:

➢ Alumina is used as a refractory material for high temperature applications.

➢ Alumina makes an excellent high voltage insulator. Insulators in spark plugs and in
insulating substrates to support integrated circuits.

➢ Alumina based ceramic tools have high abrasion resistance, hot hardness and are
chemically stable than high speed steels. So they are used in cutting cast irons,
and steels to obtain good surface finish.

➢ It is used as abrasion material in grinding wheels.

➢ It is used for pump liners, pump impellers, check valves and nozzles subjected to
erosion.

➢ Some unique application found in medical use that include restoration of teeth,
bone filler and orthopedic implants.

Silicon Carbide (SiC): Synthetic silicon carbide is made from silica sand, coke, small
amounts of sodium chloride and saw dust. When the mixture is fired at a high
temperature in an electric arc furnace for a long time, the carbon from coke diffuses
into the sand and silicon carbide is formed. After the furnace has cooled, the silicon
carbide mass is removed, crushed and then graded into various desired sizes.

Two types of silicon carbides – hexagonal alpha and cubic beta. Structural parts are
commonly made from alpha Sic by the sintering process.

Properties:

➢ It has high hardness (2400 HK) and wear resistance.

➢ It provides outstanding oxidation resistance even at temperature above the melting

point of steel. It retains its strength at elevated temperatures

➢ Low friction coefficient.

Applications:

➢ It is used for special grinding applications.

➢ It is used as resistors and heating elements for electric furnaces.

➢ It is used as Wear resistant coating for metals.

➢ Silicon carbide works well in high stress, high temperature applications such as
turbine blades and automotive engines.

Silicon Nitride (Si3N4): Silicon nitride is a man made compound synthesized

through several different chemical reaction methods. Parts are pressed and sintered
by well developed methods to produce a ceramic with a unique set of outstanding
properties. The material is dark gray to black in color and can be polished to a very
smooth reflective surface, giving parts with a striking appearance. High performance
silicon nitride materials were developed for automotive engine wear parts, such as
valves and cam followers and proven effective. The very high quality bodies
developed for these demanding high reliability applications are available today and
can be used in many severe mechanical, thermal and wear applications.

Properties:
➢ High strength over a wide temperature range
➢ High fracture toughness
➢ High hardness
➢ Outstanding wear resistance, both impingement and frictional modes
➢ Good thermal shock resistance
➢ Good chemical resistance

Applications:
➢ Rotating bearing balls and rollers
➢ Cutting tools
➢ Engine moving parts — valves, turbocharger rotors
➢ Engine wear parts — cam followers, tappet shims
➢ Turbine blades, vanes, buckets
➢ Metal tube forming rolls and dies
➢ Precision shafts and axles in high wear environments
➢ Weld positioners
Partially stabilized Zirconia (PSZ): Zirconia has a monoclinic structure at room
temperature and a tetragonal structure at elevated temperature, during the
transformation of monoclinic to tetragonal structure, there is a volume expansion. If
this volume expansion is allowed to occur during hot pressing or sintering, it fractures
the part. This is avoided by stabilization of zirconia. Stabilization is obtained by doping
Zirconia with oxides of magnesium, calcium or yttrium. This process forms a material
called partially stabilized zirconia(PSZ).

Zirconia is an extremely refractory material. It offers chemical and corrosion inertness

to temperatures well above the melting point of alumina. The material has low thermal
conductivity. It is electrically conductive above 600°C and is used in oxygen sensor cells
and as the susceptor (heater) in high temperature induction furnaces. With the
attachment of platinum leads, Nernst glowers used in spectrometers can be made as a
light emitting filament which operates in air.

Properties:

➢Use temperatures up to 2400°C

➢High density
➢Low thermal conductivity (20% that of alumina)
➢Chemical inertness
➢Resistance to molten metals
➢Ionic electrical conduction
➢Wear resistance
➢High fracture toughness
➢High hardness

Applications:

➢Precision ball valve balls and seats

➢High density ball and pebble mill grinding media

➢Rollers and guides for metal tube forming

➢Thread and wire guides

➢Hot metal extrusion dies

➢ Deep well down-hole valves and seats

➢ Powder compacting dies

➢ Marine pump seals and shaft guides

➢ Oxygen sensors

➢ High temperature induction furnace susceptors

➢ Fuel cell membranes

➢ Electric furnace heaters over 2000°C in oxidizing atmospheres

Sialon (Si3Al3O3N5): Sialon is derived from silicon, aluminium, oxygen and

nitrogen. Sialon is formed by blending silicon nitride with various proportions of
aluminium oxide, aluminium nitride and yttrium oxide. Sialon is formed when
aluminium and oxygen partially substitute for silicon and nitrogen in silicon nitride.
During sintering, the sialon crystals are embedded in the glassy phase based on
yttrium oxide. The glossy phase is then allowed to devitrify by heat treatment to
improve its creep resistance.

Properties:

➢ Excellent thermal shock resistance

➢ Not wetted or corroded by nonferrous metals

➢ High strength

➢ Good fracture toughness

➢ Good high temperature strength

➢ Low thermal expansion

➢ Mechanical fatigue and creep resistance.

Applications:

➢ Thermocouple protection tubes for nonferrous metal melting

➢ Immersion heater and burner tubes

➢ Degassing and injector tubes in nonferrous metals

➢ Metal feed tubes in aluminium die casting

➢ Welding and brazing fixtures and pins

Composites: A composite may be defined as a material system composed of two

or more micro or macro constituents that differ in form and chemical compositions
and are insoluble in each other. There are number of composites available. The
composites are even present in nature such as wood, bones, minerals, and rock.
Modern composites are composed of two phases. One is matrix ,which is continuous
and surrounds the other phase. The other phase is reinforcement, which is
embedded in the matrix. The properties of composites depend on
➢ Properties of the constituent phases
➢ Their relative amount
➢ The size, shape, distribution and orientation of reinforcement.
➢ The degree of bonding between the matrix and the reinforcement.

Classification of Composites: Composites are classified based on

a) The shape of reinforcement
➢ Fibrous (composed of fibers, and usually in a matrix),
➢ Laminar (layers of materials),
➢ Particulate (composed of particles or flakes, usually in a matrix),
➢ Hybrid (combinations of any of the above).
b) Based on the matrix material (man made composites)
➢ Polymer matrix composites
➢ Metal matrix composites
➢ Ceramic matrix composites
Matrix materials: The various matrix materials are

➢ Polymers: Nylons, Ketone, polyphenylene suphide, polyetherimide, polyamie-imdie,

epoxy, phenolic resins.

➢ Metals: Al, Ti, Mg, Ni, cobalt super alloys.

➢ Ceramics and glasses: Ceramics- Silicon carbide, silicon nitride, Alminium oxide.

➢ Carbon

Reinforcements: Reinforcements of composites can be

➢ Fibres

➢ Whiskers

➢ Particulates

Fibre Reinforced Composites:

Fibre reinforced composites consist of fibres of high strength and modulus, embedded
in a matrix. The properties of fibre reinforced composites depend on

➢ The aspect ratio of the fibre

➢ Volume fraction of fibres

➢ Orientation of the fibre

➢ Properties of the fibre

➢ Proportion of the matrix

➢ Degree of bonding between the fibre and the matrix.

The strength of the composite improves when the aspect ratio of the fibre is large. A
greater volume fraction of fibre increases the strength and stiffness of the composite.
Short, randomly oriented fibres are easily introduced in the matrix and give a relatively
isotropic behavior in the composite. But continuous fibres with unidirectional orientation
produce anisotropic properties, with good strength and stiffness along the length
direction.
In this case, fibres are aligned with the direction of the applied load. However,
unidirectional orientation provides poor properties when the load is perpendicular to
the fibres. If the composite is subjected to forces in different direction, then the fibres
can be introduced in several directions within the matrix. Fibres can also be arranged in
a three dimensional pattern. The three dimensional reinforcement occurs when the
woven fabrics are stitched together and injected into the matrix material.

The fibres are the primary load carrying members. So the fibres have to be strong,
stiff and of light weight. These properties are decided by the two ratios, specific
strength and specific modulus. The higher values of these two ratios are desirable.

The matrix binds and support the fibres. The matrix distributes the stress to the
fibres and protects them from any environmental damage. The matrix also control over
electrical properties, chemical behaviour and elevated temperature use. A good bonding
must be obtained between the matrix and fibres to transmit the load properly from the
matrix to fibres.

Because of their low density, improved strength, stiffness, fatigue resistance and
strength to weight ratio, fibre reinforced composites are superior to those of metallic
materials.

Coefficient of thermal expansion for many fibre reinforced composites are much lower
and as a result , they exhibit better dimensional stability over a wide temperature
range. Another unique characteristic of many fibre reinforced composites is their high
damping capacity.

Applications: It is used as structural material in many applications which include

aircraft, automotive, sporting goods and marine applications.

Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRP): Fibre reinforced plastics consist of fibres in a

polymer resin matrix, because of their room temperature properties, ease of fabrication
and cost, they are used in large quantities. The commonly used fibres are glass,
aramid, carbon.
Glass fibre Reinforced plastics (GFRP): Glass fibres are the most widely used and the
least expensive of all the fibres. The most generally used glass fibre is E- Glass and
common polymer matrix materials are polyesters and vinyl esters. Polyesters are used for
general structures. Epoxies are used in high strength applications. High purity silica fibres
in polyamide resins are used for applications where the service temperature is as high as
3000 C.

GFRP composites have very high specific strength. But they are not rigid and are limited
to service temperature below 2000 C.

Applications: Used in Automotive and marine bodies, leaf springs, pipes, storage
containers, sporting goods and industrial floorings.

Carbon Reinforced plastics: Carbon fibre composites have much lower densities,
higher strength, higher stiffness to weight ratio. It has low coefficient of thermal
expansion and this give better dimensional stability. The commonly used matrix materials
are epoxy, polyester, PEEK, PPS.

Applications: Used in sport and recreational equipment, filament wound rocket motor
cases, pressure vessels, commercial and military aircraft, helicopter structure, satelites.

Metal Matrix Composites: (MMC)

Metal matrix composites, at present though generating a wide interest in research

fraternity, are not as widely in use as their plastic counterparts. High strength, fracture
toughness and stiffness are offered by metal matrices than those offered by their polymer
counterparts. They can withstand elevated temperature in corrosive environment than
polymer composites. Most metals and alloys could be used as matrices and they require
reinforcement materials which need to be stable over a range of temperature and non-
reactive too. However the guiding aspect for the choice depends essentially on the matrix
material. Light metals form the matrix for temperature application and the reinforcements
in addition to the aforementioned reasons are characterized by high moduli.
Most metals and alloys make good matrices. However, practically, the choices for low
temperature applications are not many. Only light metals are responsive, with their
low density proving an advantage. Titanium, Aluminium and magnesium are the
popular matrix metals currently in vogue, which are particularly useful for aircraft
applications. If metallic matrix materials have to offer high strength, they require
high modulus reinforcements. The strength-to weight ratios of resulting composites
can be higher than most alloys.

The melting point, physical and mechanical properties of the composite at various
temperatures determine the service temperature of composites. Most metals,
ceramics and compounds can be used with matrices of low melting point alloys. The
choice of reinforcements becomes more stunted with increase in the melting
temperature of matrix materials.

Applications:

➢ Aluminium reinforced with alumina fibres has been used in automotive connecting
rods and pistons.

➢ Aluminium reinforced with boron fibres has been used in aerospace applications,
including struts for the space shuttle.

➢ Aluminium reinforced with SiC whiskers are used in aircraft wing planes.

➢ Copper based alloys reinforced with sic fibres are used for producing high
strength propellers for ships.

➢ Super alloys reinforced with tungsten maintain their strength at high temperature.
They are used in Jet engines and turbine blades.
Hybrid Composites:
 Assignment

S. Question K CO
N Le
o vel
1 A glass fibre of 5 micron diameter is subjected to a tensile stress of K3 CO4
20 MPa. The surface energy and elastic modulus of this material are
0.3 Jm-2 and 70 GPa, respectively. Pick the correct answer based on
the information provided above:
Note: The glass fibre contains a population of flaws of different
lengths. (Gate- 2018)
(A) The fibre will undergo brittle fracture
(B) The fibre will undergo plastic deformation, but not fracture
(C) The fibre will undergo elastic deformation, but not fracture
(D) The fibre will undergo buckling
2 Point out the non metallic materials suitable for the following articles K3 CO4
with justification.

(a) Electric Switches

(b) Electric Fuse carrier
(c) Fridge Door lining
(d) Tooth Brush handle
(e) Grinding wheel

3 Explain the Engineering ceramics with properties and applications. K3 CO4

4 The Window of aeroplanes are made of K3 CO4

(a) PVC b) PTFE c) PMMA d) None of these

5 Usually stronger constituent of a composite is -------- K3 CO4

a) Matrix b) Reinforcement c) Both are of equal strength d) Can’t

define

6 The major tribochemical compound responsible for reducing friction K3 CO4

and wear of Mg-SiC composites fretted against steel ball in ambient
conditions
---------
 Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)

S. Question and Answers K Perat

N leve ining
o l Co

1. Name any four commodity plastics and engineering plastics.

Commodity K1 CO4
plastics: i)Polyethylene(PE),ii)Polypropylene(PP),iii)Polystyrene
(PS),iv)Polyvinylchloride(PVC).
Engineering Plastics :i) Urea Formaldehyde ,ii)Polyamides, iii)Poly
ether ether ketone, iv)Poly ethylene Terephthalate

2. Define the term‘degree of polymerization’.

Degree of polymerization is the number of repetitive units K1 CO4
(monomers) present in one
molecule of a polymer. Mathematically,
Molecular weight of a polymer
Degree of polymerization=--------------------------------------------------
Molecular weight of a single monomer

3. Differentiate between addition polymerization and

condensation polymerization. K2 CO4
Addition polymerization also known as chain reaction polymerization,
in which two or more chemically similar monomers are joined to form
long chain molecules.
Condensation polymerization, also known as step-growth
polymerization, is the formation of polymers by step wise
intermolecular chemical reactions that normally involve at least two
different monomers

4. Distinguish between thermoplastics and thermo-setting CO4

plastics K2
Thermoplastics Thermo-setting plastics
They are formed by additionThey are formed by condensation
polymerization. polymerization.
They are linear polymers, so they areThey are composed of three dimensional
composed of chain molecules. networks of cross-linked molecules.

Softening is possible on reheating Softening is not possible on reheating

(Because of the weak secondary(Because of strong covalent bonds).
forces).
They can be easily molded on remoldedThey cannot be remolded into any new
into any shape. shape.
They can be recycled again. They cannot be recycled.
 Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)

S.No Question and Answers K Perat

leve ining
l Co
5. With property and application, briefly explain the
following ploymers a) PVC b) PMMA K1 CO4
PVC- Low cost general purpose materials. Ordinary rigid, but
can be made flexible with plasticizers. Susceptible to heat
distortion, Applications: Pipes, valves, fittings, floor tiles, toys.
PMMA- Hard, rigid and high impact strength, Highly
transparent to light, Excellent decorative properties.
Applications: Camera lenses, flash lights, safety glasses,
Transparent aircraft enclosures, windows.
6. State the term copolymers.
Copolymers are polymers which are obtained by K1 CO4
adding different types of monomers.

7. Identify the plastics used for the following

applications. A) Tooth brush b) Gears K1 CO4

Tooth brush- Poly propylene, Nylon

Gears - Polyamides, Acetyl.

8. Mention some of the applications of polystyrene.

K1 CO4
(i)Polystyrenes are widely used in disposal food containers
and trays.
(ii) They are made into rigid foams and these foams are used
for thermal insulation.

9. List some of the distinct characteristics of engineering

ceramics. K1 CO4
1.High resistance to abrasion and wear.
2.High strength at high temperature.
3.Good chemical stability.
4.Good electrical insulation characteristics
 Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)

S.N Question and Answers K Perat

o leve ining
l Co
10. Give some applications of silicon carbide.
K1 CO4
(i) Silicon carbide is used for grinding applications.
(ii) It is used as a wear resistant coating for metals.
(iii) It is used as resistors and heating elements for electric
furnaces..
11. Write about sialons? State their applications.
K1 CO4
The name sialon is an acronym derived from the ingredients
involved, namely Si formed when aluminium and oxygen partially
substitute for silicon and nitrogen in silicon nitride. Sialons are used
for cutting tool materials, dies for drawing wire and tubes, rock-
cutting and coal-cutting equipment, nozzles and welding shields
12. List the important uses of alumina and silicon nitride?
Alumina ceramics are used for any type of load- bearing K1 CO4
application. They are used for rocket nozzles, pump impellers,
pump liners, nozzles subjected to erosion and for support members
in electrical and electronic devices.
Silicon nitrides used as cutting tool materials, reciprocating engine
parts, bearings.

13. List the factors affecting the strength of a particulate

composite? K1 CO4
The factors affecting the strength of a particulate composite
are (i) the diameter of the particles (ii) inter-particle spacing and
(iii) the volume fraction of particles.

14. List the various matrix materials used in composite making.

1. Thermosetting resins: Polyester resins, epoxide resins. K1 CO4
2. Thermoplastics: PA, PAI, PBT, PET, PES, PPS, PEEK
3. Metal matrices: Al, Ti, Mg, Cr and Ni, together with their alloys.
4. Ceramic Materials: Sic, Al2O3
 Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)

S.N Question and Answers K Perat

o leve ining
l Co
15. Give one example for metal matrix composites and ceramic
matrix composites. K1 CO4
Examples for metal matrix composites: Ag-Cd, Al-Al2O3
Examples for Ceramic matrix composites: Tungsten carbide,
aluminum oxide, titanium boride.
16. Write about cermets? List the two common uses of cermets?
K1 CO4
The term ‘cermet’ refers to ceramic-metal composite containing
between 80 and 90 % of ceramic. Cermets are composed of ceramic
particles in metallic matrix.
Typical applications: Cutting tools, slip gauge, wire-drawing dies,
rocket motor and jet-engine parts.
17. Discuss the applications of glass fibre reinforced polymers?
The applications of GFRP are in automotive and marine bodies, K2 CO4
leaf springs, pipes, storage containers and industrial flooring.

18. List the characteristics of urea-formaldehyde.

1. They are similar to the phenolics. 2. They are hard and rigid K1 CO4
thermosets.
3. They have good electrical insulation properties. 4. They are light
in colour.
5. They exhibit good resistance to most chemicals.

19. Write about PSZ?

Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) is nothing but a zirconium oxide K1 CO4
(ZrO2) that has been blended and sintered with some other oxide
such as magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), and yttria
(Y2O3), to control crystal structure transformations.

20. Name any four engineering ceramics.

K1 CO4
1. Alumina (Al2O3). 2. Silicon carbide (SiC). 3. Silicon nitride
(Si3N4).
4. Partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ), and 5. Sialons.
 Unit –IV Part B Qs (with K level and CO)

S. Question and Answers K Perat

No level ining
Co

1. Though the polymers are neither as strong nor as stiff as K2 CO4

metals, why they are used largely in engineering applications.

Explain in detail the property and applications of any five
commonly used engineering polymers

2. (i) Discuss the composite classification based on the forms of K2 CO4

reinforcement
(ii) Discuss in detail the different forms of reinforcement

3. Discuss the properties and applications for the following. K2 CO4

a)PE b) PP c) PS d) Formaldehydes e ) PMMA

4. Differentiate between thermoplastic & thermosetting polymers K2 CO4

Discuss the properties and applications of Al2 o3 and SiC

5. (i)Discuss about fiber reinforced plastics State its applications K2 CO4

(ii) State the properties and applications of Poly urethane or
phenol formaldehyde
6. Summarize the properties and applications of (i)PMMA (ii) K2 CO4
PEEK (iii) PPO (iv)ABS (v) PS

7. Discuss about different types of matrix materials and K2 CO4

reinforcement materials used to make polymer matrix
materials
8. Explain the properties and applications of PVC, PET, PP and PC K2 CO4

9. Discuss the MMC composites and Engineering ceramics with K2 CO4

applications
 13. SUPPORTIVE ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES

I. NPTEL online Courses:

1. Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/113/106/113106032/

2. Processing of Polymers and polymer composites

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/107/112107221/

II. Coursera :
Material Behavior
https://www.coursera.org/learn/material-behavior#syllabus

III. Udemy online Courses:

Basic Introduction to Materials and Types Testing Procedures

https://www.udemy.com/course/introduction-to-engineering-materials-
and-testing-procedures/
 Real time Applications in day to day life and to Industry
Application of thermo plastics and Thermo setting plastics:

Polypropylene (PP):Packaging and foodservice products, automotive parts, toys,

house wares, appliance parts, wall tiles, radio and TV housings, furniture.

Polystyrene (PS):Wall tile, battery cases, toys, lighting , panels, housing appliances,
disposable food containers

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA):Camera lenses, Flash lights, safety glasses,

Instrument panels, window glazing, display signs , Weather proof coatings etc.

Polyethylene tetraphthalate (PET):Recording tapes, clothing, automotive tyre

cords, beverage containers, auto parts, gears, cams, water meter chambers.

Acrylonitrile Butadiene styrene (ABS): Telephone casings Housing for domestic

appliances eg. Vacuum cleaners, TV cabinets, Luggage cases, Safety helmets , Car
fascia and instrument panels.

Polyetherether Ketone (PEEK): It is used as high temperature electrical insulations

and coatings, Composites with PEEK matrix are used in aircrafts and aerospace
applications.

Urea Formaldehyde: : Electrical and electronic products- switches, circuit breakers,

knobs and handles, decorative products, laminates, and chemically resistant coatings.

Engineering ceramics: Alumina is used as a refractory material for high temperature

applications. Alumina makes an excellent high voltage insulator. Insulators in spark
plugs and in insulating substrates to support integrated circuits. It is used for special
grinding applications. It is used as resistors and heating elements for electric furnaces.

Composites: It is used as structural material in many applications which include

aircraft, automotive, sporting goods and marine applications. Leaf springs, pipes,
storage containers, sporting goods and industrial floorings. Aluminium reinforced with
alumina fibres has been used in automotive connecting rods and pistons. Aluminium
reinforced with boron fibres has been used in aerospace applications, including struts
for the space shuttle.
 15. ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE

S. No. Name of the Assessment Proposed Date Actual Date

1. Unit Test – I

2. Unit Test – II

First Internal Assessment

3.
Test (FIAT) (Unit-I & Unit- II)

Second Assessment Test

4.
(SIAT)

5. Model Examination
 16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Avner, S.H., “Introduction to Physical Metallurgy”, McGraw Hill
Book Company, 2017.
2. Williams D Callister, “Material Science and Engineering” Wiley India
Pvt Ltd, Revised Indian 10th Edition, 2017

REFERENCES:
1. Kenneth G. Budinski and Michael K. Budinski, “Engineering
Materials”, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, 2012.
2. Van Vlack L.H., ‘Elements of Materials Science and Engineering’, 6th
Edition, AddisonWesley, 2011
3. Raghavan.V, “Materials Science and Engineering”, Prentice Hall of
India Pvt. Ltd., 2017.
4. U.C.Jindal : Material Science and Metallurgy, "Engineering Materials
and Metallurgy", First Edition, Dorling Kindersley, 2012
5. Upadhyay. G.S. and Anish Upadhyay, “Materials Science and
Engineering”, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2006.
6. Dieter George E., “Mechanical Metallurgy”, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 2014
7. J. Prasad and C. G. K. Nair, Non-Destructive Test and Evaluation of
Materials, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2nd edition (2011).
 Mini Project suggestions

➢ Fabricate the Helmet by composite material.

➢ To design and fabricate the bicycle frame using fiber reinforced composites.

➢ To design the camera lenses using Polymethyl methacrylate

➢ To manufacture the cutting tool material using silicon nitride.

➢ To fabricate the flexible bottles using polyethylene.

➢ Use the Alumina as restoration of teeth and bone filler.

➢ Do literature review on the use of composite materials in civilian aircraft,

with special attention to Boeing 787 and Airbus A380 aircraft.

➢ To identify and fabricate ceramic-based composite materials are used in the

electronics industry. Collect literature on some of these electroceramic

composites.
 Thank you

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