English homework

⚠ The Students have to translate word by word from English to Spanish and then
identify parts of Speech.

English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects

brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants from
what is now northwest Germany, southern Denmark and the Netherlands. The
Anglo-Saxons settled in the British Isles from the mid-5th century and came to
dominate the bulk of southern Great Britain.

Their language, now called Old English, originated as a group of Anglo-Frisian

dialects which were spoken, at least by the settlers, in England and southern and
eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages, displacing the Celtic languages (and,
possibly, British Latin) that had previously been dominant. Old English reflected
the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms established in different parts of
Britain. The Late West Saxon dialect eventually became dominant.

The first authoritative and full-featured English dictionary, the Dictionary of the
English Language, was published by Samuel Johnson in 1755. To a high degree, the
dictionary standardized both English spelling and word usage. Meanwhile,
grammar texts by Lowth, Murray, Priestly, and others attempted to prescribe
standard usage even further.

Modern English Period:

Early Modern English and Late Modern English, also called Present-Day English
(PDE), differ essentially in vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words,
arising from the Industrial Revolution and technologies that created a need for
new words, as well as international development of the language.

The British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the Earth's land surface,
and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries. British
English and North American English, the two major varieties of the language, are
together spoken by 400 million people. The total number of English speakers
worldwide may exceed one billion.
The English language will almost certainly continue to evolve over time. With the
development of computer and online environments (such as chat rooms, social
media expressions, and apps), and the adoption of English as a worldwide lingua
franca across cultures, customs, and traditions, it should not be surprising to see
further shortening of words, phrases, and/or sentences.

A significant subsequent influence on the shaping of Old English came from contact
with the North Germanic languages spoken by the Scandinavian Vikings who
conquered and colonized parts of Britain during the 8th and 9th centuries, which
led to much lexical borrowing and grammatical simplification. The Anglian dialects
had a greater influence on Middle English.

After the Norman conquest in 1066, Old English was replaced, for a time, by
Anglo-Norman as the language of the upper classes. This is regarded as marking
the end of the Old English or Anglo-Saxon era, as during this period the English
language was heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman, developing into a phase known
now as Middle English. The conquering Normans spoke a Romance langue d'oïl
called Old Norman, which in Britain developed into Anglo-Norman.

Many Norman and French loanwords entered the local language in this period,
especially in vocabulary related to the church, the court system and the
government. As Normans are descendants of Vikings who invaded France, Norman
French was influenced by Old Norse, and many Norse loanwords in English came
directly from French. Middle English was spoken to the late 15th century.

The system of orthography that was established during the Middle English period is
largely still in use today. Later changes in pronunciation, however, combined with
the adoption of various foreign spellings, mean that the spelling of modern English
words appears highly irregular.

Early Modern English – the language used by William Shakespeare – is dated from
around 1500. It incorporated many Renaissance-era loans from Latin and Ancient
Greek, as well as borrowings from other European languages, including French,
German and Dutch. Significant pronunciation changes in this period included the
ongoing Great Vowel Shift, which affected the qualities of most long vowels.
Modern English proper, similar in most respects to that spoken today, was in place
by the late 17th century.
English as we know it today came to be exported to other parts of the world
through British colonisation, and is now the dominant language in Britain and
Ireland, the United States and Canada, Australia, New Zealand and many smaller
former colonies, as well as being widely spoken in India, parts of Africa, and
elsewhere.

Partially due to influence of the United States and its globalized efforts of
commerce and technology, English took on the status of a global lingua franca in
the second half of the 20th century. This is especially true in Europe, where English
has largely taken over the former roles of French and (much earlier) Latin as a
common language used to conduct business and diplomacy, share scientific and
technological information, and otherwise communicate across national boundaries.
The efforts of English-speaking Christian missionaries has resulted in English
becoming a second language for many other groups.

Global variation among different English dialects and accents remains significant
today. Scots, a form of English traditionally spoken in parts of Scotland and the
north of Ireland, is sometimes treated as a separate language.

TEACHER ÁNGEL VÁSQUEZ

Modern Languague Course