3.Critically evaluate the reliability of sources for an academic context.

4.Filter, manage and organize information from a wide variety of sources for use in academic study.
5.Demonstrate awareness of ethical issues related to academic integrity surrounding the access and use
of information.
1.1.1.1, Which of the following are learning objectives for this MOOC?
Check 3 options.
1. Communicate clearly across a variety of different contexts and to a wide range of audiences by
adapting communicative styles appropriately according to cultural and societal expectations.
2. Recognize and apply analytical problem solving techniques.
3. Critically evaluate the reliability of sources for an academic context.
4. Filter, manage and organize information from a wide variety of sources for use in academic study.
5. Demonstrate awareness of ethical issues related to academic integrity surrounding the access and use
of information.
6. Understand the importance and function of critical thinking in academic culture.

35%
1.1.1.2, What percentage of your total marks is the final summative assessment worth?
A. 20%
B. 25%
C. 30%
D. 35%

1.In video questions & polls

2.Short quizzes after each lesson
1.1.1.3, Which of the following are NON-assessed activities on this MOOC?
Check 2 options. (Partial marks awarded.)
1. In video questions & polls
2. Short quizzes after each lesson
3. Quizzes after each module
4. Discussion board posts
5. Final summative assessment.

1. Academic integrity
3. Critical thinking
4. Intellectual inquiry and communication
5. Ethical contribution
1.1.2.1, Which of the following are some of the core values and expectations of academic culture
mentioned by academics 1.2a?
Check 4 options.
1. Academic integrity
2. Freedom
3. Critical thinking
4. Intellectual inquiry and communication
5. Ethical contribution
6. The contingency of knowledge

2. Writing an email to your lecturer at university.

3. Creating a LinkedIn profile.
1.1.2.2, Which of the following actions would need some level of digital literacy?
Check 2 options.
1. Knowing how to set up a personal computer.
2. Writing an email to your lecturer at university.
3. Creating a LinkedIn profile.
4. Reading a book on an e-reader

Beginning an assignment with one opinion, but changing your opinion as you gather and read more
information sources with contrary evidence.
1.1.2.3, According to the experts in 1.2b, which of the following is an example of the contribution of
information and digital literacy to the values of academic culture?

A. Beginning an assignment with one opinion, but changing your opinion as you gather and read more
information sources with contrary evidence.
B. Giving a presentation
C. Cataloging information on a library website.
D. Making a valid argument

1. Complete course readings in advance.

4. Prepare for assignments in advance.
1.1.3.1, What aspects of time management does Jessa Collings say are most important at university?
Check 2 options.
1. Complete course readings in advance.
2. Enroll for classes in advance.
3. Arrive for lectures and tutorials in advance.
4. Prepare for assignments in advance.

Be open-minded.
1.1.3.2, What does Professor Nick Enfield suggest is one of the most important ways for a student to
prepare for university?

A. Be open-minded.
B. Be judgmental about what they are studying.
C. Language skills
D. Study skills

How their field understands and presents knowledge.

1.1.3.3, What does Marcella Robertson suggest students notice at university?

A. How their field understands and presents knowledge.

B. University expectations
C. Disciplinary procedures
D. How to be successful at university.

Behaving ethically and responsibly at university.

1.1.4.1, What is academic integrity?

A. Understanding academic culture in its entirety, without being divided into parts.
B. Behaving ethically and responsibly at university.
C. Being honest and not cheating.
D. Displaying the core values of academic culture - honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility - in
class.

to behave ethically
1.1.4.2, According to the lecture, universities are not just trying to train you for a job role, but are also
trying to prepare you ...

A. to behave ethically
B. to not cheat
C. to not become involved in political scandals
D. to conduct qualitative research

Fairness
1.1.4.3, "Academic communities of integrity value the interactive, cooperative, participatory nature of
learning. They honor, value, and consider diverse opinions and ideas. ... In academic environments of
integrity, even those who disagree on facts share ... reverence for knowledge and the methods by which
it is obtained." (International Centre for Academic Integrity , 2014, pg 24).
Which of the academic values is this referring to?

A. Honesty
B. Trust
C. Fairness
D. Responsibility

Facilitation of academic misconduct of another student.

1.1.5.1, "It's 4.30, and Mary has just taken the final exam for Introduction to Microbiology. She feels
pretty confident she did well when she runs into her friend Jane. Jane is in the evening class rather than
the afternoon class that Mary is in, and is about to take the exam. She is a little nervous as she hasn't
studied enough, so Mary tells her a few of the more difficult questions, and her answers for those
questions."
What kind of misconduct is happening?

A. Plagiarism
B. Self-plagiarism
C. Cheating
D. Fabrication or falsification of data or results.
E. Facilitation of academic misconduct of another student.

The contingent nature of academic knowledge.

1.1.5.2, "Knowledge is soon changed, then lost in the mist, an echo half-heard." - Gene Wolfe
What quality of academic culture does this relate to?
(Refer to 1.2)

A. The contingent nature of academic knowledge.

B. The need for evidence to support opinions.
C. The use of research to produce knowledge.
D. The importance of independent learning.

The importance of independent learning.

1.1.5.3, "Most English-speaking cultures stress the role of the individual in society .... This attitude is
reflected in the education system. From pre-school onwards, children are encouraged to express
themselves in many different ways, and are expected to explore activities, subjects and ideas that
interest them." - Jean Brick
What quality of academic culture does this relate to?
(Refer to 1.2)

A. The contingent nature of academic knowledge.

B. The need for evidence to support opinions.
C. The use of research to produce knowledge.
D. The importance of independent learning.

Time management
1.1.5.4, Consider the following situation.
"In Jeong Woo's first semester at university he often forgot to get his course readings done in time, and
had to ask for an extension twice for his assignments as he couldn't complete them. In his second
semester he became a lot more aware of when he needed to have completed readings and assignments,
which resulted in better grades and greater contributions to tutorials."
Which survival skill mentioned in lesson 1.3 does this refer to?
(Refer to 1.3)

A. Time management
B. Collaboration
C. Noticing how your field structures knowledge.
D. Study skills

The importance of finding good evidence to support your argument.

1.1.5.5, Consider the following situation.
"Fatima is writing an essay for her Macroeconomics course on the Great Recession. She is firmly
convinced that a lack of government regulation of the financial industry was responsible for the crisis.
However, she wants to find some evidence to support her argument before she starts writing."
In lesson 1.2b Michelle Harrison refers to 3 ways that information and digital literacy contribute to the
values of academic culture. Which way does Fatima's situation refer to?
(Refer to 1.2b)

A. The importance of finding good evidence to support your argument.

B. The flexibility to change your opinion on an issue based on evidence to the contrary.
C. The ability to identify a problem or research question.
D. The importance of using academic journal databases to find information.

Information
1.2.1.1, (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soc-net-paten-growth-chart.png)
Is the graph above an example of information or knowledge?

A. Information
B. Knowledge

Cultural record
1.2.1.2, An episode of the TV fantasy drama series Dragon's Play.
Is this part of the cultural record or the scholarly record?

A. Cultural record
B. Scholarly record

Secondary source
1.2.1.3, Is a review of the book The Politics of Free Markets in the academic journal Social Forces an
example of a primary source, a secondary source, or a tertiary source?

A. Primary source.
B. Secondary source
C. Tertiary source

2. Because they don't provide deep knowledge of a subject

4. Because they present an unproblematic view of a field and don't always present current debates in
the field.
1.2.2.1, Why can't we rely just on textbooks as information sources at university?
Check 2 options.
1. Because they are not written by experts.
2. Because they don't provide deep knowledge of a subject
3. Because they are sometimes wrong
4. Because they present an unproblematic view of a field and don't always present current debates in
the field.

They are difficult to read because of the expert vocabulary used.

1.2.2.2, Academic journal articles allow us to enter the discussions that define our academic field.
However, what is a DISADVANTAGE of academic journal articles?

A. They are too general.

B. They are difficult to read because of the expert vocabulary used.
C. They are shorter than textbooks, and therefore contain less information.
D. They are available on subscription only.

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Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References
1.2.2.3, What is the usual structure of a scientific journal article?

A. Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References

B. Abstract, Introduction, Body, Conclusion, References

1. Google
2. library aggregated search
3. YouTube
1.2.3.1, You are doing an assignment on media representations of women in business. Where would be
a good place to begin your search?
Check 3 options.
1. Google
2. library aggregated search
3. YouTube
4. An academic database entitled, "Commmunication Source, Focussing on Media Studies".
5. An academic database called JSTOR, which has journal articles from fields such as film studies and
literature, sociology and more.

2. academic journal database

3. library website aggregated search
1.2.3.2, Which of the following places will give information sources with greater quality, but with a more
limited range of sources?
Check 2 options.

1. Google
2. academic journal database
3. library website aggregated search
4. YouTube

1. Boolean searching
3. Use key words from assignment.
1.2.3.3, According to Pat, how can you search sites such as academic databases more efficiently to get
the information you want?
Check 2 options.

1. Boolean searching
2. Precision when looking for academic journal articles.
3. Use key words from assignment.
4. fine-grained searching

Definition of privacy, technology privacy issues for citizens, technology privacy issues for governments
1.2.4.1, Consider the following question.
"You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it" (Scott McNealey, 1999). What is privacy? How have changes
in technology made privacy an issue for citizens and governments?
The first step in developing a search strategy is to break the question down into sub-topics. Choose the
best set of sub-topics for this question.

A. Definition of privacy, technology privacy issues for citizens, technology privacy issues for governments
B. Historical overview of privacy, technology privacy issues for citizens, technology privacy issues for
governments
C. Different cultural definitions of privacy, technology privacy issues for citizens, technology privacy
issues for governments

surveillance, computers, civilians, subjects, state, politics

1.2.4.2, Consider the following question.
"You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it" (Scott McNealey, 1999). What is privacy? How have changes
in technology made privacy an issue for citizens and governments?
Another important step in developing a search strategy is to develop a set of search terms using
synonyms of key words in the question. Choose the best set of synonyms of key terms from the groups
below.

A. solitude, computers, civilians, subjects, state, politics

B. surveillance, computers, inhabitants, dwellers, state, politics
C. surveillance, computers, civilians, subjects, state, politics
D. surveillance, machines, civilians, subjects, state, politics

The search is too wide because using OR as a search term widens the search.
1.2.4.3, Consider the following question.
"You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it" (Scott McNealey, 1999). What is privacy? How have changes
in technology made privacy an issue for citizens and governments?
A student has run the following search term while researching the question:
"privacy OR citizens OR government OR technology OR politics"
It has returned too many results, many of which are irrelevant. Why?

A. The search is too wide because using OR as a search term widens the search.
B. The student hasn't used synonyms.
C. The student has used too many terms.

privacy AND technology AND (civilians OR citizens OR subjects)

1.2.4.4, Consider the following question.
"You have zero privacy anyway. Get over it" (Scott McNealey, 1999). What is privacy? How have changes
in technology made privacy an issue for citizens and governments?
A student wants to research the effects of technology on privacy for citizens. What is the best
combination of search terms below?

A. privacy AND technology AND civil*

B. privacy AND technology AND (civilians OR citizens OR subjects)
C. privacy OR technology AND civilian
D. privacy AND technology NOT government

Scholarly record
1.2.5.1, Which record is an article on positive topological entropy in the journal Annals of Mathematics
part of?
(Refer to 2.1a)

A. Cultural record
B. Scholarly record
C. Public record
D. Police record

Tertiary source
1.2.5.2, Is a first year visual art textbook called Introduction to Art History an example of a primary
source, secondary source, or tertiary source?
(Refer to 2.1b)

A. Primary source
B. Secondary source
C. Tertiary source
D. Quaternary source

Results
1.2.5.3, In which part of an academic journal article would you encounter the findings or outcomes of
the research that was conducted?
(Refer to 2.2b)

A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Methodology
D. Results
E. Discussion
F. Conclusion

Abstract, Introduction, Body, Conclusion, References

1.2.5.4, Which of these options is the usual structure of a humanities journal article?
(Refer to 2.2b)

A. Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References

B. Abstract, Introduction, Results, Methodology , Discussion, Conclusion, References
C. Abstract, Introduction, Body, Conclusion, References
D. Abstract, Introduction, Body, References, Conclusion

1. Google Scholar
4. An academic journal database called Web of Science which gives broad coverage to journal articles in
the sciences.
1.2.5.5, You are an undergraduate pharmacology student researching approaches to protein
therapeutics over the last 20 years. Where would you begin your search?
(Refer to 2.4)
Check 2 options.

1. Google Scholar
2. Yahoo
3. An academic journal database called Humanities and Social Sciences Collection which gives broad
coverage to journal articles in the humanities and social sciences.
4. An academic journal database called Web of Science which gives broad coverage to journal articles in
the sciences.

What you're looking for.

1.2.5.6, What is the most important thing that determines where you look for information sources,
according to Pat Norman in lesson 2.3?
(Refer to 2.3)
A. The academic field you're studying.
B. How easy it is to access.
C. How fine-grained you want your information to be.
D. What you're looking for.

3. Because they provide more detailed and specific information on a field.

5. Because they can only be accessed via academic databases.
1.2.5.7, Why do academic journal articles, rather than textbooks or course notes, allow you to enter into
the academic conversations of your field?
(Refer to 2.2a)
Check 2 options.

1. Because they contain broad and basic subject knowledge.

2. Because they are written by academics, for other academics.
3. Because they provide more detailed and specific information on a field.
4. Because they use difficult vocabulary.
5. Because they can only be accessed via academic databases.

Textbooks, educational technology, educational leadership, teacher training, parental involvement with
education.
1.2.5.8, Consider the following assessment question.
"It is important to remember that educational software, like textbooks, is only one tool in the learning
process. Neither can be a substitute for well-trained teachers, leadership, and parental involvement"
(Keith Krueger). How important is educational technology?
The first step in developing a search strategy is to break the question down into sub-topics. Choose the
best set of sub-topics for this question.

A. Textbooks, educational technology, educational leadership, teacher training, parental involvement

with education.
B. Importance of educational software, textbooks, importance of teacher training.
C. Educational software, teachers, leadership, parental involvement.
D. History of educational software, importance of teacher training, importance of educational
leadership.

The search is too narrow because using AND and NOT as search terms narrows the search
1.2.5.9, Consider the following assessment question.
"It is important to remember that educational software, like textbooks, is only one tool in the learning
process. Neither can be a substitute for well-trained teachers, leadership, and parental involvement"
(Keith Krueger). How important is educational technology?
A student has run the following search term while researching the question:
" "educational technology" AND teacher training NOT parent"
It has returned very few results. Choose the best reason why below.

A. The student needs to use Boolean searching.

B. The search is too wide because using NOT as a search term widens the search.
C. The student needs to use synonyms in their search.
D. The search is too narrow because using AND and NOT as search terms narrows the search
technology AND "curriculum change"
1.2.5.10, Consider the following assessment question.
"It is important to remember that educational software, like textbooks, is only one tool in the learning
process. Neither can be a substitute for well-trained teachers, leadership, and parental involvement"
(Keith Krueger). How important is educational technology?
A student wants to research the importance of technology in curriculum change. What would be the
best combination of search terms below?

A. technology OR curriculum AND change

B. technology OR curriculum change
C. technology AND "curriculum change"
D. technology OR curriculum OR change

Clarity
1.3.1.1, Which of the following is NOT a criterion used to judge the credibility of sources?

A. Clarity
B. Scholarly purpose
C. Audience
D. Objectivity

1. A study conducted by an airline company on the relative safety of air travel compared to boat travel.
3. A journal article on the health impacts of a particular fast-food burger that was sponsored by the fast-
food chain which makes it.
1.3.1.2, Which of the following may pose a problem for objectivity?
Check 2 options.

1. A study conducted by an airline company on the relative safety of air travel compared to boat travel.
2. A peer-reviewed journal article on the impact of social media on high-school behaviour
3. A journal article on the health impacts of a particular fast-food burger that was sponsored by the fast-
food chain which makes it.
4. A journal article on the health impacts of a particular fast-food burger that was sponsored by the
World Health Organisation.

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1. The authority
2. The source's audience is not academic.
1.3.1.3, Consider our example assessment question.
"Doctors can be replaced by software - 80% of them can. I'd much rather have a good machine learning
system diagnose my disease than the median or average doctor" (Vinod Khosla). Discuss the implications
of artificial intelligence doing traditionally human tasks from technical, social and economic
perspectives.

A student has found the information source below for example assessment question.
An interview in the 'News' section of National Geographic online with the writer of a book on AI and
employment. The writer of the book discusses the economic benefits and drawbacks of AI to the
economy. The writer of the article is a professional writer. The article was published in 2015.

What is the problem with the source's credibility?

Check 2 options.

1. The authority
2. The source's audience is not academic.
3. The source lacks accuracy.
4. The source is credible.

3. An article in The Economist on "on-shoring" - factories moving back to developed countries from
developing countries due to increased use of automation in factories.
4. A journal article on a new method of programming driverless cars.
1.3.2.1, Consider our example assessment question.
"Doctors can be replaced by software - 80% of them can. I'd much rather have a good machine learning
system diagnose my disease than the median or average doctor" (Vinod Khosla). Discuss the implications
of artificial intelligence doing traditionally human tasks from technical, social and economic
perspectives.
Which of the following sources would best meet the needs of this assessment?
Check 2 options.

1. A first year textbook called Computing Fundamentals that has a couple of pages addressing artificial
intelligence.
2. A course reader from a course called "Robots and the Modernist Imaginary: Social Utopias and
Dystopias".
3. An article in The Economist on "on-shoring" - factories moving back to developed countries from
developing countries due to increased use of automation in factories.
4. A journal article on a new method of programming driverless cars.

Partly
1.3.2.2, Consider our example assessment question.
""Doctors can be replaced by software - 80% of them can. I'd much rather have a good machine learning
system diagnose my disease than the median or average doctor" (Vinod Khosla). Discuss the implications
of artificial intelligence doing traditionally human tasks from technical, social and economic
perspectives."

You have found a journal article for your assignment; the abstract of the article is below.

Read the abstract and answer the question below.

"There are increasing policy debates on the efficacy of universal basic income (UBI) within both political
and academic circles. These debates have emerged as a response to failures of the welfare state on the
one hand, and the threat to employment posed by increasing automation on the other. While issues
surrounding introduction and maintenance of the UBI have been explored at some length in sociological
and political science literature, economics as a discipline has been slow to enter this discussion. This
paper applies a new institutional economic framework to explore the effects of UBI on the economy as
well as broader social effects. It shows that while the costs of implementation and the threat of work
disincentives are greater than has previously been indicated, the benefits of introducing a UBI far
outweigh the drawbacks, particularly when an ongoing decrease in manual and middle class jobs due to
automation is assumed. Implications for welfare and social policy are explored."

We need to decide if it is relevant. How useful is this for your assignment?

A. Very
B. Partly
C. Not at all.

Yes
1.3.2.3, Consider our example assessment question.
""Doctors can be replaced by software - 80% of them can. I'd much rather have a good machine learning
system diagnose my disease than the median or average doctor" (Vinod Khosla). Discuss the implications
of artificial intelligence doing traditionally human tasks from technical, social and economic
perspectives."

You have found a journal article for your assignment; the abstract of the article is below.

Read the abstract and answer the question below.

"This study seeks to explore the educational affordances and constraints of English language teacher
robots in Korea. With small but increasing use of AIs in service industries, there is a growing literature on
the impact of robots and AI on everyday social interactions in a number of contexts; however, the
effects of robots and AIs in educational contexts remain relatively unexplored. This study used
ethnographic means to explore the impact of English language teacher robots in 3 primary school
settings in Korea. It combined ethnographic non-participant observation with interviews to look at how
language teaching could be technologically supported, drawing on the workplace studies of Heath and
Luff (2000) to look at how the use of technologically-mediated language instruction offered a new range
of affordances and constraints to both students and teachers. Implications for language pedagogy and
curriculum development are explored."

Do you think the information will be appropriately explored in this article, and not be too general or too
specific to use in our assessment question?

A. Yes
B. No, the information is too general.
C. No, the information is too specific.

Noda et al_2013_robot surgery

1.3.3.1, You would like to save the PLos One article on robot surgery to your computer. The article
citation is:

Noda Y, Ida Y, Tanaka S, Toyama T, Roggia MF, et al. (2013) Impact of Robotic Assistance on Precision of
Vitreoretinal Surgical Procedures. PLoS ONE 8(1): e54116. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054116
According to lesson 3.3a, what would be the best file name to use?

A. Yasuo_2013_robot surgery
B. Noda et al_2013_robot surgery
C. 20170511_sociology of technology assignment
D. journal.pone.0054116.PDF

170620_STEC1001_Assignment2
1.3.3.2, You are saving a draft answer to our example question. The date is 20th of June, 2017. The
assessment is the second assessment for the subject STEC1001 Sociology of Technology. What is the
best file name to save it as?

A. 170620_STEC1001_Assignment2
B. 062017_STEC1001_Assignment2
C. Assignment2_STEC1001_170620
D. STEC1001_Assignment2_062017

2018_Quarter 2
1.3.3.3, You have a collection of course notes from your course in Business Communications (BUS1002)
from the first year of your undergraduate course in Business Management. You took the course in the
second quarter of 2018 and your lecturer was Caroline Ng.

What would be the best name for the top level folder in your university folder hierarchy for this
information, according to lesson 3.3b?

A. BUS1002
B. 2018_Quarter 2
C. Caroline Ng
D. Business Communications

2. Assess credibility and relevance.

3. Understand main ideas.
1.3.4.1, What are the two purposes of step one in the three step approach to reading?
Check 2 options.

1. Gain further understanding.

2. Assess credibility and relevance.
3. Understand main ideas.
4. Make detailed notes.

Methodology
1.3.4.2, Which of these parts of an academic journal article would you probably NOT read in great
detail?

A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Methodology
D. Conclusion
Circle or highlight them for later reference.
1.3.4.3, While reading an information source, what should you do if you find references to other
additional relevant information sources?

A. Ignore them.
B. Circle or highlight them for later reference.
C. Immediately look them up.

According to categories based on your research question

1.3.4.4, When you make notes on an information source, how should you organize them?

A. Alphabetically
B. According to categories based on your research question
C. In the order that you read them

1. Authority of the author

3. Scholarly purpose
4. Audience
5. Objectivity
6. The way a web site looks.
8. The use of correct grammar
10. Currency
1.3.5.5, Which of the following can we use to evaluate the credibility of information sources (including
web resources)?
(Refer to 3.1a and b)
Check 7 options.

1. Authority of the author

2. Country of publication
3. Scholarly purpose
4. Audience
5. Objectivity
6. The way a web site looks.
7. Clarity
8. The use of correct grammar
9. Reference to tertiary sources
10. Currency

1. Wikipedia
4. National Geographic
5. 2 Hungry Guys - A Sydney Food Blog
1.3.5.2, Which of the following publishers would be considered unreliable for an academic context?
(Refer to 3.1a, b and c)
Check 3 options.

1. Wikipedia
2. Oxford University Press
3. Canadian Journal of Chemistry (peer-reviewed journal)
4. National Geographic
5. 2 Hungry Guys - A Sydney Food Blog

The source lacks currency.

1.3.5.3, Consider our example assessment question.
"Doctors can be replaced by software - 80% of them can. I'd much rather have a good machine learning
system diagnose my disease than the median or average doctor" (Vinod Khosla). Discuss the implications
of artificial intelligence doing traditionally human tasks from technical, social and economic
perspectives.
A student has found the information source below for example assessment question.
An article by a leading roboticist and thinker in the area of AI that appeared in the scholarly journal AI
Magazine in 1984. The article looks at artificial intelligence and employment, specifically looking at the
benefits and risks in areas such as defense, education, and business.
What is the problem with the source's credibility?
(Refer to 3.1a)

A. The source's authority

B. The source lacks objectivity.
C. The source lacks currency.
D. The source is credible.

Because the level of difficulty of technical vocabulary in a source reflects the audience the source is
aimed at and the complexity of concepts used.
1.3.5.4, If you want to check the relevance of an information source to your assessment question, why is
it important to check if it is written at the appropriate level?
(Refer to 3.2a)

A. Because the level of difficulty of technical vocabulary in a source reflects the audience the source is
aimed at and the complexity of concepts used.
B. Because sources without appropriately formal language will sound unusual when quoted.
C. Because it means that the topic is explored at an appropriate depth.
D. Because it means that it is related to the topic of your assessment question.

It means the information source is the correct type of source for the assignment (e.g., textbook, primary
or secondary source).
1.3.5.5, When checking for relevance, what does it mean if an information source meets the needs of
your assignment?
(Refer to 3.2a)

A. It means the information source is part of the scholarly record.

B. It means the information source is the correct type of source for the assignment (e.g., textbook,
primary or secondary source).
C. It means that it is in the same academic field that you are studying in.
D. It means that the topic is appropriately explored.

Author's first name

1.3.5.6, Which if the following would probably NOT be a good thing to include in a file name?
(Refer to 3.3a)

A. Author's surname
B. Author's first name
C. Year of publication
D. Name of the article

171205_CSTU1004_Assignment1
1.3.5.7, Imagine you are writing the first essay for a cultural studies unit on Modernism (CSTU1004). The
topic is on the influence of the First World War. Your lecturer's name is Associate Professor Di Jones. The
date today is 5th December 2017 and it is due on the 10th December 2017. What would be the best
name for a draft of this essay, according to lesson 3.3a?
(Refer to 3.3a)

A. 171210_Assignment1_CSTU1004
B. 171210_Jones_Assignment1
C. 171205_CSTU1004_Assignment1

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion
7. Title
1.3.5.8, You have found the following article for our example assessment question on AI. Read the
following summary of the parts of the article.

Title: Deep learning neural networks to assess human driver's intentions in driverless cars

Abstract: A short summary of the article

Introduction: Explains advance of driverless cars in society. Talks about limitations of driverless cars
when assessing the driving patterns of human drivers.
Outlines the purpose of the study - to assess the performance of a deep learning AI system that learns
human drivers' intentions through repeated practice driving on roads.

Methodology: Explains the complex set of algorithms in use to learn while driving, and the means by
which their performance was assessed via a series of experiments.

Results: Compares the deep learning neural networks performance against other AI systems.

Discussion: Shows how the deep learning neural network being studied leads to improved driving
performance.

Conclusion: Outlines areas for further study, and explains relevance of study to development of
driverless cars in general.

Which parts would you read first, in order to decide if you will use this information source?
(Refer to 3.4a)
Check 5 options.

Note: We have not included "headings" as an option because, in this case, the headings would just be
the names of the sections (Abstract, Introduction, Methodology etc). However, if this was a professional
report or contained a number of different sub-headings, then you would read those as well!

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Methodology
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion
7. Title

Unintentional plagiarism is when you are not aware of your plagiarism, and intentional plagiarism is
when you deliberately copy another's work.
1.4.1.1, What is the difference between unintentional and intentional plagiarism?

A. Unintentional plagiarism is when you are not aware of your plagiarism, and intentional plagiarism is
when you deliberately copy another's work.
B. Unintentional plagiarism is done on your own, but intentional plagiarism involves other students.
C. Unintentional plagiarism is when you plagiarise your own work, and intentional plagiarism is when
you plagiarise other people's work.
D. Unintentional plagiarism is when some words from the original text are changed, and intentional
plagiarism is when nothing from the original is changed.

1. Your own ideas

2. Common knowledge
1.4.1.2, Which of the following would you NOT need to reference at university?
Check 2 options.

1. Your own ideas

2. Common knowledge
3. Someone else's organizing structure
4. Information from another source

Yes
1.4.1.3, Compare the original with a student's paraphrase below.
Original

"AI systems have already become far too complicated for the average person to understand, let alone
repair, so there will be new roles created which will require people who can act as intermediaries
between computers and humans." (Bollegala, D. (2016, May 5). Robot revolution: rise of the intelligent
automated workforce. theconversation.com. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/robot-
revolution-rise-of-the-intelligent-automated-workforce-58252)

Student's paraphrase:
The growing use of AI in society does not preclude job growth. There are those that argue that, instead,
the use of AI will lead to new forms of employment. For example, because machine learning systems
have already become far too complicated for ordinary people to understand or fix, there will be new
jobs that will emerge which will require people who can act as mediators between AI systems and
humans (Bollegala, 2016).

Has the student plagiarized the original?

A. Yes
B. No

In-text and end-text

1.4.2.1, What are the two places in academic writing where citations appear and must correspond?

A.Footnotes and endnotes

B. Intentional and unintentional citations
C. Referencing system and referencing style
D. In-text and end-text

Footnote
1.4.2.2, What type of referencing system is being used in the text below?

A. End-text
B. In-text citing
C. Endnote
D. Footnote

The writer has given the publication name rather than the author's name.
1.4.2.3, Look at the following in-text citation, using an in-text citing system, in an essay.
There is an error with the in-text citation. What is the problem?

A. The writer has not included a page number.

B. The in-text citation should appear at the beginning of the sentence.
C. The date of publication is not necessary.
D. The writer has given the publication name rather than the author's name.

The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they should have put the 'r' in "recently" in square
brackets.
1.4.3.1, Below is an original quote from the Noda et al. article, and also the direct quote as used in a
student's essay.
Original quote:

"Recently robot-assisted surgery has broadened its application and has been introduced into the surgical
theaters worldwide." (Noda et al., 2013, p. 1)

Student's writing:
Another important innovation has been the advent of robotic surgery, which Noda et al. write has
"recently ... broadened its application and has been introduced into surgical theaters worldwide" (2013,
p. 1).

Has the student used the quote correctly or incorrectly? If it is incorrect, why?

A. The student's use of the quote is correct.

B. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they have put the in-text citation in the wrong
place.
C. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they should have put the 'r' in "recently" in square
brackets.
D. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they shouldn't have used ellipses.

Rearrange the order of information from the original.

1.4.3.2, Which of the following is NOT a strategy for paraphrasing suggested by Swales and Feak (2012)?

A. Note the key information.

B. Identify relationships between the key pieces of information.
C. Brainstorm linking phrases and expressions.
D. Rearrange the order of information from the original.
E. Brainstorm synonyms and/or different word forms for key terms & different word order.
F. Think about what you want to say about the claim in the original text.

Softened the claim.

1.4.3.3, Original:
"Recently robot-assisted surgery has broadened its application and has been introduced into the surgical
theaters worldwide" (Noda et al., 2013, p. 1).

Student's writing:

Some writers, such as Noda et al. (2013), have written that robotic surgery can now be found in many
hospitals around the world.

How has the writer modified the claim of the original in their paraphrase?

A. Strengthened the claim.

B. Narrowed the claim.
C. Increased the claim.
D. Softened the claim.

2. A student uses an information source in an assignment without referencing it.

3. A student buys an essay off the internet.
4. A student borrows another student's essay, rewords and restructures parts of it, and submits it as
their own.
1.4.5.1, Which of the following are examples of plagiarism?
(Refer to 4.1)
Check 3 options.
1. A student takes notes into an exam.
2. A student uses an information source in an assignment without referencing it.
3. A student buys an essay off the internet.
4. A student borrows another student's essay, rewords and restructures parts of it, and submits it as
their own.

It is an example of plagiarism because the student has not referenced the original information source
correctly.
1.4.5.2, Is this student's writing an example of plagiarism?
Original:
"But despite the deeper level of knowledge that our computers will soon acquire, losing our jobs to
machines doesn't have to be a bad thing. Letting machines do the bulk of the work means that humans
will be freed from routine tasks that computers are better at performing with higher accuracy rates,
such as driving cars." Bollegala, D. (2016, May 5). Robot revolution: rise of the intelligent automated
workforce. theconversation.com. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/robot-revolution-rise-of-
the-intelligent-automated-workforce-58252)

Student:
While there are a number of disadvantages to AI performing formerly human jobs, there are also
advantages, such as the handover of routine tasks that are better performed by computers (Bollegala).
(Refer to 4.2, 4.3)

A. It is not an example of plagiarism.

B. It is an example of plagiarism because the student has taken the original idea.
C. It is an example of plagiarism because the student has not referenced the original information source
correctly.
D. It is an example of plagiarism because the student has copied the wording of the original text.

It is not an example of plagiarism.

1.4.5.3, Is this student's writing an example of plagiarism?
Original:
"But ethical issues arising from human and AI co-working environments is a real concern. It is one thing
getting a face incorrectly recognised in an image uploaded to Facebook, but a totally different matter if
cancer is misdiagnosed by an AI, which could very easily happen. After all, computers make mistakes,
just as people do." Bollegala, D. (2016, May 5). Robot revolution: rise of the intelligent automated
workforce. theconversation.com. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/robot-revolution-rise-of-
the-intelligent-automated-workforce-58252

Student's writing:
Other possible implications of AI replacing humans in employment are the ethical concerns that might
arise from interaction between the two. Bollegala (2016) points out that possible ethical implications
might vary in importance however, with, for example, medical diagnoses outweighing other forms of
ethical infractions.
(Refer to 4.1, 4.2, 4.3)

A. It is not an example of plagiarism.

B. It is an example of plagiarism because the student has taken the original idea.
C. It is an example of plagiarism because the student has not included the page number in the in-text
citation.
D. It is an example of plagiarism because the student has copied the wording of the original text.

They have copied distinctive words and phrases.

1.4.5.4, Why is this student's writing an example of plagiarism?
Original:
"AI systems have already become far too complicated for the average person to understand, let alone
repair, so there will be new roles created which will require people who can act as intermediaries
between computers and humans." Bollegala, D. (2016, May 5). Robot revolution: rise of the intelligent
automated workforce. theconversation.com. Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/robot-
revolution-rise-of-the-intelligent-automated-workforce-58252)

Student's paraphrase:
The growing use of AI in society does not preclude job growth. There are those that argue that, instead,
the use of AI will lead to new forms of employment. For example, because machine learning systems
have already become far too complicated for ordinary people to understand or fix, there will be new
jobs that will emerge which will require people who can act as mediators between AI systems and
humans (Bollegala, 2016).
(Refer to 4.1, 4.3)

A. They have used a distinctive idea without referencing.

B. They have used a distinctive structure without referencing.
C. They have copied distinctive words and phrases.
D. They have copied data from a particular source.

In-text citing
1.4.5.5, What referencing system is used in the following example of student writing?
In text
Other possible implications of AI replacing humans in employment are the ethical concerns that might
arise from interaction between the two. Bollegala (2016) points out that possible ethical implications
might vary in importance with, for example, medical diagnoses outweighing other forms of ethical
infractions.
End text
Bollegala, D. (2016) Robot revolution: rise of the intelligent automated workforce. theconversation.com.
Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/robot-revolution-rise-of-the-intelligent-automated-
workforce-58252)
(Refer to 4.2)

A. Endnote
B. Footnote
C. In-text citing
D. Vancouver style

Endnote
1.4.5.6, What referencing system is used in the following example of student writing?
In-text
Other possible implications of AI replacing humans in employment are the ethical concerns that might
arise from interaction between the two. Bollegala points out that possible ethical implications might
vary in importance with, for example, medical diagnoses outweighing other forms of ethical
infractions4.
End text
4 Ibid., loc cit.

(Refer to 4.2)

A. Endnote
B. Footnote
C. In-text citing
D. APA style

The student has referenced correctly.

1.4.5.7, The following example of in-text and end-text writing is from a student using an endnote
referencing system. The first and third references are to the Noda et al. (2013) article, and the second is
from the Bollegala (2016) article. Has the student referenced correctly?

In-text:
There are also potential benefits to the use of artificial intelligence in medical contexts. Researchers
report that robotic surgery can be used to assist in areas such as eye surgery, which requires a high level
of detailed work in a small area5. Despite the potential for issues with ethics becomes greater with
these uses6, examples of robotic surgery such as these are commonly found in hospitals around the
world5.

End-text:
5. Noda Y, Ida Y, Tanaka S, Toyama T, Roggia M, Tamaki Y et al. Impact of Robotic Assistance on Precision
of Vitreoretinal Surgical Procedures. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(1):e54116.
6. Bollegala D. Robot revolution: rise of the intelligent automated workforce [Internet]. The
Conversation. 2016 [cited 9 June 2016]. Available from: http://theconversation.com/robot-revolution-
rise-of-the-intelligent-automated-workforce-58252

Has the student referenced correctly?

(Refer to 4.2)

A. The student has referenced correctly.

B. The student has not referenced correctly because they should use the word 'ibid.' in the end-text
referencing list.
C. The student has not referenced properly because the end-text references should be in alphabetical
order.
D. The student has not referenced properly because the in-text references should be listed as 5, 6 and 7.

The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they shouldn't have used ellipses.
1.4.5.8, Below is an original quote from the Noda et al. article, and also the direct quote as used in a
student's essay.
Original quote
"Recently robot-assisted surgery has broadened its application and has been introduced into the surgical
theaters worldwide." (Noda et al., 2013, pg 1)
Student's writing
Another important innovation has been the advent of robotic surgery, which Noda et al. (2013, pg 1)
write "has been ... introduced into surgical theaters worldwide".
Has the student used the quote correctly or incorrectly? If it is incorrect, why is it correct?
(Refer to 4.3a)

A. The student's use of the quote is correct.

B. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they have put the in-text citation in the wrong
place.
C. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they should have capitalized the 'h' in "has".
D. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they shouldn't have used ellipses.

The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they shouldn't have capitalized the 'i' in
"Intermediaries".
1.4.5.9, Below is an original quote from the Bollegala article, and also the direct quote as used in a
student's essay.
Original quote:
"AI systems have already become far too complicated for the average person to understand, let alone
repair, so there will be new roles created which will require people who can act as intermediaries
between computers and humans" (Bollegala, 2013).

Student's writing:
Due to the high levels of complexity in AI systems, there will be increasing numbers of jobs in the future
for "... Intermediaries between computers and humans" (Bollegala, 2013).

Has the student used the quote correctly or incorrectly? If it is incorrect, why?
(Refer to 4.3a)

A. The student's use of the quote is correct.

B. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they have put the in-text citation in the wrong
place.
C. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they shouldn't have capitalized the 'i' in
"Intermediaries".
D. The student's use of the quote is incorrect because they shouldn't have used ellipses.

It is not a good summary because the writer has misunderstood the original source.
1.4.5.10, Is the following indirect quote from the Noda et al. article a good summary?
Original
"In conclusion, through the in-vitro evaluation of robot-assisted vitreoretinal surgical procedures
compared to manual procedures, benefits of robotic assistance for the sophisticated vitreoretinal
surgeries was confirmed" (Noda et al., 2013, p. 5).
Summary
According to Noda et al. (2013), research confirms the benefits of robotic intervention in in-vitro
fertilization procedures.
(Refer to 4.3b)
A. It is a good summary.
B. It is not a good summary because it is too short.
C. It is not a good summary because it incorrectly references the original information source.
D. It is not a good summary because the writer has misunderstood the original source.

University students are exempt from copyright laws.

1.5.1.1, Which of the following statements about copyright are NOT true?

A. Copyright is a moral right.

B. Copyright is an economic right.
C. Copyright laws vary from country to country.
D. University students are exempt from copyright laws.

They are for personal research only.

1.5.1.2, What is generally the rule regarding student's use of academic journal articles downloaded from
paid databases?

A. They can only be read on library computers.

B. They are for personal research only.
C. They can only be shared with students by academic staff at university.
D. You first need to get a database license before you can access or use them.

1. Make sure you understand the copyright license.

2. Cite it properly.
1.5.1.3, What should you do if you use intellectual property in your work at university and you are not
the copyright owner?
Check 2 options.

1. Make sure you understand the copyright license.

2. Cite it properly.
3. Apply a Creative Commons license to your work.
4. Use the work for non-commercial uses only.

Because using Creative Commons licensed content can reduce your chances of infringing copyright law.
1.5.1.4, Why is it useful for a university student to know about Creative Commons licensing?

A. Because using Creative Commons licensed content can reduce your chances of infringing copyright
law.
B. Because Creative Commons licensed material can be freely used and remixed into your own work.
C. Because Creative Commons licensing is the most common form of copyright licensing for university
material.
D. Because Creative Commons is best kind of licensing to be applied to university assignments.

An online network of people and information sources that can assist your learning.
1.5.2.1, Which of the following statements best describes a personal learning network?

A. An online network of people and information sources that can assist your learning.
B. A network of students that help each other with university assessments.
C. A social network that involves you in the main discussions in your field.
D. A network of people and information sources.

It means to cut people out of personal learning network if you don't find their contributions useful.
1.5.2.2, What does it mean to 'prune' your personal learning network?

A. It means to reduce the number of information sources you receive.

B. It means to cut people out of personal learning network if you don't find their contributions useful.
C. It means to reduce the number of devices you use to access your personal learning network.
D. It means to reduce the number of apps you use as part of personal learning network.

Personal data shared online through social networking services.

1.5.3.1, Which is the best way to describe your online 'social identity'?

A. Personal data shared online through social networking services.

B. a positive image of your professional experience online
C. Information you give about yourself while completing transactions online.
D. your bio on Twitter, Facebook and Linkedin

1. expect unexpected audiences

3. Treat video, audio and images like text.
4. Have a public profile that you maintain.
1.5.3.2, Which of the following are ways to take control of your online identity?
Check 3 options.

1. expect unexpected audiences

2. Set up a LinkedIn profile.
3. Treat video, audio and images like text.
4. Have a public profile that you maintain.
5. Email lecturers and introduce yourself.

A mum and a wife with a cool day job writing children's books.
1.5.3.3, Which of these Twitter bios is best?

A. Passionate pop culture enthusiast. Social media junkie. Avid blogger. Retweets do not mean
endorsements.
B. I am a researcher focusing on the DNA of earthworms and trying to apply their genetic adaptations to
use with human DNA.
C. Creative. Dynamic. Motivated.
D. A mum and a wife with a cool day job writing children's books.

2. Respect other people's privacy.

5. Forgive others' mistakes.
1.5.4.1, Which of the following are some of Shea's (2005) Netiquette recommendations?
Check 2 options.

1. Keep emails short and concise.

2. Respect other people's privacy.
3. Don't use emojis.
4. Respond quickly to emails.
5. Forgive others' mistakes.

1. Don't use text speak.

2. Don't use emojis.
3. Never write an email when you are upset or angry.
6. Be formal.
7. Be specific and concise.
1.5.4.2, Read the following email from a student to her lecturer.
To: [email protected]
From: [email protected]
Subject:
Hey prof,
I'm Chantelle Thomas from your Accounting 102 course "Management Accounting.' I've really enjoyed
the course, and I think some of your lectures are really funny. Some of the activities in tutorial are a bit
difficult though 😵
Anyway, I want an extension for the second assignment that's due on Friday. I can give it to you the next
Monday cos I'll have time 2 write it on the weekend.
Thanks,
Chantelle
What rules from lesson 5.4b on writing emails has Chantelle broken?
Check 5 options.

1. Don't use text speak.

2. Don't use emojis.
3. Never write an email when you are upset or angry.
4. Always include a subject.
5. Introduce yourself.
6. Be formal.
7. Be specific and concise.

Reference posts.
1.5.4.3, Which of the following should you do when participating in reflection/debate forums?

A. Be formal.
B. Write between 250-300 words.
C. Not be subjective.
D. Reference posts.

A student using images from the internet, downloaded from National Geographic online without
permission, for their assignment.
1.5.5.1, Which of the following situations would be an infringement of copyright law?
(Refer to 5.1a)

A. A university Dramatic society producing a play. The play was specifically written by a student for the
production.
B. Science students marketing a product they developed at university.
C. A student making a few photocopies from a university library book for his or her own study purposes.
D. A student using images from the internet, downloaded from National Geographic online without
permission, for their assignment.

2. Check the copyright license on any image you find to see if you can use it.
4. It is OK to use images with Creative Commons licensing as long as you change them in some way.
1.5.5.2, Bashir is creating a PowerPoint for an assessed presentation at university. He would like to
illustrate some of his points using images from the web. Which of the following pieces of advice would
you give to Bashir so that he doesn't infringe copyright?
(Refer to 5.1b)
Check 2 options.

1. You can use any images from the web as long as you cite them correctly.
2. Check the copyright license on any image you find to see if you can use it.
3. Try to use images with Creative Commons licensing which allow reuse.
4. It is OK to use images with Creative Commons licensing as long as you change them in some way.

1. A blog with interesting posts written by academics, although only a few of them are about Economics.
3. The Facebook profile of a fellow Economics student who always gets good marks at university.
4. The Twitter feed of a well-known publication that posts interesting economics statistics.
1.5.5.3, You are studying Economics at university, and you are interested in developing your Personal
Learning Network (PLN). Which of the following would be good to include in your PLN?
(Refer to 5.2)
Check 3 options.

1. A blog with interesting posts written by academics, although only a few of them are about Economics.
2. The Twitter feed of the Finance Minister of your country; however, you think politics is really dull.
3. The Facebook profile of a fellow Economics student who always gets good marks at university.
4. The Twitter feed of a well-known publication that posts interesting economics statistics.

1. The Twitter feed of a Nobel prize winning economist who never posts anything.
3. Following the Facebook posts of a political party because you wanted to see updates on economic
policy, although you hate politics and it bores you.
1.5.5.4, You are studying Economics at university. You would like to 'prune' your PLN. Which of the
following items should you remove, according to lesson 5.2?
(Refer to 5.2)
Check 2 options.

1. The Twitter feed of a Nobel prize winning economist who never posts anything.
2. The Tumblr blog post feed of a fellow student who posts strange and wonderful posts on all kinds of
subjects, including Economics.
3. Following the Facebook posts of a political party because you wanted to see updates on economic
policy, although you hate politics and it bores you.
4. The Twitter feed of one of your tutors who posts controversial articles that challenge many of the
core assumptions of mainstream economics.

1. Your log in details for eBay

3. Your online banking account
1.5.5.5, Which of the following are examples of your transactional identity online?
(Refer to 5.3a)
Check 2 options.

1. Your log in details for eBay

2. Your LinkedIn profile
3. Your online banking account
4. An email discussion list for people in the same industry
5. Your Facebook account
6. Your Instagram account

2. Your LinkedIn profile

4. An email discussion list for people in the same industry
1.5.5.6, Which of the following are examples of your professional identity online?
(Refer to 5.3a)
Check 2 options.

1. Your log in details for eBay

2. Your LinkedIn profile
3. Your online banking account
4. An email discussion list for people in the same industry
5. Your Facebook account
6. Your Instagram account

Science geek and PhD candidate at USyd. I shoot very small lasers into very small crystals.
1.5.5.7, Michaela Wen is a PhD student at the University of Sydney. His PhD topic is about exploring the
use of a new type of neutron beam to map small crystalline solids. He is setting up a Twitter account.
What is the best Twitter bio for him?
(Refer to 5.3b)
Check one option.

A. Science geek and PhD candidate at USyd. I shoot very small lasers into very small crystals.
B. PhD candidate at the University of Sydney researching the efficacy of neutron beams to elucidate the
structure of crystalline solids.
C. Science geek. Crystallography guru. Avid cyclist.
D. Motivated. Committed. Passionate.

It is not well-written because it is not concise.

1.5.5.8, Consider the following email from a student to his lecturer.

"Dear Dr Archer,
My name is Kosta Poulos and I am a student in your APPSCI 102 course Exercise Science 2. I am writing
to inform you that I will unfortunately be late to tomorrow's tutorial. I am a member of the Cronulla
Sharks under-21s third grade side, and we are currently 2nd on the league table. However, we have an
important game on Saturday with the no. 1 team, and because of this we will have a late training session
the night before. The training session will run late, and I have never been good at waking up early, so I
will need to sleep in. As a result I will be late to the tutorial. If there's anything important that I will miss,
could you please let me know somehow. Thank you for your understanding.
Best regards,
Kosta"

Is the email well-written? Why or why not?

(Refer to 5.4b, 5.4c)

A. It is well-written.
B. It is not well-written because it is too informal.
C. It is not well-written because Kosta didn't say 'thank you'.
D. It is not well-written because it is not concise.

Yes, it is well-written.
1.5.5.9, Consider the following post on a reflection/debate forum in an Education subject.

Discussion question: What is your view on Vygotsky's notion of the zone of proximal development? Can
you relate it to any examples in your own life?

Student 109573: I think Vygotsky's (1930) notion of proximal development is a great way to understand
education and how we might better support learning. It also moves away from a very individual or
cognitive notion of education towards a more social model. It also gives greater importance to the role
of teachers or other experts in children's development compared to other thinkers such as Piaget
(1926), where the emphasis is much more on the individual development of the child. It is also certainly
evident in my life, particularly in learning Chinese. I grew up in a large country town with almost no
Chinese people in it, so I was unable to learn Chinese naturally. However my Chinese high school teacher
effectively scaffolded my Chinese language learning so that I took it as subject in my university entrance
exams. Without that scaffolding I would never have reached that level of use or expertise.

Is the discussion board entry well-written? Why or why not?

(Refer to 5.4d)

A. Yes, it is well-written.
B. No, it is not well-written because it is too informal.
C. No, it is not well-written because it doesn't refer to course content.
D. No, it is not well-written because it is too short.

Yes, it is well-written.
1.5.5.10, Consider the reply to the previous post on a reflection/debate forum in an Education subject.

Discussion question: What is your view on Vygotsky's notion of the zone of proximal development? Can
you relate it to any examples in your own life?

Student 109573: I think Vygotsky's (1930) notion of proximal development is a great way to understand
education and how we might better support learning. It also moves away from a very individual or
cognitive notion of education towards a more social model. It also gives greater importance to the role
of teachers or other experts in children's development compared to other thinkers such as Piaget
(1926), where the emphasis is much more on the >individual development of the child. It is also
certainly evident in my life, particularly in learning Chinese. I grew up in a large country town with
almost no Chinese people in it, so I was unable to learn Chinese naturally. However my Chinese high
school teacher effectively scaffolded my Chinese language learning so that I took it as subject in my
university entrance exams. Without that scaffolding I would never have reached that level of use or
expertise.

Student 285727: I agree. Vygotsky's (1930) ZPD idea is very useful. I think of my soccer training in
relation to this. My coach used to mix up the younger players with the older players so that the younger
players could learn from the more experienced players.

Is the discussion board entry well-written? Why or why not?

(Refer to 5.4d)

A. Yes, it is well-written.
B. No, it is not well-written because it is too informal.
C. No, it is not well-written because it doesn't refer to course content.
D. No, it is not well-written because it is too short.

2. Recognize the importance & function of problem solving & creative thought within academic studio.
5. Apply problem-solving strategies to issues related to university life & study.
2.1.1.1, Which of the following are learning objectives for this MOOC?
Check all that apply.
1. Communicate clearly across a variety of different contexts and to a wide range of audiences by
adapting communicative styles appropriately according to cultural and societal presentation
2. Recognize the importance & function of problem solving & creative thought within academic studio
3. Critically evaluate the reliability of sources for an academic
4. Understand the importance and function of critical thinking in academic culture.
5. Apply problem-solving strategies to issues related to university life & study.

35%
2.1.1.2, What percentage of your total marks is the final summative assessment worth?
Check one option only.
(a). 5%
(b). 15%
(c). 50%
(d). 35%

1. In video questions & polls.

2. Practice quizzes after each lesson.
2.1.1.3, Which of the following are NON-assessed activities on this MOOC?
Check all that apply.
1. In video questions & polls.
2. Practice quizzes after each lesson.
3. Summative quizzes after each module.
4. Discussion board posts.
5. Final summative assessment.

The process of figuring out the answer(s) or solution(s) to a question, issue or difficulty.
2.1.2.1, What is problem-solving?
Check one option.
(a). Working with numbers.
(b). The process of figuring out the answer(s) or solution(s) to a question, issue or difficulty.
(c). Being highly critical of academic work.

the beliefs, principles and approaches to study, work and life that a university upholds
2.1.2.2, What is academic culture?
Check one option.
(a). clothes and other paraphernalia with the university's logo printed on them
(b). the types of food available on campus
(c). the beliefs, principles and approaches to study, work and life that a university upholds

2. Problem solving tasks are given so that students can become familiar with certain problem types.
3. Problem solving tasks are given so that students can demonstrate their knowledge of an area and
their ability to synthesize information, make arguments and make judgements.
2.1.2.3, What is the purpose of problem-solving tasks at university?
Check two options.
1. Lecturers give students difficult problems they can't figure out for themselves.
2. Problem solving tasks are given so that students can become familiar with certain problem types.
3. Problem solving tasks are given so that students can demonstrate their knowledge of an area and
their ability to synthesize information, make arguments and make judgements.
4. Lecturers give problem solving tasks to keep students entertained in otherwise boring classes.

1. Ask themselves where their passion meets the world's greatest needs.
4. Do their research and choose courses they find interesting.
5. Get to know the university campus in person or online.
2.1.3.1, What should students do before they start university?
Check three options.
1. Ask themselves where their passion meets the world's greatest needs.
2. Ask themselves if their degree is important.\
4. Do their research and choose courses they find interesting.
5. Get to know the university campus in person or online.
6. Do no research and leave everything up to fate.

You won't have the same direction or support from your teachers as you did in high school.
2.1.3.2, Why is it important to look after your own learning at university?
Check one option.
(a). You won't have the same direction or support from your teachers as you did in high school.
(b). Your lecturers don't care about you.

1. Try a lot of different things.

3. Volunteer.
5. Get to know your professors and create good network.
2.1.3.3, What can you do to make the most of your time at university?
Check three options.
1. Try a lot of different things.
2. Spend all of your time studying and learning the material.
3. Volunteer.
4. Overload on courses so that you can study a lot of different subjects.
5. Get to know your professors and create good network.

Behaving ethically and responsibly at university.

2.1.4.1, What is academic integrity?
Choose one option.
(a). Understanding academic culture in its entirety, without dividing it into different parts.
(b). Behaving ethically and responsibly at university.
(c). Not cheating in exams.

2. Re-using the exact same paragraph from an essay you wrote for a different class in a new essay.
4. Paying someone outside of the university to write your essay because you aren't feeling well.
2.1.4.2, Which of the following situations would be a breach of academic integrity?
Check two options.
1. Borrowing a friend's notes from class
2. Re-using the exact same paragraph from an essay you wrote for a different class in a new essay.
3. Having a friend read-over your essay to check for meaning and clarity
4. Paying someone outside of the university to write your essay because you aren't feeling well.

Email her lecturer immediately with the final version of her essay attached, give a brief explanation and
apologize.
2.1.4.3, It's 4.30pm, and Mary has just submitted her essay for Introduction to Microbiology online. She
feels pretty confident she did well. She spent a lot of time researching, and was able to provide good
evidence for most of her claims. However, as she is closing down her computer she realizes that she
accidentally submitted her draft version, which is missing many of her in-text and end-of-text references
for her assignment. The online form won't let her submit the essay again.
Mary is very concerned that this will be counted as plagiarism.
What should Mary do?
Check one option.
(a). Email her lecturer immediately with the final version of her essay attached, give a brief explanation
and apologize.
(b). Wait until the next day when she can go and see her lecturer.
(c). Nothing, it isn't a big deal.
(d). Email her lecturer immediately, explain what happened and apologize for the mix-up but don't
attach the final version.
(e). Get advice from student services.

. . . to behave ethically.
2.1.5.1, According to this module, universities are not just trying to train you for a job role, but are also
trying to prepare you . . .
Refer to lesson 1.4a.
Choose one option.
(a) . . . to conduct qualitative research.
(b) . . . to not cheat.
(c) . . . to not become involved in political scandals.
(d) . . . to behave ethically.

Plagiarism
2.1.5.2, Stuart is an international student not used to writing in English. He has a 1,000 word essay due
in a week. He knows that while his ideas are good, his structure and grasp of academic language are
pretty bad. He asks his friend Liam, a native English speaker, to check his essay for him and suggest how
he can improve it.
When Liam gives him the essay back, Stuart is amazed. Liam has nicely re-written whole paragraphs of
Stuart's ideas and obviously put a lot of effort into making it sound academic.
However, Stuart is a little worried because he can barely recognize the essay - he even had to translate a
few words!
What kind of academic misconduct would Stuart be committing if he handed it in?
Refer to lesson 1.4a.
Check one option.
(a). Cheating
(b). Plagiarism
(c). Facilitation of academic misconduct
(d). Fabrication of data
(e). Falsification of data
(f). It isn't academic misconduct because Stuart wrote the original.

Have a break, calm down and come back and do the experiment again. She needs to have the proper
results.
2.1.5.3, Myer has just had a really long day and is finishing up a Physics experiment in the lab. When
Myer goes to save the data she's been working on, her computer malfunctions and she is forced to
restart it. Unfortunately, because of this, Myer has just lost all of the results from the experiments she's
been doing for the past three hours.
Myer is horrified and quickly starts to write down all of the numbers that she remembers. She can
accurately remember half of them, is pretty confident about another 30%, but has no idea what the final
20% are. She checks the time and realizes that if she starts the experiment again she will be in the lab
until 11pm, and she is already exhausted.
What should Myer do?
Refer to lesson 1.4a.
Check one option.
(a). Have a break, calm down and come back and do the experiment again. She needs to have the proper
results.
(b). Write down all the results she remembers and then guess the final 20%. She knows 80% of the data,
so it isn't a big deal.

This is an example of fabrication or falsification of data.

2.1.5.4, Considering the same example as above;
Myer has just had a really long day and is finishing up a Physics experiment in the lab. When Myer goes
to save the data she's been working on, her computer malfunctions and she is forced to restart it.
Unfortunately, because of this, Myer has just lost all of the results from the experiments she's been
doing for the past three hours.
Myer is horrified and quickly starts to write down all of the numbers that she remembers. She can
accurately remember half of them, is pretty confident about another 30%, but has no idea what the final
20% are. She checks the time and realizes that if she starts the experiment again she will be in the lab
until 11pm, and she is already exhausted.
If Myer decides to go with b) "Write down all the results she remembers and then guess the final 20%",
what kind of academic misconduct is she committing?
Refer to lesson 1.4a.
Check one option.
(a). She isn't committing academic misconduct because she knows that 80% of the data is correct.
(b). This is an example of cheating.
(c). This is an example of fabrication or falsification of data.
(d). This is an example of self-plagiarism.

Problem-solving tasks are the back-bone of university study and as such you use problem-solving skills
on a day to day basis.
2.1.5.5, According to the module, how often do you use problem-solving skills while at university?
Refer to lesson 1.2b.
Check one option.
(a). Only occasionally when your lecturers want to give you brain teasers.
(b). Only Mathematics, Pure Science and Engineering students use problem-solving skills at university.
(c). Problem-solving tasks are the back-bone of university study and as such you use problem-solving
skills on a day to day basis.
(d). You will need to use problem solving skills in exams, but not generally at other times.

The initial state, solution path and goal

2.2.1.1, What are the three parts to a problem?
Check one option.
(a). The initial state, solution path and goal
(b). The solution, the path and the goal
(c). The questioner, the question and the answer

To design a year 9 Science curriculum to increase student interest in science

2.2.1.2, Consider the following problem from a university course:
"In 2006, Mt Red High School, a public school in Sydney's inner-west, ranked 1st in NSW for HSC Physics
and Biology. Since 2013, however, there has been a sharp decline in Physics scores and this year only 3
students signed up for the course. A study was done that indicates students are losing interest in Science
during year 9. Design a curriculum outline with the aim of increasing interest in Science. Your curriculum
outline should include the sequence of units, descriptions of each unit, and all assessments for the
course."
What is the goal of this problem?
Check one option.
(a). To design an interesting science curriculum
(b). To design an interesting year 9 Physics and Biology curriculum incorporating ICTs
(c). To design a year 9 Science curriculum to increase student interest in science

A problem where little to no prior knowledge is needed to solve it

2.2.1.3, What is a knowledge-lean problem?
Check one option.
(a). A problem where the solver has no experience with the kind of problem
(b). A problem where the solution path or goal is unknown or up to interpretation
(c). A problem where little to no prior knowledge is needed to solve it
(d). A problem where you need to research the issue or know a lot about the topic in order to solve it

1. At the beginning of a test or exam

3. Embedded into analytical questions
2.2.2.1, Where are you most likely to find a descriptive task or problem?
Check two options.
1. At the beginning of a test or exam
2. In easy courses
3. Embedded into analytical questions
4. Only in Arts courses

Descriptive tasks and problems are usually worth less marks than other types of assessment.
2.2.2.2, How much are descriptive tasks or problems worth in relation to other types of assessment in
terms of grades?
Check one option.
(a). Descriptive tasks and problems, because they ask you to display facts and knowledge, are usually
worth the most towards your grade.
(b). Descriptive tasks and problems are worth nothing towards your grade at university.
(c). Descriptive tasks and problems are usually worth less marks than other types of assessment.

2. List the symptoms of the common cold.

3. Given an isosceles triangle with two side measuring 5cm each and one side measuring 6cm, find the
area inside the triangle.
4. According to the 2007 census results, what percentage of Australian's identify as religious?
2.2.2.3, Which of the following are descriptive tasks or simple problems?
Check three options.
1. Analyze the role of ritual as a means of social control in early Mayan culture.
2. List the symptoms of the common cold.
3. Given an isosceles triangle with two side measuring 5cm each and one side measuring 6cm, find the
area inside the triangle.
4. According to the 2007 census results, what percentage of Australian's identify as religious?
5. What recommendations would you give to the mayor of a small, relatively unknown city who wanted
to encourage immigration to her city?

A descriptive task asks for you to present knowledge or facts whereas an analytical task asks for new
knowledge creation or interpretation by the respondent.
2.2.3.1, The difference between an analytical task and a descriptive task is...
Check one option.
(a). A descriptive task will always ask you to describe, whereas an analytical task always asks you to
analyse.
(b). A descriptive task asks for you to present knowledge or facts whereas an analytical task asks for new
knowledge creation or interpretation by the respondent.
(c). You only get descriptive tasks in high school and analytical tasks at university.

An analytical task
2.2.3.2, "Shakespeare's legacy to successive generations is his firm faith in human potential. His writing
challenges us to reach beyond our grasp and gives us the wherewithal to imagine our future (Bell
Shakespeare Company, 2016). Discuss with reference to Hamlet.
(a). A descriptive task
(b). An analytical task
An analytical problem
2.2.3.3, Consider the following question from a university course:
"Examine the use of electronic voting system Votomatic in the 2000 Florida US presidential elections.
Should they be used in future elections in order to speed up the slow processing of paper ballots?"
This is an example of:
Check one option.
(a). A descriptive problem
(b). An analytical problem

Draw an isosceles triangle with two equal sides of 5cm and one side of 6cm.
2.2.4.1, Consider the following simple problem.
"Given an isosceles triangle with two sides measuring 5cm each and one side measuring 6cm, find the
area inside the triangle."
What would be the first step in solving this problem?
Check one option.
(a). Draw an isosceles triangle with two equal sides of 5cm and one side of 6cm.
(b). Use Pythagoras' formula a2 + b2 = c2.
(c). 12cm2

Double-check your results and make sure that they make sense with the data.
2.2.4.2, Consider the following problem given in the lesson for 2.2a:
"
A) Find each class' average mark for each test."
What would be the last step you would do before handing this question in to be marked?
Check one option.
(a). Write down each class' average mark for each test in the space provided.
(b). Plot the results on a graph.
(c). Double-check your results and make sure that they make sense with the data.
(d). Highlight which students are performing at an average level.

Adapting or changing a strategy or solution until you find the best solution to the problem
2.2.4.3, In the Design Thinking model of problem-solving, what does 'iterative' mean?
Check one option.
(a). Trying the same thing again and again and expecting different results
(b). Adapting or changing a strategy or solution until you find the best solution to the problem
(c). Changing the goal so that it aligns with the solution you found.
(d). Trying to solve lots of different problems at once

To find the length of time the lamp will provide light from one gallon of gasoline
2.2.5.1, Consider the following problem from a university course:
"A gallon of gasoline has the potential energy of approximately 276.3 MJ. Assume that a gasoline engine
is driving a generator and the generator is supplying electricity to a 50 W lamp. The overall efficiency
(from gasoline to electrical energy) of the engine-generator set is 15%.
How long will the lamp provide light from one gallon of gasoline?
(Adapted from: Eide, Jenison, Northup, & Mickelson, 2011, p. 392)
What is the goal of this problem?
Refer to lesson 2.1a.
Check one option.
(a). To find out how efficient the engine-generator is
(b). To find the length of time the lamp will provide light from one gallon of gasoline
(c). To find the potential energy of one gallon of gasoline
(d). To find the length of time the lamp will provide light from one litre of gasoline

An ill-defined problem
2.2.5.2, Consider the following problem from a university course:
"In 2006, Mt Red High School, a public school in Sydney's inner-west, ranked 1st in NSW for HSC Physics
and Biology. Since 2013, however, there has been a sharp decline the Physics scores and this year only 3
students signed up for the course. A study was done that indicates students are losing interest in Science
during year 9. Design a curriculum outline with the aim of increasing interest in Science. Your curriculum
outline should include the sequence of units, descriptions of each unit, and all assessments for the
course."
Is this an example of:
Refer to lesson 2.1b
Check one option.
(a). An ill-defined problem
(b). A well-defined problem

a., b. and c.
2.2.5.3, Consider the following problem from a Landscape Architecture course:
"A local government has put out a tender for a park design in the middle of a newly-residential area.
They have plotted out an area of 2 hectares in a rough polygon shape. The area is relatively flat, but is
surrounded by ten-story apartment buildings on three sides, a busy road to the north and a small side-
street on the last side towards the east. The local population is a mix of young families, local university
students and young professionals and is very multicultural.
The brief for the park indicates that it should "embody the community spirit" and "encourage a fit and
healthy lifestyle". Develop a proposal that answers the brief and is both sustainable and ecological."
What is the goal this problem?
Refer to lesson 2.1a
Check one option.
(a). A proposal that embodies the community spirit and encourages a fit and healthy lifestyle
(b). A proposal that is sustainable and ecological
(c). A proposal that fits into the 2 hectare polygon
(d). Both a. and b.
(e). Both b. and c.
(f). a., b. and c.

A well-defined problem
2.2.5.4, Consider the following problem:
Two cars are stopped at either end of a 100km highway. At the same time, they both start driving
towards each other. Car A travels at 20km/hr and car B travels at 30km/hr. At the same time as the cars
start, a dog jumps out of Car A and runs towards car B at 50km/hr. When the dog reaches car B, he
immediately turns around and runs back to car A. He repeats this until the cars collide.
If the dog stops running as soon as the cars meet, how far has he run?
Use the equation: speed = distance/time.
Refer to lesson 2.1b
Is this an example of:
(a). An ill-defined problem
(b). A well-defined problem

Both (c). and (d).

2.2.5.5, Consider the following problem from a university course:
"List the causes and the signs and symptoms of labyrinthitis (an inner ear infection)."
In answering this descriptive task, which of the following would you be expected to do:
Refer to lessons 2.2a and 2.3a
Check one option
(a). Explain the causes of labyrinthitis and the reasons why this results in particular signs and symptoms.
(b). Work through a case study of a patient with labyrinthitis, explaining the specific causes in their case
and the signs and symptoms they exhibited.
(c). List the signs and symptoms of labyrinthitis. For example, vertigo is a symptom.
(d). List the causes of labyrinthitis. For example, suggest that the common cold or flu is often thought to
be a cause, but the exact cause is unknown.
(e). Both (c). and (d).
(f). Both (a). and (c).

3. Provide evidence for or against Shakespeare's "firm faith in human potential" in other plays.
4. Provide evidence for or against Shakespeare's "firm faith in human potential" in Hamlet.
5. State whether you agree or disagree with the quote.
2.2.5.6, Consider the following problem from a university course:
"Shakespeare's legacy to successive generations is his firm faith in human potential." (Bell Shakespeare
Company, 2016). Discuss with reference to Hamlet.
In answering this analytical task, which of the following would you be expected to do?
Refer to lessons 2.2a and 2.3a.
Check three options.
1. Summarize the plot of Hamlet.
2. List all of Shakespeare's works.
3. Provide evidence for or against Shakespeare's "firm faith in human potential" in other plays.
4. Provide evidence for or against Shakespeare's "firm faith in human potential" in Hamlet.
5. State whether you agree or disagree with the quote.

2. Reference to different theories

4. Reference to research on sustainable and ecological park development
5. Your own ideas
2.2.5.7, Consider this problem from a Landscape Architecture course:
"A local government has put out a tender for a park design in the middle of a newly-residential area.
They have plotted out an area of 2 hectares in a rough polygon shape. The area is relatively flat, but is
surrounded by ten-story apartment buildings on three sides, a busy road to the north and a small side-
street on the last side towards the east. The local population is a mix of young families, local university
students and young professionals and is very multi-cultural.
The brief for the park indicates that it should "embody the community spirit" and "encourage a fit and
healthy lifestyle". Develop a proposal that answers the brief and is both sustainable and ecological."
Which of the following must be included in your proposal?
Refer to lessons 2.2a, 2.3a and 2.3b.
Check three options.
1. A list of all of all the different cultures in the surrounding community
2. Reference to different theories
3. Local community opinions on sustainability
4. Reference to research on sustainable and ecological park development
5. Your own ideas

3 - 4 different solutions: You need to try a few to see what works best, and then present a few different
options in your answer.
2.2.5.8, Consider the following problem from a university course:
"In 2006, Mt Red High School, a public school in Sydney's inner-west, ranked 1st in NSW for HSC Physics
and Biology. Since 2013, however, there has been a sharp decline in Physics scores and this year only 3
students signed up for the course. A study was done that indicates students are losing interest in Science
during year 9. Design a curriculum outline with the aim of increasing interest in Science. Your curriculum
outline should include the sequence of units, descriptions of each unit, and all assessments for the
course."
In solving this problem, how many different solutions would you give?
Refer to lessons 2.3b, 2.4a and 2.4b.
Check one option.
(a). More than 30 different solutions: It is a big problem, so you need to consider lots and lots of
different strategies.
(b). One strategy: You need to be focused and specific when you are completing a university assignment,
so one solution is all you have time for.
(c). 3 - 4 different solutions: You need to try a few to see what works best, and then present a few
different options in your answer.

2. The average person

3. Merleau Ponty's theory of phenomenology
4. The process of 'becoming an expert'
5. Ride a horse.
6. Doing something from scratch.
9. Expert
2.3.1.1, Look at the following problem from a university course.
"Using Merleau Ponty's theory of phenomenology and the process of 'becoming an expert', how long
would it take for the average person to learn to ride a horse from scratch?
(Post your answer on the discussion board - 200 words)"
What are the key terms you would need to define in order to answer this question adequately?
Check six options.
1. Merleau Ponty
2. The average person
3. Merleau Ponty's theory of phenomenology
4. The process of 'becoming an expert'
5. Ride a horse.
6. Doing something from scratch.
7. Time
8. Person
9. Expert

Time (e.g. days, weeks, months, lessons etc.)

2.3.1.2, Using the same question as above,
"Using Merleau Ponty's theory of phenomenology and the process of 'becoming an expert', how long
would it take for the average person to learn to ride a horse from scratch?
(Post your answer on the discussion board - 200 words)"
What unit would your answer be in?
Check one option
(a). Time (e.g. days, weeks, months, lessons etc.)
(b). Distance (e.g. kilometers or miles)
(c). Written essay

No. The answer doesn't define key terms and it doesn't use Merleau Ponty's theory of phenomenology
or the process of becoming an expert.
2.3.1.3, Using the same question as above,
"Using Merleau Ponty's theory of phenomenology and the process of 'becoming an expert', how long
would it take for the average person to learn to ride a horse from scratch?
(Post your answer on the discussion board - 200 words)"
Is the following sufficient to answer the real problem posed in the question?
"After riding for 25km over the period of a week, the average person would be able to ride by
themselves."
Check one option.

(a). Yes. The answer is short, but answers the question of "how long would it take".
(b). No. The answer doesn't define what was meant by "the average person".
(c). No. The answer doesn't define key terms and it doesn't use Merleau Ponty's theory of
phenomenology or the process of becoming an expert.

Write down all the things you know that might relate: for example, acceleration due to gravity is
9.8m/s2; fresh snow is soft; trees branches would help break the fall; air resistance would slow you
down; human flesh and bone can withstand certain amounts of force before they are damaged.
2.3.2.1, Consider the following problem from a university Physics course:
"British R.A.F. Sergeant Nicholas Stephen Alkemade fell around 5.5km from a burning airplane during
World War 2 without a parachute. He fell through pine trees and landed in fresh snow, but survived.
Explain how this is possible, assuming a person can withstand 15, 000 Newtons over 5 seconds and
survive*."
*Please do not test this at home, this number is not accurate!
In answering this question, what would you do after you have defined and think you understand the
question?
Check one option.
(a). Explain that it is possible if and only if the depth of snow was greater than 20m and its density was
less than 600kg/m3.
(b). Write down all the things you know that might relate: for example, acceleration due to gravity is
9.8m/s2; fresh snow is soft; trees branches would help break the fall; air resistance would slow you
down; human flesh and bone can withstand certain amounts of force before they are damaged.
(c). Write down all the things you know related to how it happened: for example, he was British and
survived, therefore he probably landed in England; the Germans most likely shot down the plane.

A brainstorm is where you write down absolutely everything you know about a topic on a piece of
paper.
2.3.2.2, What is a brainstorm?
Check one option.
(a). A brainstorm is a type of headache that students typically get when they have been staring at a
computer for too long.
(b). A brainstorm is where you write down absolutely everything you know about a topic on a piece of
paper.
(c). A brainstorm is where you are selective about what you write down on a piece of paper, ensuring
that everything is relevant and connected.

A mind map is where you write down key points on a piece of paper, draw lines between the main ideas
showing how they connect to each other and the topic, and then write down evidence or extra
information coming off each of the points.
2.3.2.3, What is a mind map?
Check one option.
(a). A mind map is where you write down absolutely everything you know about a topic on a piece of
paper, and then draw connecting lines between some of the information.
(b). A mind map is where you write down key points on a piece of paper and draw lines between the
main ideas.
(c). A mind map is where you write down key points on a piece of paper, draw lines between the main
ideas showing how they connect to each other and the topic, and then write down evidence or extra
information coming off each of the points.

All of the above.

2.3.3.1, According to the lecture, how will you gain the specialized knowledge required to solve the
problems in a course?
Check one option.
(a). By reading and memorizing the textbook and course notes
(b). By attending the lectures and tutorials
(c). You already have it in prior knowledge, for example from prerequisite courses or assumed
knowledge from high school.
(d). You need to do extra research.
(e). All of the above.

2. Other construction companies' Workplace Health & Safety guidelines

3. Published research articles from a journal called Journal of Safety Research
4. Theories from Sociology, Psychology or Human Resources that relate to accident prevention.
2.3.3.2, Consider the following question from a university course:
"A construction company has recently seen a significant increase in accidents on worksites. Workers are
angry about the accidents and are threatening strikes, and management are worried about their
employees' safety and loss of productivity. What solutions would you suggest to help reduce the
number of accidents?"
Imagine that you have to write an essay-style response to this question. What kind of specialised
knowledge might be helpful?
Check three options.
1. The history of strikes and any sociological or economic theories on the causes of strikes.
2. Other construction companies' Workplace Health & Safety guidelines
3. Published research articles from a journal called Journal of Safety Research
4. Theories from Sociology, Psychology or Human Resources that relate to accident prevention.
5. Management theories that relate to increasing motivation and productivity in employees.
Force = Mass (kg) x Acceleration (m/s)
2.3.3.3, Consider the following question:
"A car weighing 920kg and travelling at 80km/hr drives directly into a brick wall. What is the force of the
car hitting the wall?"
Which of the following formulas would be most appropriate to use in this situation?
(a). Force = Mass (kg) x Acceleration (m/s)
(b). Energy = Mass x C2, where c = the speed of light
(c).

(d). Momentum = mass x velocity

1. A case study of a small, local business with high morale, high productivity and strong employee and
customer loyalty
2. A case study of a major multi-national company with high morale, high productivity and strong
employee and customer loyalty
3. A case study of how the CEO of a large company changed workplace culture from a similar state and
increased her employee's work-life balance and work satisfaction.
4. A case study of how a principle in a large international high school with high absenteeism, low marks
and low school-pride managed to change the school culture, increasing the students' school-pride and
satisfaction.
2.3.4.1, Consider the following problem:
"You have just been hired as the new CEO of a major multi-national company. A company-wide survey
has revealed that there is high absenteeism, low productivity and that 31% of employees are bored or
otherwise unsatisfied with their work. Additionally, 13% are seriously considering offers from rival
companies. The company is losing money, and work that should take a few days is taking weeks to
complete. What are some leadership measures that you could put in place to help improve workplace
productivity and morale?"
Which of the following case studies could you choose to use?
Check all that apply
1. A case study of a small, local business with high morale, high productivity and strong employee and
customer loyalty
2. A case study of a major multi-national company with high morale, high productivity and strong
employee and customer loyalty
3. A case study of how the CEO of a large company changed workplace culture from a similar state and
increased her employee's work-life balance and work satisfaction.
4. A case study of how a principle in a large international high school with high absenteeism, low marks
and low school-pride managed to change the school culture, increasing the students' school-pride and
satisfaction.

2. You can use them to test initial hunches about something.

3. You can produce more nuanced and refined ideas and solutions.
2.3.4.2, How can using 'negative cases' or 'deviant cases' (cases that don't fit existing or initial theories
about a subject) help us to solve problems?
Check two options.
1. Hearing about deviant cases can provide an interesting narrative for people reading your essay on a
subject.
2. You can use them to test initial hunches about something.
3. You can produce more nuanced and refined ideas and solutions.
4. Because knowing what the negative and deviant cases are will point out what the positive cases are,
and you can use them to solve the problem.
3. A child from a lower socio-economic group who is not overweight, and who comes
from a family where all of the family members are overweight or obese.
4. A child from a lower socio-economic group who is overweight and whose parents are
at a healthy weight.
2.3.4.3, Consider the following problem
"Children who live in an inner city suburb are presenting at a local health clinic with
higher than average levels of obesity. Address some of the possible causes for this, and
suggest some programs to address the problem."
After some initial research you believe that there are two main factors related to
childhood obesity in this area: parental influence and lower socio-economic background.
If you were to research this further, which of the following would count as negative or
deviant cases?
Check two options.
1. Parents from a lower socio-economic background who are overweight.
2. A child from a lower socio-economic background who is overweight, and who comes
from a family where all of the family members are overweight or obese.
3. A child from a lower socio-economic group who is not overweight, and who comes
from a family where all of the family members are overweight or obese.
4. A child from a lower socio-economic group who is overweight and whose parents are
at a healthy weight.
2. Human potential
3. What the play Hamlet teaches or tries to teach us
4. What Shakespeare thinks of human potential
2.3.5.1, Consider the following task from a university course:
"Shakespeare's legacy to successive generations is his firm faith in human potential."
(Bell Shakespeare Company, 2016). Discuss with reference to Hamlet.
What are the key terms you would need to define in order to answer this analytical task
adequately?
Refer to lesson 3.1a.
Check 3 options.
1. Shakespeare's legacy
2. Human potential
3. What the play Hamlet teaches or tries to teach us
4. What Shakespeare thinks of human potential
5. Successive generations
Kilometers
2.3.5.2, Consider the following problem:
Two cars are stopped at either end of a 100km highway. At the same time, they both
start driving towards each other. Car A travels at 20km/hr and car B travels at 30km/hr.
At the same time as the cars start, a dog jumps out of Car A and runs towards car B at
50km/hr. When the dog reaches car B, he immediately turns around and runs back to
car A. He repeats this until the cars collide.
If the dog stops running as soon as the cars meet, how far has he run?
Use the equation: speed = distance/time.
What SI (Standard International) unit of measurement should the answer to this problem
be in?
Refer to lesson 3.1a, 3.1b and 3.1c.
Check one option.
(a). Kilometers
(b). Minutes
(c). Km/hr
(d). m/s
(e). Miles
Seconds
2.3.5.3, Consider the following problem from a university course:
"A gallon of gasoline has the potential energy of approximately 276.3 MJ. Assume that a
gasoline engine is driving a generator and the generator is supplying electricity to a 50
W lamp. The overall efficiency (from gasoline to electrical energy) of the engine-
generator set is 15%.
How long will the lamp provide light from one gallon of gasoline?
(Adapted from: Eide, Jenison, Northup, & Mickelson, 2011, p. 392)
What SI (Standard International) unit of measurement should the answer to this problem
be in?
Refer to lesson 3.1a, 3.1b and 3.1c.
Check one option.
(a). Mega Joules
(b). Watts
(c). Gallons
(d). Seconds
The residents were bored waiting for the elevators.
2.3.5.4, Consider the following problem:
"The building manager for a brand new apartment building in the center of the city has
been receiving complaints about how slow the elevators are. As the building is still
under construction, the problem is the worst at peak hour when the workers use the lifts
to bring their tools and materials up to the top floors, however he still gets a lot of
complaints at other times. The building manager decides to hire a work crew to come in
and try and speed up the elevators, but unfortunately they tell him it isn't possible.
The construction won't be finished for another few months, so he needs to figure out
how to get the elevators to work faster. It is starting to stress him out and the residents
are getting more annoyed.
On the day that the construction crew bring in the mirrors for the apartments on level 11,
he notices that he receives no complaints. The complaints start up again the next day,
but oddly when the mirrors are delivered for level 12 there are no complaints either.
The manager suddenly realizes how he can reduce the number of complaints and
installs mirrors next to the elevators on each floor. He also installs mirrors in each of the
elevators and now only receives only one complaint a month."
Adapted from Fogler & LeBlanc, 2011
What was the real problem?
Refer to lesson 3.1a and 3.1b.
Check one option.
(a). The residents were bored waiting for the elevators.
(b). The residents were annoyed at not having mirrors in their apartments.
(c). The elevators were slow.
(d). The residents didn't like the workers using their elevators.
Newly residential; apartment living; busy road; multi-cultural
2.3.5.5, Consider the following problem from a Landscape Architecture course:
"A local government has put out a tender for a park design in the middle of a newly-
residential area. They have plotted out an area of 2 hectares in a rough polygon shape.
The area is relatively flat, but is surrounded by ten-story apartment buildings on three
sides, a busy road to the north and a small side-street on the last side towards the east.
The local population is a mix of young families, local university students and young
professionals and is very multi-cultural.
The brief for the park indicates that it should "embody the community spirit" and
"encourage a fit and healthy lifestyle". Develop a proposal that answers the brief and is
both sustainable and ecological."
When developing a brainstorm or mind-map, what would be some of the key points that
you should start with?
Refer to lesson 3.2a, 3.2b and 3.2c.
Check one option.
(a). Community spirit; Fit and Healthy Lifestyle; Sustainable; Ecological
(b). Young professionals; University students; Young families
(d). Newly residential; apartment living; busy road; multi-cultural
(e). All of the above
(b).
2.3.5.6, Consider the following problem from a university course:
"A local government has put out a tender for a park design in the middle of a newly-
residential area. They have plotted out an area of 2 hectares in a rough polygon shape.
The area is relatively flat, but is surrounded by ten-story apartment buildings on three
sides, a busy road to the north and a small side-street on the last side towards the east.
The local population is a mix of young families, local university students and young
professionals and is very multi-cultural.
The brief for the park indicates that it should "embody the community spirit" and
"encourage a fit and healthy lifestyle". Develop a proposal that answers the brief and is
both sustainable and ecological."
Visual representation is a way to understand a problem. Which of the images best
represents this problem?
Refer to lesson 3.1a, 3.1b and 3.1c
Check one option.
(a).

(b).

(c).

(d).
Knowledge of the English alphabet
2.3.5.7, Consider the following brain-teaser problem:
"What letters are missing from the sequence?
ACE, GIK, M__ __, SUW "
What specialized knowledge does the question rely on?
Refer to lesson 3.3a
Check one option.
(a). Knowledge of the English alphabet
(b). Knowledge of English three-letter words
(c). Knowledge of government acronyms
(d). Knowledge of card-games
O and Q
2.3.5.8, Pattern recognition is a form of problem-solving with special cases. Let's see if
you can apply it.
What letters are missing from the sequence?
ACE, GIK, M__ __, SUW
Refer to lesson 3.3a
Check one option.
(a). O and Q
(b). N and P
(c). A and O
(d). O and O
1. The girl up the road who did the same subject two years ago
2. Your mum
3. Your dog
4. The lecturer who set the problem
5. Your 9 year old cousin
6. Other students in the course
2.4.1.1, Imagine you are trying to solve a difficult problem set by one of your lecturers at
university. Which of the following people would be good to talk to in order to solve it?
Check all that apply.
1. The girl up the road who did the same subject two years ago
2. Your mum
3. Your dog
4. The lecturer who set the problem
5. Your 9 year old cousin
6. Other students in the course
2. Because different knowledge and ideas can stimulate new ways of thinking about a
problem.
3. Because different fields have a great depth of specific knowledge, and combining
these can be very useful.
2.4.1.2, Why is drawing on ideas, knowledge and theories from different fields a useful
way to solve problems?
Check two options.
1. Because it might lead you to study a different field.
2. Because different knowledge and ideas can stimulate new ways of thinking about a
problem.
3. Because different fields have a great depth of specific knowledge, and combining
these can be very useful.
1. Because it allows you to consider diverse views.
3. Because it allows you to solidify your own opinion.
2.4.1.3, Why does Dr. Ranjit Voola suggest that we can learn through debate?
Check two options.
1. Because it allows you to consider diverse views.
2. Because it can help constrain your thinking.
3. Because it allows you to solidify your own opinion.
4. Because you will realise that you are right and others are wrong.
1. That Hamlet has something positive to say about human potential
4. That Shakespeare had a firm faith in human potential
2.4.2.1, Consider the following question from a university English Literature course:
"Shakespeare's legacy to successive generations is his firm faith in human potential."
(Bell Shakespeare Company, 2016). Discuss with reference to Hamlet.
What are the important underlying assumptions you need to address in this analytical
task?
Check two options.
1. That Hamlet has something positive to say about human potential
2. That humans have potential
3. That Shakespeare has a legacy
4. That Shakespeare had a firm faith in human potential
Deductive Logic
2.4.2.2, Consider the following statement:
"All chairs are elevated from the ground and have been designed specifically to be sat
on. This object is elevated from the ground and has been designed specifically for
someone to sit on it. Therefore, this object is a chair."
Is this an example of:
Check one option.
(a). Deductive Logic
(b). Inductive Logic
2. Analyze the accidents to see whether certain types of sites or equipment are more
likely to be involved in accidents, and provide relevant workers with extra training.
4. Identify the types of workers most likely to be involved in accidents and provide them
with extra support and training.
2.4.2.3, Consider the following problem:
"A construction company has recently seen a significant increase of accidents on
worksites. Workers are angry about the accidents and are threatening strikes, and
management are worried about their employees' safety. What solutions would you
suggest to help reduce the number of accidents?"
Which of the following solutions demonstrate an understanding of underlying systemic
causes rather than just focusing on events?
Check two options.
1. Send an email to all staff regarding the recent accidents, and ask them to be more
vigilant.
2. Analyze the accidents to see whether certain types of sites or equipment are more
likely to be involved in accidents, and provide relevant workers with extra training.
3. Put up signage at sites with information on how to better comply with occupational
health and safety procedures.
4. Identify the types of workers most likely to be involved in accidents and provide them
with extra support and training.
2. Creativity is important to academic culture because it is needed to produce new
knowledge.
4. Creativity is important as even in areas such as the sciences logical analysis is often
complemented by creativity.
2.4.3.1, In lesson 4.3a we explored the relationship between creativity and academic
culture. How can we characterize the relationship between the two?
Check two options.
1. Creativity doesn't have much of a place in academic culture as we need to memorize
and display disciplinary bodies of knowledge.
2. Creativity is important to academic culture because it is needed to produce new
knowledge.
3. Creativity is important because it is important in subjects such as Visual Arts.
4. Creativity is important as even in areas such as the sciences logical analysis is often
complemented by creativity.
Do the opposite.
2.4.3.2, Alex is trying to solve a problem set by her professor. She is having great
difficulty coming to a solution. Rather than using the method she has been using so far
to solve the problem, she uses an approach which is completely contrary to that.
Which of the creative strategies in 4.3 is Alex using?
Check one option.
(a). Try a random juxtaposition.
(b). Use an intermediate impossible.
(c). Do the opposite.
Try a random juxtaposition.
2.4.3.3, Alex is still trying to solve the problem set by her professor. She takes out a
dictionary, indiscriminately opens it to a page and writes down a word unrelated to the
problem. She then tries to find a connection between the word and the problem, in order
to spark her creativity and think of a solution.
Which of the creative strategies in 4.3 is Alex using?
Check one option.
(a). Try a random juxtaposition.
(b). Use an intermediate impossible.
(c). Do the opposite.
Create a list of objectives.
2.4.4.1, Consider the following problem:
"You live in shared accommodation with two other roommates. Your roommates never
clean the kitchen, and leave dirty dishes in the kitchen. What can you do to get them to
do their share of housework in the kitchen?"
You and your housemates decide the solution must be fair, relative to the amount of
mess you make and exciting.
Which of Fogler and LeBlanc's stages for evaluating solutions is this an example of?
Check one option.
A. Create a decision statement.
B. Create a list of objectives.
C. Weight the objectives according to importance.
D. Use the objectives as criteria when evaluating solutions.
Weight the objectives according to importance.
2.4.4.2, Consider the following problem:
"You live in shared accommodation with two other roommates. Your other roommates
never clean the kitchen, and leave dirty dishes in the kitchen. What can you do to get
them to do their share of housework in the kitchen?"
Next you and your housemates consider the three objectives (fair, relative to the
amount of mess you make and exciting). You then decide that the solution definitely
needs to be fair, should be relative to the amount of mess you make but probably
doesn't need to be exciting.
Which of Fogler and LeBlanc's stages for evaluating a solution is this an example of?
Check one option.
A. Create a decision statement.
B. Create a list of objectives.
C. Use the objectives as criteria when evaluating solutions.
D. Decide on 'musts' and 'wants'.
E. Weight the objectives according to importance.
3. Reference to disciplinary bodies of knowledge
4. The use of evidence
2.4.4.3, What makes evaluating solutions in an academic context different from
evaluating solutions in everyday settings?
Check two options.
1. Expression in written form
2. Use of common sense.
3. Reference to disciplinary bodies of knowledge
4. The use of evidence
Information and Communication Technologies will fundamentally change the nature of
how we learn.
2.4.5.1, Consider the following analytical task from a university course:
"In what ways will Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) fundamentally
change the nature of how we learn?"
What is the main underlying assumption in this task?
Refer to lesson 4.2a and 4.2b.
Check one option.
A. Information and Communication Technologies will fundamentally change the nature
of how we learn.
B. Information and Communication Technologies are the future of education.
C. Information and Communication Technologies enable us to learn better.
D. There is more than one way in which ICTs will change the nature of how we learn.
Yes
2.4.5.2, Considering the same question:
"In what ways will Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) fundamentally
change the nature of how we learn?"
At university, are you able to disagree with the underlying assumption in this question?
Refer to lesson 4.2a and 4.2b.
Check one option.
A. Yes
B. No
C. Only during a tutorial
1. A friend of yours who graduated from your degree last year and is now teaching at a
school for students with special needs
2. Your dog, who likes to chew on your old smart phones
3. Your grandparents, who don't know how to use a mobile phone
4. An old high-school teacher that you still keep in contact with
5. Your mum, who is a web developer and programmer
2.4.5.3, Considering the same question:
"In what ways will Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) fundamentally
change the nature of how we learn?"
Who would you ask in order to get help answering this question?
Refer to lesson 4.1a and 4.1b
Check all that apply.
1. A friend of yours who graduated from your degree last year and is now teaching at a
school for students with special needs
2. Your dog, who likes to chew on your old smart phones
3. Your grandparents, who don't know how to use a mobile phone
4. An old high-school teacher that you still keep in contact with
5. Your mum, who is a web developer and programmer
That the content of the higher level class is too hard for her
2.4.5.4, Consider the following example from a university Education course:
"A student, Jane, has just transferred to Mr B's class from a school across the country.
After one term in class he notices that Jane is not doing her homework. This results in
Jane almost failing her mid-semester test. He decides to transfer her to a lower level
class with easier content. However, this actually makes the problem worse, and Jane's
marks continue to decline."
What assumption did Mr B make about Jane?
Refer to lesson 4.2a and 4.2b
Check one option.
A. That the content of the higher level class is too hard for her
B. That Jane is a bit lazy
C. That Jane is sad and missing her old friends
D. That Jane almost failed her mid-semester test
E. That Jane has already covered the higher level content and is bored
Inductive
2.4.5.5, What form of reasoning is used in the following sentence?
"Sahra drinks milk two or three times a week. Every time she drinks milk she feels
nauseous. Therefore, Sahra is allergic to milk."
Refer to lesson 4.2a and 4.2b
Check one option.

A. Inductive
B. Deductive
C. Systematic
D. Abductive
1. "We should talk to game developers about making use of the phone's features and
then we could target gamers."
2. "We should work together with the Ministry of Education and a company that makes
apps to develop educational applications for the device, so that parents will want it for
their kids."
2.4.5.6, Consider the following group work problem from a Marketing course.
"Ildal, a Korean electronics manufacturer, has developed a new virtual and augmented
reality enabled mobile phone. You are part of the marketing department, and are
responsible for taking the phone to market in your country. Identify which parts of the
market you will target, and explain how you will market the item."
Here are some quotes from the discussion of one student group attempting to solve this
problem. Which quotes demonstrate thinking about multiple levels and systems?
Refer to lesson 4.2a and 4.2b
Check two options.
1. "We should talk to game developers about making use of the phone's features and
then we could target gamers."
2. "We should work together with the Ministry of Education and a company that makes
apps to develop educational applications for the device, so that parents will want it for
their kids."
3. "Young children generally like objects in bright colors, so we should bring them out in
a range of colors."
4. "There are lots of people aged 20 to 30 who appreciate new technology such as this.
I think they definitely should be one of the market segments we target with our
marketing campaign."
All of the above
2.4.5.7, When evaluating a solution for a university problem, which of the following do
you need to consider?
Refer to lesson 4.4a and 4.4b
Check one option.
A. Common sense
B. Whether you have answered the question
C. All of the above
D. Your evaluation criteria
E. Key words or phrases in the problem
Both C and D
2.4.5.8, Consider the following example from a university Education course:
"A student, Jane, has just transferred to Mr B's class from a school across the country.
After one term in class he notices that Jane is not doing her homework. This results in
Jane almost failing her mid-semester test. He decides to transfer her to a lower level
class with easier content. However, this actually makes the problem worse, and Jane's
marks continue to decline.
Describe how you would approach this problem and what measures you would take to
help Jane.
Assessment Criteria:
- Definition of problem
- Evidence of reflection on the issues
- Evidence of logical development of ideas
- Integration of relevant theory and research
- Reference to academic sources appropriate to the question
- Correct academic referencing: in-text and reference list
- Overall level of analysis in reflection."
Using the question and the assessment criteria, which of the following would be an
adequate response to this problem?
Refer to lesson 4.4a and 4.4b
Check one option.
A. "I would send Jane to the councilor's office as she is obviously having difficulty
settling into the new school and might miss her old friends. I would organize to meet
with her parents and discuss Jane's case with them as well."
B. An essay that integrates different theoretical explanations of motivation with research
into student transitions into new high-schools and then details some of the major issues
that those students usually face.
C. Describe a couple of different reasons why Jane might be acting the way she is. For
example, that she is lazy; that she is actually too intelligent and is acting out because
she is bored in class; that she is becoming depressed because she misses her old
school and friends. Support these reasons with research into student motivation, as well
as research into the issues students face when they transfer to new high-schools.
D. Describe your approach to the problem(s) and what measures you would take to help
Jane, ensuring that you support your ideas with evidence such as research into the best
ways to motivate students or help students transition into new schools.
E. Both B and C
F. Both C and D
G. Both A and C
Tailoring your answer to your audience and including the details most important to
them.
2.5.1.1, What is the most important part of communicating your solution?
Check one option.
A. Tailoring your answer to your audience and including the details most important to
them.
B. Being correct
C. Making sure you clearly articulate each step in your solution path in detail
D. Being clear and concise: The shorter you can make your solution, the better.
3^2 + 4^2 = c^2
9 + 16 = 25 c (hypotenuse) = 5 cm
2.5.1.2, Consider the following question:
"Given a right-angled triangle with one side measuring 3cm and the other side
measuring 4cm, what is the length of the hypotenuse? Show your working."
Which of the following would be an adequate answer?
Check one option.
5cm
A. 9 + 16 = 25
B. a^2 + b^2 = c^2
C. 3^2 + 4^2 = c^2
9 + 16 = 25 c (hypotenuse) = 5 cm
D. a^2 + b^2 = c^2
1. "I don't know, I'd give the student a detention because it's school policy. You have to
stop disrespectful behaviour quickly before it gets out of hand - they're probably just
doing it because you are a practicum teacher."
2. "Hmm...I think it is best to talk to the student, see what is going on. Lots of different
studies suggest that an abrupt change in attitude can be a reflection of problems that
the student is facing outside of school."
4. "It depends on the student. I mean, if they're nice and co-operative in class, I'd be
more inclined to talk to them, but if they're really disrespectful I might use it as a chance
to discipline them.
2.5.1.3, Consider the following question asked in an Education tutorial:
"You're on your practicum placement in a new school and a student in your Science
class has not done his/her homework for the second time this week. Another teacher
tells you that the student is usually really good and probably just needs someone to talk
to him/her. School policy states that you should give the student a lunch-time detention.
What do you do?"
Which of the following is an appropriate response in a tutorial?
Check 3 options.
1. "I don't know, I'd give the student a detention because it's school policy. You have to
stop disrespectful behaviour quickly before it gets out of hand - they're probably just
doing it because you are a practicum teacher."
2. "Hmm...I think it is best to talk to the student, see what is going on. Lots of different
studies suggest that an abrupt change in attitude can be a reflection of problems that
the student is facing outside of school."
3. "Who cares? It's only a week".
4. "It depends on the student. I mean, if they're nice and co-operative in class, I'd be
more inclined to talk to them, but if they're really disrespectful I might use it as a chance
to discipline them.
5. "In this kind of situation there are a number of different actions that a practicum
teacher might take. First of all, it is important to determine why the student hasn't been
completing their homework: this can be done with a brief conversation. As Smith (2018)
suggests, talking with a student should always be done before any other action is
taken..." etc.
1. Check what will be covered in the exam.
3. Practice writing (and thinking) under time pressure.
5. Make sure you understand all of the core concepts in the exam.
2.5.2.1, What should you do before you sit an exam?
Check 3 options.
1. Check what will be covered in the exam.
2. Read your text book cover-to-cover.
3. Practice writing (and thinking) under time pressure.
4. Listen to every lecture recording again and make detailed notes.
5. Make sure you understand all of the core concepts in the exam.
The questions that you know the answer to - get them out of the way!
2.5.2.2, According to the lecture, which questions should you answer first in an exam?
Check one option.
A. The questions that you know the answer to - get them out of the way!
B. The questions you are unsure about - you can spend more time on them this way.
C. The hardest questions on the test - save the easiest for last.
Summarize
2.5.2.3, Consider the following question from a Linguistics exam:
"Summarize the pronunciation issues a native Thai speaker might face when learning to
speak English."
What is the function word or phrase in this question?
Check one option.e
A. Pronunciation issues
B. Native Thai speaker
C. English
D. Learning to speak
E. Summarize
Introduce yourself.
2.5.3.1, Imagine that you are working with a group of 4 people and have just been given
the following problem to solve:
"You are part of a consultation team that has just been hired by the new CEO of a major
multi-national company. A company-wide survey has revealed that there is high
absenteeism, low productivity and that 31% of employees are bored or otherwise
unsatisfied with their work. Additionally, 13% are seriously considering offers from rival
companies. The company is losing money, and work that should take a few days is
taking weeks to complete.
In the attached documents, you will find the results of two surveys and four focus
groups with employees, as well as a breakdown of which departments are experiencing
the lowest work satisfaction. Your group should provide a report detailing 3 measures
that you would recommend to the CEO to improve workplace productivity and morale."
In your group, what is the first thing you would do?
Check one option.
(a). Create a brainstorm. Ensure everyone in the groups contributes their ideas and
write them all down.
(b). Introduce yourself.
(c). Assign different roles to different people: one person to summarize the surveys, two
people to summarize the focus groups and the last person to summarize the breakdown
of the departments.
(d). Create an agenda for this meeting, make sure everyone has everyone else's
contact details and organize a schedule for meetings.
José
2.5.3.2, Considering the same question:
"You are part of a consultation team that has just been hired by the new CEO of a major
multi-national company. A company-wide survey has revealed that there is high
absenteeism, low productivity and that 31% of employees are bored or otherwise
unsatisfied with their work. Additionally, 13% are seriously considering offers from rival
companies. The company is losing money, and work that should take a few days is
taking weeks to complete.
In the attached documents, you will find the results of two surveys and four focus
groups with employees, as well as a breakdown of which departments are experiencing
the lowest work satisfaction. Your group should provide a report detailing 3 measures
that you would recommend to the CEO to improve workplace productivity and morale."
The four people in the group are:
Tim - Is OK at maths, but doesn't like it, often quiet, but good at interpreting what people
say.
José - Great with numbers, good at conveying information, not great at interpreting what
people say.
Amar - Good with numbers and management theory, very opinionated
Jenna - Hates maths, slightly disorganized, good at summarising and synthesising
information.
Who in the group would be the best person to ask to summarize the surveys?
Check one option.
(a). Tim
(b). José
(c). Amar
(d). Jenna
1. Tim
4. Jenna
2.5.3.3, Considering the same question:
"You are part of a consultation team that has just been hired by the new CEO of a major
multi-national company. A company-wide survey has revealed that there is high
absenteeism, low productivity and that 31% of employees are bored or otherwise
unsatisfied with their work. Additionally, 13% are seriously considering offers from rival
companies. The company is losing money, and work that should take a few days is
taking weeks to complete.
In the attached documents, you will find the results of two surveys and four focus
groups with employees, as well as a breakdown of which departments are experiencing
the lowest work satisfaction. Your group should provide a report detailing 3 measures
that you would recommend to the CEO to improve workplace productivity and morale."
The four people in the group are:
Tim - Is OK at maths, but doesn't like it, often quiet, but good at interpreting what people
say.
José - Great with numbers, good at conveying information, not great at interpreting what
people say.
Amar - Good with numbers and management theory, very opinionated
Jenna - Hates maths, slightly disorganized, good at summarising and synthesising
information.
Which two people in the group would be the best to ask to summarise the focus
groups?
Check two options.
1. Tim
2. José
3. Amar
4. Jenna
2. Ask a friend to read over your essay and help you edit it.
3. Go to the university's writing centre or your field's library for help.
4. Use online writing resources from your university (or another university!).
2.5.4.1, If you need help writing essays, what can you do?
Check three options.
1. Ask a friend who doesn't go to your university to write your essay for you.
2. Ask a friend to read over your essay and help you edit it.
3. Go to the university's writing centre or your field's library for help.
4. Use online writing resources from your university (or another university!).
5. Post your essay online and crowd-source the editing process.
Let it go.
2.5.4.2, Imagine that you have just walked out of your mid-semester exam and, after
talking to your friends in the class, realise that you completely misinterpreted the last
question. The exam was worth 10% of your grade. A week later you find out you failed
the test because of that question.
What could (or should) you do?
Check one option.
(a). Let it go.
(b). Go to your lecturer's office and ask to take the exam again.
(c). Ignore it.
(d). Stop your once-a-week tennis session, the only time you exercise, so you can use
the time to study for the rest of the term.
All of the above
2.5.4.3, Imagine that it is the first week of term. After looking through your course
outlines for the next term, you realize that you have the following readings and
assignments to do in the first four weeks:
1. Linguistics1002: Phonetics. Weekly problem sets, worth 5% each and a chapter of
the textbook each week.
2. English1002: The Romantics. One book to read each week, plus a 1, 000 word essay
due in Week 4 worth 40%.
3. Physics1001: Life Physics. Weekly problem sets, worth 2% each, and a 1,000 word
lab report of an experiment you conduct in class due in Week 2 worth 15%.
4. Business1004: Leadership. 2 weekly readings and a 10 minute group presentation
due in Week 4 worth 35%
What work should you do each week?
Check one option.
(a). The weekly problem sets for Physics and Linguistics.
(b). The readings for Linguistics, English and Business
(c). Meet with your business group to prepare for the presentation.
(d). Start research for your English essay - it is worth 40%!
(e). All of the above
(f). Only A and B
(g). Only C and D
Primarily (c)., but with considerations for (b). and (a).
2.5.5.1, Consider the following assignment from a university course:
"You are part of a consultative team that has been hired by the Board of Executives for
a well-known construction company. The company has recently seen a significant
increase of accidents on worksites. Workers are angry about the accidents and are
threatening strikes, and management are worried about both their employees' safety
and loss of productivity.
You have been hired to help alleviate the tension and get the workers back working as
soon as possible. In order to do this, you will need to recommend measures to reduce
or eliminate the number of accidents on the worksites.
Present your team's approach to the class in a 10 minute presentation as though they
were the Board of Executives, with an extra 5 minutes at the end for questions."
When giving the presentation (and thus communicating your solution), who is your
target audience?
Refer to lesson 5.1a and 5.1b
Check one option.
(a). Your lecturer or tutor
(b). Your classmates
(c). The hypothetical Board of Executives
(d). Primarily (b)., but with considerations for (a). and (c).
(e). Primarily (c)., but with considerations for (b). and (a).
(f). Primarily (a)., but with considerations for (b). and (c).
(g). Only (a). and (b).
Formal
2.5.5.2, Considering the same university assignment as above:
In what style should the presentation be in?
Refer to lesson 5.1a and 5.1b
Check one option.
(a). Formal
(b). Informal
2. Setting a time limit and doing a practice exam under exam conditions
3. Doing practice essays or short answers
4. Making flash cards
5. Friendly debates of main theories with classmates
2.5.5.3, Which of the following are examples of active revision for exams?
Refer to lesson 5.2a
Check four options.
1. Reading and highlighting a textbook
2. Setting a time limit and doing a practice exam under exam conditions
3. Doing practice essays or short answers
4. Making flash cards
5. Friendly debates of main theories with classmates
6. Re-listening to lectures
No more than 15 minutes in total
2.5.5.4, Consider the following exam format:
Exam: Worth 40%, 2hours with 10 minutes extra reading time.
Part 1: 10 Multiple-choice questions, 10%
Part 2: 5 Short Answer Questions, 25%
Part 3: An 800 word Essay, 65%
In general, how much time would you allocate for the multiple choice questions?
Refer to lesson 5.3a and 5.3c
Check one option.
A. No more than 15 minutes in total
B. No more than 5 minutes in total
C. 4 minutes per question (read, understand, strategize, check)
D. Half an hour (3 minutes per question)
One person writes the definition and the principles of sustainable design, and the other
three each find an example and then analyze it according to the principles.
2.5.5.5, Imagine that you are taking a course in Landscape Architecture. As part of the
course you need to give a 10 minute group presentation on sustainable design for urban
parks. The presentation needs to include:
1. A definition of sustainable design for urban parks
2. The principles for sustainable design
3. Three examples of sustainable design for urban parks
4. An analysis of each of the example parks in relation to the principles
There are four people in your group: you, James, Rie and Ali.
What is the best way to divide the tasks*?
(*an example, not the only way!)
Refer to lesson 5.3a and 5.3b
Check one option.
A. One person does one of each for the four points. For example, James writes the
definition, you write the principles, Rie finds the examples and Ali writes an analysis for
each of Rie's examples. You come together at the end and make the presentation.
B. One person writes the definition and the principles of sustainable design, and the
other three each find an example and then analyze it according to the principles. C. You
come together at the end and make the presentation.
D. Everyone works on everything together as a team.
Three people do everything and the last person presents it to the class.
No. The tasks are not evenly weighted: there is a lot more involved in analyzing
something than there is in finding an example.
2.5.5.6, Imagine that you are taking a course in Landscape Architecture. As part of the
course you need to give a 10 minute group presentation on sustainable design for urban
parks. The presentation needs to include:
A definition of sustainable design for urban parks
The principles for sustainable design
Three examples of sustainable design for urban parks
An analysis of each of the example parks in relation to the principles
There are four people in your group: you, James, Rie and Ali.
Consider the example answer from Question 5: "One person does one of each for the
four points. For example, James writes the definition, you write the principles, Rie finds
the examples and Ali writes an analysis for each of Rie's examples. You come together
at the end and make the presentation. "
Is this a good distribution of tasks?
Refer to lesson 5.3a and 5.3b
Check one option.
A. Yes, as each person has a clearly defined task.
B. Yes, as the tasks reflect the strengths of each member of the group.
C. No, as the tasks don't reflect the strengths of each member of the group.
D. No, as one person should be in charge of making the presentation.
E. No. The tasks are not evenly weighted: there is a lot more involved in analyzing
something than there is in finding an example.
1. The Physics problem set
2. The Business readings
4. The Physics lab report
5. Read chapter 6 of your Linguistics textbook.
2.5.5.7, Imagine that it is Friday and you have just finished week 7 of your first
semester. You've been a bit distracted from study because you have been socializing
quite a lot, have a part time job and have joined a volleyball team. However, you've just
realised that next week you have to do the following:
1. A Linguistics problem set, worth 5%, due on Thursday
2. Read chapter 6 of your Linguistics textbook for a tutorial on Monday
3. Read Jane Austen's Persuasion for an English tutorial on Friday
4. A Physics problem set, worth 2%, due Monday
5. A Physics lab report, worth 20%, due Tuesday
6. Two readings for a Business seminar on Tuesday
You haven't started any of them. The problem sets usually take you about one hour
each to complete, but you are a slow reader. The lab report and readings will take three
or four hours each, easily. Your English lecturer said that you don't have to read every
book on the list. In Business you are marked on your participation in seminars.
Which of the tasks do you need to complete over the weekend in order to stay on top of
your work?
Refer to lesson 5.4a and 5.4c
Check four options.
1. The Physics problem set
2. The Business readings
3. Read Jane Austen's Persuasion.
4. The Physics lab report
5. Read chapter 6 of your Linguistics textbook.
6. The Linguistics problem set
1. A writing center at the university
2. A peer, either in the same class or who has done the class before
5. Your Physics tutor
2.5.5.8, You've just gotten back your lab report from your Physics lecturer. She tells you
that it was a good effort, but that it "needs to be more academic". There are a lot of
comments on the report about stylistic mistakes that you've made, but she hasn't
included any information on what you should have done instead.
She is now away for the next two weeks on a conference and the replacement lecturer
tells you bluntly that she doesn't have time to answer your questions. Unfortunately, you
have another lab report due the day after your normal lecturer returns.
Where should you go for help?
Refer to lesson 5.4a and 5.4d.
Check three options.
1. A writing center at the university
2. A peer, either in the same class or who has done the class before
3. A good friend who gets high marks in English but doesn't study Physics
4. Your dog
5. Your Physics tutor
1. Understand the importance and function of critical thinking in academic culture.
6. Identify types of argument, and bias within arguments, in order to better evaluate the
strength of arguments.
3.1.1.1, Which of the following are learning objectives for this MOOC?
Check all that apply.
1. Understand the importance and function of critical thinking in academic culture.
2. Recognize the importance & function of problem solving & creative thought within
academic study.
3. Communicate clearly across a variety of different contexts and to a wide range of
audiences by adapting communicative styles appropriately according to cultural and
societal expectations.
4. Apply problem-solving strategies to issues related to university life & study.
5. Critically evaluate the reliability of sources for an academic context.
6. Identify types of argument, and bias within arguments, in order to better evaluate the
strength of arguments.
3. In video questions & polls
5. Short quizzes after each lesson
3.1.1.2, Which of the following are NON-assessed activities on this MOOC?
Check all that apply.
1. Final summative assessment
2. Quizzes after each module.
3. In video questions & polls
4. Discussion board posts
5. Short quizzes after each lesson
35%
3.1.1.3, What percentage of your total marks is the final summative assessment worth?
Check one option only.
A. 5%
B. 15%
C. 50%
D. 35%
1. Academic integrity
3. Critical thinking
4. Intellectual inquiry and communication
5. Ethical contribution
3.1.2.1, Which of the following are some of the core values and expectations of
academic culture mentioned by academics in 1.2a?
Check all that apply.
1. Academic integrity
2. Freedom
3. Critical thinking
4. Intellectual inquiry and communication
5. Ethical contribution
6. The contingency of knowledge
A slippery eel
3.1.2.2, What metaphor do Molinari and Kavanagh (2013) use to describe critical
thinking?
Check one option.
A. A slippery eel
B. A proud lion
C. A lazy sloth
D. A friendly dog
An attempt to defend, validate or explain a conclusion using specific reasons or
evidence
3.1.2.3, At university, what is an argument?
Check one option.
A. An angry disagreement between two people
B. An attempt to defend, validate or explain a conclusion using specific reasons or
evidence
C. A more polite term for a fight
D. Another word for a conclusion
1. How to ask for help
2. Resilience
3.1.3.1, In lesson 1.3a, Jonathon mentions that he learnt two valuable skills when he
struggled to pass a first year university course. What were they?
Check two options
1. How to ask for help
2. Resilience
3. Curiosity
4. Flexibility
Because he was pushed to think in new ways
3.1.3.2, In lesson 1.3a, why does Ben say he felt comfortable at university?
Check one option.
A. Because he met lots of new people
B. Because he was pushed to think in new ways
C. Because it gave him the confidence to have an opinion
3. At the end of her time at university, she was able to use references more to support
her propositions.
4. At the end of her course, she made broader, more cohesive arguments.
3.1.3.3, In lesson 1.3b, Jenni contrasts her essay writing and argumentation at the
beginning of her university course with the argumentation at the end. What differences
did she notice?
Check two options.
1. At the end of her course, she wrote more about how she felt.
2. At the end of her course, she wrote longer arguments.
3. At the end of her time at university, she was able to use references more to support
her propositions.
4. At the end of her course, she made broader, more cohesive arguments.
Mohammed isn't required to do anything.
3.1.4.1, Mohammed is a third year undergraduate student studying epidemiology. His
professor is highly regarded in the field and Mohammed is very excited to study under
him. While trying to replicate one of his professor's experiments, Mohammed notices
that another student has made a mistake while calculating the data for the experiment.
In one of the equations, one of the signs is around the wrong way. This has made the
results of the experiment seem really positive. However, when Mohammed does his
calculations, he notices that his results aren't very good at all.
Mohammed does the calculations multiple times. He consults a few other students, and
they all come up with the same thing. It isn't an assignment, and students are allowed to
collaborate and work together, so Mohammed tells the student about the mistake.
However, the other student shrugs and refuses to change it because it is the same as
the one used in the original paper.
What is Mohammed required to do?
Check one option.
a. Mohammed isn't required to do anything.
b. He must tell the professor because the student is falsifying his/her results.
c .He must go to the dean of the faculty and accuse the other student of academic
misconduct.
Bring this to his professor's attention as soon as possible.
3.1.4.2, Consider the following situation.
Mohammed is a third year undergraduate student studying epidemiology. His professor
is highly regarded in the field and Mohammed is very excited to study under him.
However, after seeing another student use an incorrect equation while trying to replicate
one of his professor's experiments, Mohammed notices that his professor made a small
error when calculating the data for the original experiment. When Mohammed fixes the
error, it changes the results so much that the conclusion isn't correct any more.
Mohammed checks the original and his own multiple times but he still gets the same
result.
Mohammed is very concerned because the paper with the published results of the
experiments his professor did has been referenced many times.
What should Mohammed do?
Check one option.
a. Bring this to his professor's attention as soon as possible.
b. Go to the head of the school and tell her that his professor has been falsifying his
results.
c. Do nothing. Mohammed obviously isn't doing the calculations properly as his
professor is much more intelligent and knows much more about the subject than he
does.
Go to the head of the school and ask for their opinion on the situation.
3.1.4.3, Consider the following situation.
Mohammed is a third year undergraduate student studying epidemiology. His professor
is highly regarded in the field and Mohammed is very excited to study under him.
However, while trying to replicate one of his professor's experiments, Mohammed
notices that his professor made a small error when calculating the data for the original
experiment. When Mohammed fixes the error, it changes the results so much that the
conclusion isn't correct any more. Mohammed checks the original and his own multiple
times but he still gets the same result.
Mohammed is very concerned because the paper with the published results of the
experiments his professor did has been referenced many times.
Mohammed decides to approach his professor with the mistake and his calculations.
However, his professor tells him not to worry about it and that "is just how science is".
His professor does nothing.
What should Mohammed do now?
Check one option.
a. Go to the head of the school and tell her that his professor is has been falsifying his
results.
b. Do nothing. Maybe that is just how science is done in epidemiology.
c. Go to the head of the school and ask for their opinion on the situation.
d. Tell his friend who works at the university's newspaper all about it, so they can write
up an expose on his professor.
The need for proof to support opinions
3.1.5.1, "A wise man ... proportions his belief to the evidence." - David Hume
What quality of academic culture does this relate to?
Check one option.
a. The contingent nature of academic knowledge
b. The need for proof to support opinions
c. The use of research to produce knowledge
d. The importance of independent learning
It depends; Timmy should check his course outline or lecturer to make sure.
3.1.5.2, Consider the following situation:
For a course Timmy is taking, he has to conduct a research experiment and write a full
research report. Part of the research report is a literature review. Timmy feels really
lucky because earlier in the semester they had to write a literature review for the same
class.
Can Timmy use the same literature review he did earlier in the course for this
assignment?
Check one option.
a. No, this would be considered self-plagiarism.
b. No, this would be considered Fabrication.
c. Definitely. If it is on the same topic for the same course, Timmy does not need to
write the literature review again.
d. It depends; Timmy should check his course outline or lecturer to make sure.
2. It reflects on its own basis, background and reasons.
4. It aims to be objective and free from bias.
3.1.5.3, Which of the following is a trait of critical thinking according to lecture 1.2b?
Check two options.
1. It is forceful and persuasive.
2. It reflects on its own basis, background and reasons.
3. It is easy and carefree.
4. It aims to be objective and free from bias.
2. It had helped them understand communication in different contexts.
4. It had given them better people skills.
3.1.5.4, How had university changed some of the people interviewed in lesson 1.3a?
Check two options.
1. It had caused them to ask people their feelings.
2. It had helped them understand communication in different contexts.
3. It caused them to change careers and become actors.
4. It had given them better people skills.
Taking a stance or position in relation to a topic
3.1.5.5, What is argumentation?
Check one option.
a. Taking a stance or position in relation to a topic
b. A set of reasons to show that a conclusion is valid
c. An angry disagreement
d. The process of disagreeing with someone
Being systematic
3.2.1.1, Which of the habits of mind or dispositions discussed in lesson 2.1a is reflected
in the following quote?
"When I started thinking about my assignment question, the first thing I did was to start
applying some of the techniques that I had learnt in my course. My lecturer had talked
about a set of criteria that could be applied to problems in my field, so I used that to
start generating solutions."
Check one option.
a. Metacognition
b. Self-confidence
c. Being systematic
d. Being open-minded
Maturity
3.2.1.2, Which of the habits of mind or dispositions discussed in lesson 2.1a is reflected
in the following quote?
"The final assignment in my organisational behavior course was a complex case study
assignment about some issues in a large company. It's unrealistic to expect in a tricky
situation such as this that there is only one possible answer."
Check one option.
a. Maturity
b. Truth-seeking
c. Being analytical
d. Metacognition
Metacognition
3.2.1.3, Which of the habits of mind or dispositions discussed in lesson 2.1a is reflected
in the following quote?
"Through my university course my lecturers really helped me reflect on my own thinking
processes. One unit in particular made me do so using an online reflective blog. It was a
bit of a pain at the time, but I recognize now how useful it is."
Check one option.
a. Metacognition
b. Truth-seeking
c. Being analytical
d. Inquisitiveness
3 and 5
3.2.2.1, Consider the following list of traits of the different spheres of argumentation.
1. Uses any example or means as evidence in arguments
2. No fixed rules for reasoning or evidence
3. Aimed at a specific audience
4. Tries to change opinions or values
5. Adheres to strict rules about data collection and analysis
6. Aimed at the general public
Which traits describe the technical sphere of argumentation?
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 3
c. 3 and 4
d. 3 and 5
e. 4 and 5
f. 4 and 6
1 and 2
3.2.2.2, Consider the following list of traits of the different spheres of argumentation.
1. Uses any example or means as evidence in arguments
2. No fixed rules for reasoning or evidence
3. Aimed at a specific audience
4. Tries to change opinions or values
5. Adheres to strict rules about data collection and analysis
6. Aimed at the general public
Which traits describe the personal sphere of argumentation?
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 3
c. 3 and 4
d. 3 and 5
e. 4 and 5
f. 4 and 6
The personal sphere of argumentation
3.2.2.3, Which argument sphere does the following argument belong to?
"We definitely need the new rail system in this area. Buses are usually late, and it's a
long way to drive to the city. It's a bit more comfortable getting a train too I think."
Check one option.
a. The technical sphere of argumentation
b. The private sphere of argumentation.
c. The public sphere of argumentation
d. The personal sphere of argumentation
2. Shared processes of thought
3. Common object of study
5. Agreement on what knowledge is
3.2.3.1, Which of the following are characteristics of argument fields?
Check three options.
1. Shared academic discipline such as biology or law
2. Shared processes of thought
3. Common object of study
4. Shared opinion on the common object of study
5. Agreement on what knowledge is
2. School of thought
3. Profession
3.2.3.2, Apart from academic disciplines, what are some other things that can define an
argument field?
Check two options.
1. Courtroom
2. School of thought
3. Profession
4. Faculty
In arts and social sciences courses students will generally need to engage in
argumentation much earlier in their courses than science students.
3.2.3.3, Think back to the lesson on differences in argumentation in History and Biology.
What is an example of a difference in argumentation in the arts and social sciences
courses on the one hand, and science courses on the other?
Check one option.
a. In arts and social sciences courses students will generally need to engage in
argumentation much earlier in their courses than science students.
b. In arts and social sciences courses students will generally need to engage in
argumentation much later in their courses than science students.
c. In the sciences argumentation generally takes the form of arguing for solutions.
d. In the arts and social sciences argumentation generally takes the form of arguing for
solutions.
1. A general way of life
3. A way of approaching a text
3.2.4.1, What is a questioning stance, according to the lesson?
Check two options.
1. A general way of life
2. A way of standing that improves concentration
3. A way of approaching a text
4. A way of reading a text
Because argument and debate advance knowledge
3.2.4.2, Why is a questioning stance a central part of academic culture, according to
Brick, Herke and Wong (2016)?
Check one option.
a. Because students are assessed on their ability to adopt a questioning stance
b. Because students need to analyze the reliability of sources
c. Because it is a form of independent learning
d. Because argument and debate advance knowledge
To more fully understand the topic you are learning
3.2.4.3, Why do we need to take a questioning stance in our learning at university?
Check one option.
a. Because it is so important in academic culture
b. To poke holes in an argument
c. To more fully understand the topic you are learning
d. To avoid the 'who cares' questions
Self-confidence
3.2.5.1, Consider the following situation.
A group of engineering students are doing a group assignment. The assignment asks
them to calculate the ability of a tall building to withstand wind, earthquakes and other
potential stresses. One student, who has worked through all the set questions and
activities in class, knows how to address the question and helps the others students
complete the assignment with assurance.
Which of the following dispositions or habits of mind for critical thinking is the student
displaying?
Check one option.
a. Truth-seeking
b. Self-confidence
c. Inquisitiveness
d. Metacognition
Metacognition
3.2.5.2, Consider the following situation.
A student is asked to do a feminist analysis of a movie. The student already has strong
opinions about both feminism and the film they must analyse. However, they make a
mental note of their biases when conducting research. The student makes sure they
read sources representing a variety of different views, rather than just their own.
Which of the following dispositions or habits of mind for critical thinking is the student
displaying?
Check one option.
a. Being systemic in your thinking
b. Self-confidence
c. Inquisitiveness
d. Metacognition
The public sphere of argumentation.
3.2.5.3, Which argument sphere does the following argument belong to?
"Proponents of the new rail network say that it will reduce traffic and car emissions.
What is overlooked, however, is the enormous bill for the cost of the new rail network
will present to current and future generations, a bill that the citizens of this state will be
paying off for quite some time."
Check one option.
a. The technical sphere of argumentation
b. The media sphere of argumentation.
c. The public sphere of argumentation.
d. The personal sphere of argumentation
The technical sphere of argumentation
3.2.5.4, Which argument sphere does the following argument belong to?
"In contrast with many neoclassical theorists, who see government spending as
constrained, modern monetary theory (MMT) sees government spending as relatively
less limited. This is because according to MMT the very notion of government debt is a
misnomer due to the government's control over the fiat money supply. Thus spending
on infrastructure projects is often seen as advantageous, particularly at times of low
interest rates."
Check one option.
a. The technical sphere of argumentation
b. The academic sphere of argumentation
c. The public sphere of argumentation
d. The personal sphere of argumentation
The next turn proof procedure
3.2.5.5, Consider the following methodology, which can be considered an argument
field.
Conversation analysis is a well-defined method and school of thought that analyses
language from a social perspective. It seeks to study naturally occurring talk, either in
everyday conversations or institutional settings such as schools and organizations. Any
conversation analysis must be strictly based on the actual conversation, and outside
categories (such as the race or class of the speaker) cannot be imposed unless they
are referred to in the conversation being analyzed. Conversation analysts seek to find
out what actions are performed by speakers in conversation (e.g. telling stories, making
arrangements), and how they organize their talk in order to do that. They use a special
mode of analysis to understand how actions are performed in talk called the next turn
proof procedure. In this procedure, the action of the speaker is understood by
examining how the following speaker understood them. When discussing the
organization of talk, conversation analysts use terms such as turns, sequence
organization and repair (how speakers fix errors in their talk).
When thinking about Conversation Analysis as an argument field, what is a specialized
process of thought?
Check one option.
a.The next turn proof procedure
b.Sequence organization and repair
c.What actions are performed in the talk-in-interaction, and how the talk is sequentially
organized into turns and sequences
d.Naturally occurring talk-in-interaction.
What actions are performed in the talk-in-interaction, and how the talk is sequentially
organized into turns and sequences
3.2.5.6, Consider the following methodology, which can be considered an argument
field.
Conversation analysis is a well-defined method and school of thought that analyses
language from a social perspective. It seeks to study naturally occurring talk, either in
everyday conversations or institutional settings such as schools and organizations. Any
conversation analysis must be strictly based on the actual conversation, and outside
categories (such as the race or class of the speaker) cannot be imposed unless they
are referred to in the conversation being analyzed. Conversation analysts seek to find
out what actions are performed by speakers in conversation (e.g. telling stories, making
arrangements), and how they organize their talk in order to do that. They use a special
mode of analysis to understand how actions are performed in talk called the next turn
proof procedure. In this procedure, the action of the speaker is understood by
examining how the following speaker understood them. When discussing the
organization of talk, conversation analysts use terms such as turns, sequence
organization and repair (how speakers fix errors in their talk).
When thinking about Conversation Analysis as an argument field, what is object of
study?
Check one option.
a.The next turn proof procedure
b.Sequence organization and repair
c.What actions are performed in the talk-in-interaction, and how the talk is sequentially
organized into turns and sequences
d.Naturally occurring talk-in-interaction
2, 3 and 4
3.2.5.7, Consider the following abstract for an academic journal article.
Mega-events, such as the Olympic Games and world fairs, are a major factor in tourism
development, urban revitalization, and urban reimaging strategies. However, despite
their economic, social, and political significance, it is only within the last decade that
substantial attention has been paid to their impact and legacies. This article provides a
discussion of the scope and definition of mega-events, an analysis of the reasons why
mega-events are held, and offers an examination of the housing and social impact of
mega-events on host cities and regions with special reference to the housing and social
planning of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. The article concludes that the focus on
the economic dimension of events is often at the expense of social, environmental, and
political analyses.
(Hall, C. M., & Hodges, J. (1996). The party's great, but what about the hangover?: The
housing and social impacts of mega-events with special reference to the 2000 Sydney
Olympics. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 4 (1-1), 13-20.)

A student has taken a questioning stance towards this article. Here are some of the
questions he has asked of the text.
1. "What are the qualifications of C.M. Hall and J. Hodges?"
2. "How could the information included in this article be used to better organise mega-
events in the future?"
3. "What are the weaknesses of their position on the impacts of mega-events?"
4. "Do I agree with their notion that the economic dimension of these events is in
contradiction to environmental and social analyses?"
5. "What evidence are Hall and Hodges using?"
6. "Does their argument make sense?"
Which of these questions are content questions?
Check one option.
a. 1, 2 and 3
b. 1, 5 and 6
c. 2, 3 and 4
d. 3, 4 and 6
1, 5 and 6
3.2.5.8, Consider the following abstract for an academic journal article.
Mega-events, such as the Olympic Games and world fairs, are a major factor in tourism
development, urban revitalization, and urban reimaging strategies. However, despite
their economic, social, and political significance, it is only within the last decade that
substantial attention has been paid to their impact and legacies. This article provides a
discussion of the scope and definition of mega-events, an analysis of the reasons why
mega-events are held, and offers an examination of the housing and social impact of
mega-events on host cities and regions with special reference to the housing and social
planning of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. The article concludes that the focus on
the economic dimension of events is often at the expense of social, environmental, and
political analyses.
(Hall, C. M., & Hodges, J. (1996). The party's great, but what about the hangover?: The
housing and social impacts of mega-events with special reference to the 2000 Sydney
Olympics. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 4(1-1), 13-20.)
A student has taken a questioning stance towards this article. Here are some of the
questions he has asked of the text.
1. "What are the qualifications of C.M. Hall and J. Hodges?"
2. "How could the information included in this article be used to better organise mega-
events in the future?"
3. "What are the weaknesses of their position on the impacts of mega-events?"
4. "Do I agree with their notion that the economic dimension of these events is in
contradiction to environmental and social analyses?"
5. "What evidence are Hall and Hodges using?"
6. "Does their argument make sense?"
Which of these questions are context questions?
Check one option.
a. 1, 2 and 3
b. 1, 5 and 6
c. 2, 3 and 4
d. 3, 4 and 6
The first sentence
3.3.1.1, Have a look at the following statement. Which sentence is the conclusion?
I have the right to leave work after lunch. According to the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, article 24, everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including
reasonable limitation of working hours. I have been working an unreasonable amount of
hours.
Check one option.
a.The first sentence
b.The second sentence
c.The third sentence
The second premise is not strong, because the definition of 'reasonable' is unclear and
needs to be further illustrated.
3.3.1.2, Have a look at the following argument. What is one problem with the argument?
According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 24, everyone has the
right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours. I have been
working an unreasonable amount of hours. Therefore, I have the right to leave work
after lunch.
Check one option.
a.The conclusion doesn't logically follow the premises.
b.The premises are not logically connected.
c.The first premise is not valid.
d.The second premise is not strong, because the definition of 'reasonable' is unclear
and needs to be further illustrated.
The conclusion is not the most logical result of the premises.
3.3.1.3, Have a look at the following argument. What is the problem with the
conclusion?
I have the right to leave work after lunch. According to the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, article 24, everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including
reasonable limitation of working hours. I have been working an unreasonable amount of
hours.
Check one option.
a.The conclusion comes before the premises.
b.The conclusion is not the most logical result of the premises.
c.The conclusion does not follow from the premises.
It assumes that there is a cause-effect relationship between the two trends.
3.3.2.1, Have a look at the following passage. What is wrong with the argument?
Every morning, as it gets closer to midday, the temperature rises. At the same time, I
always start to feel hungry. Therefore, an increase in temperature makes me hungry.
Check one option.
a.It assumes that there is a cause-effect relationship between the two trends.
b.It draws a conclusion based on too few examples.
c.It misrepresents the original argument.
All homeless people are unemployed.
3.3.2.2, Which of the following statements can be considered hasty generalizations?
Check one option.
a.All generalizations are bad.
b.All homeless people are unemployed.
c.Winter months are colder than Summer months.
It misrepresents the original argument.
3.3.2.3, Have a look at the following passage. What is wrong with the counter-
argument?
Argument: Research suggests that restorative and reparative punishments, such as
community-service sentences, result in a reduction of repeat offenders. This is
particularly the case for minor, non-violent offenses. The justice system should reduce
the amount of prison sentences and increase the number of community-service
sentences for minor, non-violent offences.*
Counter-argument: According to crime statistics, between 50% and 60% of all released
prisoners will re-offend. If you take criminals out of jail and let them free on the street
you will be putting innocent people's lives in danger.*
*Arguments are fictional
Check one option.
a.It assumes that there is a cause effect relationship between the two trends.
b.It draws a conclusion based on too little evidence.
c.It misrepresents the original argument.
Deductive reasoning needs to use strong, fixed language and this means it can be more
easily attacked and disproven than other forms of reasoning.
3.3.3.1, What is one of the downsides to using deductive reasoning in a university
context?
Check one option.
a.Deductive reasoning needs to use strong, fixed language and this means it can be
more easily attacked and disproven than other forms of reasoning.
b.Deductive reasoning is weaker than other forms of reasoning.
c.Deductive reasoning uses probabilities and is therefore not always true.
2. Reasoning that moves from general statements to specific conclusions.
3. Reasoning that moves from specific observations to general conclusions
3.3.3.2, What are the two main types of reasoning that you find at university?
Check two options.
1. Reasoning that moves from theory to practice
2. Reasoning that moves from general statements to specific conclusions.
3. Reasoning that moves from specific observations to general conclusions
4. Reasoning using generalizations.
5. Reasoning using probabilities
This is an example of reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions.
3.3.3.3, Consider the following argument:
The Artape people have lived on the island of Staples for between 20,000 and 25,000
years. A number of archaeological sites have been radiocarbon dated to around 19,000
BC, although there is evidence of some tools being used by hunters as early as 23,000
BC. They are thought to have migrated across from Africa on land bridges that existed
before the last ice age. Archaeological evidence, such as oral stories, rock pictures and
some ancient fossils, suggests that there was trade between the main land and the
smaller island across these land bridges, but this stopped when the seas rose around
12,000 years ago.*
*Fictional people & history
What kind of reasoning is evident here?
Check one option.
a.This is an example of reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions.
b.This is an example of reasoning from general observations to specific conclusions.
c.This is an example of reasoning using probabilities.
3. The list only indicates a one way relationship between the causes and effect.
4. The list doesn't demonstrate the relationship between each factor and how they are
related.
3.3.4.1, What is the problem with the following 'laundry list' approach to the issue of
homelessness?
Mental health issues >
Poverty > homelessness
Unemployment >
Check two options.
1. The factors are not relevant.
2. The factors are not related to each other.
3. The list only indicates a one way relationship between the causes and effect.
4. The list doesn't demonstrate the relationship between each factor and how they are
related.
2. It demonstrates that the factors are all inter-related and therefore a solution that
addresses only one factor would not be sufficient to solve the issue.
3. Thinking in terms of a cycle shows that it is not only a cause-effect relationship, and
that homelessness itself can contribute to the factors of mental health issues,
unemployment and poverty as well.
3.3.4.2, How can re-framing the following statement as a cycle (or a 'feedback loop')
help create a better understanding of the issue?
Mental health issues, unemployment and poverty are all factors that lead to
homelessness.
Check two options.
1. It shows that all factors are equally important.
2. It demonstrates that the factors are all inter-related and therefore a solution that
addresses only one factor would not be sufficient to solve the issue.
3. Thinking in terms of a cycle shows that it is not only a cause-effect relationship, and
that homelessness itself can contribute to the factors of mental health issues,
unemployment and poverty as well.
2. To be able to see what occurs between each of the individual components
4. It helps understand the complexity of the issue and to see the bigger picture.
3.3.4.3, As well as the benefits mentioned in regards to the feedback loop above, why
else would it be useful to see the issue of homelessness through a systems thinking
perspective, looking at the issue as a web of interrelated components?
Check two options.
1. To be able to see how insignificant individual factors are overall
2. To be able to see what occurs between each of the individual components
3. To see how complex and confusing everything is
4. It helps understand the complexity of the issue and to see the bigger picture.
1. That if you buy Cool Cola you will also be young, beautiful and happy
4. That Cool Cola makes the young, beautiful people in the advertisement happy
3.3.5.1, Have a look at the following argument based on an advertisement. What are the
implicit (unspoken) premises?
There are many young, beautiful people on a beach having fun. They are drinking Cool
Cola. You should buy Cool Cola.
Check two options.
1. That if you buy Cool Cola you will also be young, beautiful and happy
2. That the young people are actors hired to promote Cool Cola
3. That Cool Cola is high in sugar and should only be drunk in moderation
4. That Cool Cola makes the young, beautiful people in the advertisement happy
The conclusion is not the most logical result of the premises.
3.3.5.2, Have a look at the following argument. What is the problem with the
conclusion?
Cool Cola makes people happy. There are many young, beautiful people on a beach
having fun. They are drinking Cool Cola.
Check one option.
a.The conclusion comes before the premise.
b.The conclusion does not follow from the premises.
c.The conclusion is not the most logical result of the premises.
The Artape people and their ancestors have lived on the island of Staples for between
20,000 and 31,000 years.
3.3.5.3, Consider the following argument:
The Artape people have lived on the island of Staples for between 20,000 and 31,000
years. A number of archaeological sites have been radiocarbon dated to around 20,000
BC. They are thought to have migrated across from Africa on land bridges that existed
before the last ice age. Movement between the main land and Staples across these
land bridges was quite common. Archaeological evidence, such as oral stories, rock
pictures and some ancient fossils, suggests that the Staler people, the ancestors of the
Artape, used the island for hunting from as far back as 31,000 BC. However, there is no
evidence of settlement or continuous habitation of the island until around 25,000 BC,
when evidence of temporary camps starts. It is not until 20,000 BC that we start to see
evidence of permanent dwellings. All migration from the main land to Stapes stopped
when the seas rose around 12,000 years ago. *
*Fictional peoples & History
What is the conclusion of this argument?
Check one option.
a.The Artape people and their ancestors have lived on the island of Staples for between
20,000 and 31,000 years.
b.Movement between the main land and Staples across these land bridges was quite
common.
c.All migration from the main land to Staples stopped when the seas rose around
12,000 years ago.
d.Archaeological evidence, such as oral stories, rock pictures and some ancient fossils,
suggests that the Staler people, the ancestors of the Artape, used the island for hunting
from as far back as 31,000 BC.
This is an example of reasoning that combines general and specific observations to
make a general conclusion.
3.3.5.4, People lived on the island of Staples as far back as 19,000 BC. Man-made
artifacts have been found at a number of archaeological sites. These man-made
artifacts have been carbon dated to 19,000 BC. For example, a partial leg bone of a
juvenile marsupial herbivore was discovered at one of the sites. This partial leg bone
has been sharpened into a bone point. There is clear evidence of sharp stone tools
being used to refine the bone, which were also found at the site. The fossil has no
carnivore tooth marks on it and was found in a shelter on a steep escarpment
unsuitable for climbing by this kind of marsupial herbivore. Only humans have the
capability and dexterity to make and use these kinds of tools. This leg bone tool,
therefore, was made by humans. This serves as evidence that humans lived on the
island of Staples as far back as 19,000 BC. *
*Fictional historical account
What kind of formal reasoning is being used in this example?
Check one option.
a.This is an example of reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions.
b.This is an example of reasoning from general observations to specific conclusions.
c.This is an example of reasoning that combines general and specific observations to
make a general conclusion.
d.This is an example of reasoning using probabilities.
It assumes that there is a cause-effect relationship between the two trends.
3.3.5.5, Have a look at the following passage. What is wrong with the argument?
During the 2000s smart phone sales and ownership increased dramatically. At the same
time, warfare in the Middle East escalated. It is clear that smart phones usage was a
main contributor to the intensity of international warfare in the 2000s.
Check one option.
a.It assumes that there is a cause-effect relationship between the two trends.
b.It draws a conclusion based on too few examples.
c.It misrepresents the original argument.
It misrepresents the original argument.
3.3.5.6, Have a look at the following passage. What is wrong with the counter-
argument?
Argument: Sometimes when you are having trouble writing your assignment it is good to
take a short break.
Counter-argument: Procrastinating instead of doing your work means nothing will ever
get done.
Check one option.
a.It assumes that there is a cause effect relationship between the two trends.
b.It draws a conclusion based on too few examples.
c.It misrepresents the original argument.
1. It suggests a one-way relationship between the causes and the effect.
2. It suggests that each factor is of equal importance.
3.3.5.7, What problems are there with the following 'laundry list' approach to the
following issue:
Too many private cars=>
Inadequate public transport=>congestion
Insufficient road networks=>
Check two options.
1. It suggests a one-way relationship between the causes and the effect.
2. It suggests that each factor is of equal importance.
3. It doesn't provide any solutions to the problem.
4. It suggests that there are only three causes that contribute to the issue.
1. It shows that any solution would have to address all of the factors that contribute to
the issue.
2. Representing the situation as a cycle shows how the factors are interdependent and
can effect each other.
3.3.5.8, How can re-framing the following statement as a cycle (or a 'feedback loop')
help create a better understanding of the issue?
Too many private cars, inadequate public transport and insufficient road networks are
all factors that lead to congestion.
Check two options.
1. It shows that any solution would have to address all of the factors that contribute to
the issue.
2. Representing the situation as a cycle shows how the factors are interdependent and
can effect each other.
3. It shows that each factor equally contributes to the issue.
4. Representing the situation as a cycle allows us to see how minor each individual
factor is in the overall scheme of things.
A claim
3.4.1.1, Is the following sentence a claim or evidence?
Homelessness is still a major issue in Australia because policy makers haven't made a
concerted effort to fund and commit to one particular project for an appropriate length of
time.
Check one option.
a.A claim
b.Evidence
c,Both a claim and evidence
The authors' interpretation of other people's experience
3.4.1.2, Analyze the following paragraph. What is the origin of the evidence?
Homelessness is still a major issue in Australia because policy makers haven't made a
concerted effort to fund and commit to one particular project for an appropriate length of
time. This is clear from research that has analyzed the history of homelessness
programs in recent years. Parsell, Jones & Head draw on an extensive list of published
articles and government reports analyzing homelessness programs in the UK, USA and
Australia to conclude that "[a]ttracted by the successes in the UK and USA, Australian
policy makers attempted a piecemeal transfer making it unlikely that the goal of
permanently ending homelessness will be achieved" (Parsell, Jones & Head, 2012)
Reference:
Parsell, C., Jones, A. and Head, B. (2013). Policies and programs to end homelessness
in Australia: Learning from international practice. International Journal of Social Welfare,
13, 10-23.
Check one option
a.The arguer's personal experience
b.Anecdotal experience that the arguer heard from others
c.The authors' personal experience
d.The authors' interpretation of other people's experience
Print media
3.4.1.3, Analyse the following paragraph. What is the mode of the evidence?
Homelessness is still a major issue in Australia because policy makers haven't made a
concerted effort to fund and commit to one particular project for an appropriate length of
time. This is clear from research that has analyzed the history of homelessness
programs in recent years. Parsell, Jones & Head draw on an extensive list of published
articles and government reports analyzing homelessness programs in the UK, USA and
Australia to arrive at the conclusion that "attracted by the successes in the UK and USA,
Australian policy makers attempted a piecemeal transfer making it unlikely that the goal
of permanently ending homelessness will be achieved" (Parsell, Jones & Head, 2012).
Reference:
Parsell, C., Jones, A. and Head, B. (2013). Policies and programs to end homelessness
in Australia: Learning from international practice. International Journal of Social Welfare,
13, 10-23.
Check one option.
a.Print media
b.Electronic media
c.Verbal communication
Academic
3.4.1.4, Analyze the following paragraph. What is the purpose of the evidence?
Homelessness is still a major issue in Australia because policy makers haven't made a
concerted effort to fund and commit to one particular project for an appropriate length of
time. This is clear from research that has analyzed the history of homelessness
programs in recent years. Parsell, Jones & Head draw on an extensive list of published
articles and government reports analyzing homelessness programs in the UK, USA and
Australia to arrive at the conclusion that "attracted by the successes in the UK and USA,
Australian policy makers attempted a piecemeal transfer making it unlikely that the goal
of permanently ending homelessness will be achieved" (Parsell, Jones & Head, 2012).
Reference:
Parsell, C., Jones, A. and Head, B. (2013). Policies and programs to end homelessness
in Australia: Learning from international practice. International Journal of Social Welfare,
13, 10-23.
Check one option.
a.Academic
b.Non-academic
Secondary
3.4.1.5, Analyze the following paragraph. What is the source of the evidence?
Homelessness is still a major issue in Australia because policy makers haven't made a
concerted effort to fund and commit to one particular project for an appropriate length of
time. This is clear from research that has analyzed the history of homelessness
programs in recent years. Parsell, Jones & Head draw on an extensive list of published
articles and government reports analyzing homelessness programs in the UK, USA and
Australia to arrive at the conclusion that "attracted by the successes in the UK and USA,
Australian policy makers attempted a piecemeal transfer making it unlikely that the goal
of permanently ending homelessness will be achieved" (Parsell, Jones & Head, 2012).
Reference:
Parsell, C., Jones, A. and Head, B. (2013).Policies and programmes to end
homelessness in Australia: Learning from international practice. International Journal of
Social Welfare, 13, 10-23
a.Primary
b.Secondary
c.Tertiary
A bias is a prejudice for or against someone or something and an assumption is a type
of claim with no evidence.
3.4.2.1, What is the difference between a bias and an assumption?
Check one option.
a.A bias is a form of stereotype while an assumption is a type of evidence.
b.A bias is a type of evidence while an assumption is a form of stereotype.
c.A bias is a type claim with no evidence and an assumption is a prejudice for or against
someone or something.
d.A bias is a prejudice for or against someone or something and an assumption is a
type of claim with no evidence.
False classification scheme
3.4.2.2, Consider the following statement.
We can see three types of homeless living on the streets of Albuquerque. There are
those poor souls that are homeless due to bad luck; there are drunkards and drug
addicts; and there are inveterate criminals.
What is the main kind of bias present?
Check one option.
a.False classification scheme
b.Bias is hidden in language.
c.Use of an ad hominem
d.Positioning the reader in the same in-group
Use of certain or definitive language
3.4.2.3, What kind of bias is present in the following statement?
The key to solving homelessness is social housing.
Check one option.
a.Use of logical connectors creates bias
b.Positioning the reader in the same in-group
c.Use of emotive language
d.Use of certain or definitive language
Currency
3.4.3.1, What problem is there with the following evidence?
Homelessness is an increasingly worrying problem in the USA. According to Langdon
and Kass (1985), "[homelessness] is a national crisis of ever-increasing proportions.
Hundreds of thousands of persons across the country are so desperately poor that they
lack even minimal shelter" (p.305). They state that there are more homeless people now
than any time since the Great Depression.
Reference:
Langdon, J. K. & Kass, M.A. (1985). Homelessness in America: Looking for the Right to
Shelter. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 19(3), 305-392.
Choose one option.
a.Reliability
b.Sample size
c.Currency
d.Relevance
1. Does the evidence support the conclusion?
2. If I took the evidence away, would it make a difference to the conclusion?
3.4.3.2, What questions can you ask to determine if the evidence is relevant to the
conclusion?
Check two options.
1. Does the evidence support the conclusion?
2. If I took the evidence away, would it make a difference to the conclusion?
3. Does the evidence seem convincing?
4. Is the evidence old and out-of-date?
3. The link between the two premises is only a correlation, not a causal relationship.
4. The conclusion is not the most logical outcome from the premises.
3.4.3.3, What problem is there with the following argument?
There are more homeless people now than at any time since the Great Depression. The
Great Depression ended with the onset of World War II. Therefore, a similar momentous
event is needed to end the current plight of homelessness.
Check two options.
1. Nothing. It is a good argument.
2. The premises are false.
3. The link between the two premises is only a correlation, not a causal relationship.
4. The conclusion is not the most logical outcome from the premises.
Generalization
3.4.4.1, Consider the following statement.
"In the case of some areas of the internet that are heavily regulated, online trade has
suffered from excess government regulation and control. It's not hard to imagine the
same thing happening if that kind of control was extended to all areas of the online
economy."
What type of argument is this?
Check one option.
a.Argument from analogy
b.Generalization
c.Causal argument
d.Quasilogical argument
Quasilogical argument
3.4.4.2, Consider the following statement.
"There are many vulnerable children on the internet outside government protection, but
vulnerable children need the government to protect them, so more government
surveillance is needed."
What type of argument is this?
Check one option.
a.Argument from analogy
b.Generalization
c.Causal argument
d.Quasilogical argument
Causal argument
3.4.4.3, Consider the following statement.
"A failure to act on threats made on social media sites by both the government and
authorities has led to female users abandoning certain sites."
What type of argument is this?
Check one option.
a.Argument from analogy
b.Generalization
c.Causal argument
d.Quasilogical argument
3. No evidence is presented in this argument.
4. Rental assistance is necessary for lowly-paid poor people' is a claim of this argument.
3.4.5.1, Consider the following argument.
Young people in lowly-paid jobs need to be given rental assistance from the
government. They also need to get paid more by their employers. Perhaps employers
could receive tax breaks from the government, which they could then pass on to young
employees as higher wages.
Which of the following statements, about the claims and evidence in this argument, are
true?
Check two options.
1. 'Employers getting tax breaks from the government' is a form of evidence in this
argument.
2. The origin of the evidence in this argument is not clearly stated.
3. No evidence is presented in this argument.
4. Rental assistance is necessary for lowly-paid poor people' is a claim of this argument.
Personal experience
3.4.5.2, Consider the following argument.
Homelessness is often considered the preserve of the middle-aged, but it also falls
heavily on young people. In the Springton area, for example, quite a few homeless
people can be observed, particularly in the area bound by Holroyd and 4th St.
What is the origin of the evidence?
Check one option.
a.Non-academic
b.Primary
c.Verbal communication
d.Personal experience
Use of passive voice to hide responsibility
3.4.5.3, Consider the following statement.
The laws were criticised as being 'out of touch' and 'antiquated'.
How is bias displayed in this statement?
Check one option.
a. False classification schemes
b. Use of passive voice to hide responsibility
c. Ad hominem
d. Appealing to membership of a common group
Use of emotive language
3.4.5.4, Consider the following statement.
The treatment of homeless people is a sad indictment on this government and its
policies.
How is bias displayed in this statement?
Check one option.
a. Use of emotive language
b. Ad hominem
c. Appealing to membership of a common group
d. Use of logical connectors and appealing to membership of a common group
3. If I took the evidence away, would it make a difference to the conclusion?
4. Does the evidence support the conclusion?
3.4.5.5, Consider the following argument.
All pugs are dogs. Dogs are good pets. All dogs are mammals. Therefore, all pugs are
mammals.
What questions can you ask to determine if the evidence is relevant to the conclusion in
the following statement?
Check two options.
1. Is the evidence old and out-of-date?
2. Does the evidence seem convincing?
3. If I took the evidence away, would it make a difference to the conclusion?
4. Does the evidence support the conclusion?
The conclusion is not the most logical outcome from the premises.
3.4.5.6, What problem is there with the following argument?
I have all my best ideas in the shower. I need to regularly have good ideas when I am at
work. Therefore, I need to have numerous showers during the day in order to perform
well at work.
Check one options.
a. Nothing. It is a good argument.
b. The premises are false.
c. The premises are not connected.
d. The conclusion is not the most logical outcome from the premises.
Dissociation argument
3.4.5.7, Consider the following argument.
Social housing should be considered an opportunity to move past current market-based
methods of organizing shelter for people, rather than as a burden for governments.
What type of argument is this?
Check one option.
a.Dissociation argument
b.Co-existential argument
c.Generalization
d.Causal argument
Argument from analogy
3.4.5.8, Consider the following argument.
The current crisis with homelessness in Dartshire, our sister city in so many ways, is an
important lesson to us here. The same problem could well occur here too if city hall
doesn't provide more options for those without accommodation in the near future.
What type of argument is this?
Check one option.
a.Quasilogical argument
b.Generalization
c.Co-existential argument
d.Argument from analogy
Sentences 3, 4, 5 and 6
3.5.1.1, Read the following argument. Identify which sentences are part of the argument
chain.
(1) A significant percentage of people experiencing homelessness are aged between 0-
24 years of age. (2) One contributing factor for youth homelessness is a lack of exit
planning after leaving statutory care, juvenile justice or medical facilities. (3) If there was
increased funding for exit planning then youth at risk would have more opportunities for
support. (4) If there were more opportunities for support then there would be a higher
chance of intervention when at-risk youth face homelessness. (5) This would lead to a
decrease in youth homelessness. (6) Therefore, funding for better exit planning would
lead to a decrease in youth homelessness.
Check one option.
a.Every sentence
b.Sentences 1, 2 and 3
c.Sentences 3, 4 and 5
d.Sentences 3, 4, 5 and 6
Yes, because it links the previous premise with a new premise.
3.5.1.2, Read the following argument. Is sentence (5) an appropriate sentence for a
chain argument?
(1) A significant percentage of people experiencing homelessness are aged between 0-
24 years of age. (2) One contributing factor for youth homelessness is a lack of exit
planning after leaving statutory care, juvenile justice or medical facilities. (3) If there was
increased funding for exit planning then youth at risk would have more opportunities for
support. (4) If there were more opportunities for support then there would be a higher
chance of intervention when at-risk youth face homelessness. (5) This would lead to a
decrease in youth homelessness. (6) Therefore, funding for better exit planning would
lead to a decrease in youth homelessness.
Check one option.
a.Yes, because it is a conclusion to the argument.
b.Yes, because it links the previous premise with a new premise.
c.No, because the antecedent (the 2nd part) of sentence 4 does not become the
precedent (1st part) of sentence 5.
d.No, because it doesn't use 'if' in the precedent (1st part of the sentence).
To prove a point
3.5.1.3, Read the following statement. What is the purpose of the argument?
If there was increased funding for exit planning for youth leaving statutory care, juvenile
justice or medical facilities then there would be a decrease in youth homelessness.
There is not increased funding, so there will not be a decrease in youth homelessness.
Choose one option.
a.To prove a point
b.To refute an idea
c.To warn the audience of a terrible mistake
d.Slippery slope
1. It is not the most logical outcome of the premise.
2. It does not use necessary hedging, or cautious, language.
3.5.1.4, Read the following statement. What is the problem with the conclusion?
If there was increased funding for exit planning for youth leaving statutory care, juvenile
justice or medical facilities then there would be a decrease in youth homelessness.
There is not increased funding, so there will not be a decrease in youth homelessness.
Check two options.
1. It is not the most logical outcome of the premise.
2. It does not use necessary hedging, or cautious, language.
3. Nothing, it is a good argument.
4. The conclusion is not a logical consequence of the premises.
2. The premises do not present the most logical progression.
3. There are too many generalizations and assumptions for the argument to be
convincing.
3.5.1.5, Read the following statement. What is wrong with the argument?
If there is no funding for exit planning for young people leaving juvenile justice then
those at-risk youth will not have adequate support or stability. If they don't have
adequate support or stability they will not be able to focus on their studies. If those
youth are unable to focus on their studies they will drop out of school. If they drop out of
school they will not be able to gain employment or be engaged meaningfully. This would
lead them to a life of petty crime and worse.
Check two options.
1. The premises do not logically follow each other.
2. The premises do not present the most logical progression.
3. There are too many generalizations and assumptions for the argument to be
convincing.
4. There is no conclusion.
Warrant
3.5.2.1, Consider the following argument.
Homeless people should be allowed to occupy unused buildings that are owned by
others (commonly referred to as "squatting"), as there are an estimated 700 000 empty
properties in England that could be used as shelter. Any right that owners may claim to
property is superseded by the rights of homeless people to shelter, as the right to
shelter is an inalienable human right. This right to shelter applies in almost all cases of
unoccupied properties, but of course would not apply if the property was only
unoccupied in the short term.
(Adapted from Vasudevan, A. (2011, November 3). The sinister logic behind
criminalising squatting. The Guardian. Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/03/criminalising-squatting-law-
trespass-homeless)
"Any right that owners may claim to property is superseded by the rights of homeless
people to shelter" is which part of the Toulmin model of argumentation?
Check one option.
a.Backing
b.Evidence
c.Qualifier
d.Warrant
Qualifier
3.5.2.2, Consider the following argument.
Homeless people should be allowed to occupy unused buildings that are owned by
others (commonly referred to as "squatting"), as there are an estimated 700 000 empty
properties in England that could be used as shelter. Any right that owners may claim to
property is superseded by the rights of homeless people to shelter, as the right to
shelter is an inalienable human right. This right to shelter applies in almost all cases of
unoccupied properties, but of course would not apply if the property was only
unoccupied in the short term.
(Adapted from Vasudevan, A. (2011, November 3). The sinister logic behind
criminalising squatting. The Guardian. Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/03/criminalising-squatting-law-
trespass-homeless)
"This right to shelter applies in almost all cases of unoccupied properties" is which part
of the Toulmin model of argumentation?
Check one option.
a.Evidence
b.Rebuttal
c.Claim
d.Qualifier
Backing
3.5.2.3, Consider the following argument.
Homeless people should be allowed to occupy unused buildings that are owned by
others (commonly referred to as "squatting"), as there are an estimated 700 000 empty
properties in England that could be used as shelter. Any right that owners may claim to
property is superseded by the rights of homeless people to shelter, as the right to
shelter is an inalienable human right. This right to shelter applies in almost all cases of
unoccupied properties, but of course would not apply if the property was only
unoccupied in the short term.
(Adapted from Vasudevan, A. (2011, November 3). The sinister logic behind
criminalising squatting. The Guardian. Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/03/criminalising-squatting-law-
trespass-homeless)
"The right to shelter is an inalienable human right" is which part of the Toulmin model of
argumentation?
Check one option.
a.Backing
b.Claim
c.Evidence
d.Rebuttal
1. A structural rather than just an individual worldview
2. Focussing on power and inequality
4. Socially and politically active
3.5.3.1, Which of the following are characteristics JUST of critique?
Check three options.
1. A structural rather than just an individual worldview
2. Focussing on power and inequality
3. Questioning assumptions
4. Socially and politically active
2. Unjust ideologies help maintain unequal power structures.
3. The influence of unjust ideologies can be seen in thinking and theory itself.
3.5.3.2, A common focus of critique is on unjust ideologies. Which of the following views
on unjust ideologies are features of critique, according to the lecture?
Check two options.
1. Unjust ideologies are created by individuals who want to control the people.
2. Unjust ideologies help maintain unequal power structures.
3. The influence of unjust ideologies can be seen in thinking and theory itself.
4. Unjust ideologies are only found in politics.
2. Literary Studies
3. Education
3.5.3.3, In which of the following faculties would you be more likely to find critique as a
way of understanding and analyzing the world?
Check two options.
1. Computer Science
2. Literary Studies
3. Education
4. Biology
1. Research and evidence
3. Possible answers or solutions
4. Review and analysis of a topic, practice, theory or experience
5. Questions about a topic, practice, theory or experience
3.5.4.1, Which of the following should you include in a reflection?
Check four options.
1. Research and evidence
2. A detailed description of your day leading up the specific experience
3. Possible answers or solutions
4. Review and analysis of a topic, practice, theory or experience
5. Questions about a topic, practice, theory or experience
6. In-depth critical analysis of an argument
Identification & description
3.5.4.2, Consider the following reflection from a university course in Education. Note
that this particular reflection had a word limit of 200-550 words, and students were
instructed to reflect on the idea of being a critically reflective teacher.
Stephen Brookfield (1995), in his analysis of why critical reflection is important to
teaching, suggests that "an uncritical stance towards our practice sets us up for a
lifetime of frustration" (para. 2). He suggests this is because teachers can have a
different view of their classrooms to what is actually going on: they are unaware. This
contradiction fascinates me. While on my prac placements, I was particularly conscious
of this - lessons that I thought to be fantastic or boring, when looked at through a critical
eye, turned out to be the opposite, or at least more in the middle. It was frustrating, to
say the least. What we had learnt in our education theory courses didn't quite match up
to real-life experience. Having my supervisor give me notes at the end really helped me
in evaluating my teaching and planning the next lesson. This, coupled with my own
observations of my students allowed me to more closely align what Brookfield would call
the "meaning and significance" (para 2) I intended for the lesson to what the students
took from it. While being observed sometimes felt a bit "big brother" and sometimes just
embarrassing, I have no doubt that it made me a better teacher. These kinds of
'learning processes' throughout a teaching career are important because they force us
to revaluate our practice; to, in effect, become aware.
Brookfield, S. (1995). Becoming a critically reflective teacher. San Francisco, LA:
Jossey-Bass.
Now, consider just this section: "While on my prac placements, I was particularly
conscious of this - lessons that I thought to be fantastic or boring, when looked at
through a critical eye, turned out to be the opposite, or at least more in the middle. It
was frustrating, to say the least."
Which stage of Baker's (1996) critical reflection is this an example of?
a.Implications
b.Significance
c.Identification & description
Implications
3.5.4.3, Consider the same reflection from a university course in Education. Note that
this particular reflection had a word limit of 200-550 words, and students were instructed
to reflect on the idea of being a critically reflective teacher.
Stephen Brookfield (1995), in his analysis of why critical reflection is important to
teaching, suggests that "an uncritical stance towards our practice sets us up for a
lifetime of frustration" (para 2). He suggests this is because teachers can have a
different view of their classrooms to what is actually going on: they are unaware. This
contradiction fascinates me. While on my prac placements, I was particularly conscious
of this - lessons that I thought to be fantastic or boring, when looked at through a critical
eye, turned out to be the opposite, or at least more in the middle. It was frustrating, to
say the least. What we had learnt in our education theory courses didn't quite match up
to real-life experience. Having my supervisor give me notes at the end really helped me
in evaluating my teaching and planning the next lesson. This, coupled with my own
observations of my students allowed me to more closely align what Brookfield would call
the "meaning and significance" (para 2) I intended for the lesson to what the students
took from it. While being observed sometimes felt a bit "big brother" and sometimes just
embarrassing, I have no doubt that it made me a better teacher. These kinds of
'learning processes' throughout a teaching career are important because they force us
to revaluate our practice; to, in effect, become aware.
Brookfield, S. (1995). Becoming a critically reflective teacher. San Francisco, LA:
Jossey-Bass.
Now, consider just this section: "While being observed sometimes felt a bit "big brother"
and sometimes just embarrassing, I have no doubt that it made me a better teacher.
These kinds of 'learning processes' throughout a teaching career are important because
they force us to revaluate our practice; to, in effect, become aware."
Which stage of Baker's (1996) critical reflection is this an example of?
a.Identification & description
b.Significance
c.Implications
1, 4, 5, 6 and 7
3.5.5.1, Read the following argument. Which sentences are part of the argument chain?
(1) Better data on homelessness would ultimately contribute to a decrease in
homelessness. (2) There is currently a need for a client information system that would
help provide assessment, referrals and information sharing across the multiple
homelessness services. (3) Improved communication across the different services
would ensure that the clients' needs are being addressed. (4) Moreover, improved data
would help identify which services are most in demand. (5) If the in-demand services
were identified then it would mean greater resources could be allocated to those areas.
(6) This would allow for greater outreach to homeless people with services that they
need. (7) If this was successful then it would mean more people experiencing
homelessness received the support that they needed.
Check one option.
a.All of them
b.1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
c.1, 4, 5, 6 and 7
d.4, 5, 6 and 7
(1)
3.5.5.2, Read the following argument. Which sentence is the conclusion?
(1) Better data on homelessness would ultimately contribute to a decrease in
homelessness. (2) There is currently a need for a client information system that would
help provide assessment, referrals and information sharing across the multiple
homelessness services. (3) Improved communication across the different services
would ensure that the clients' needs are being addressed. (4) Moreover, improved data
would help identify which services are most in demand. (5) If the in-demand services
were identified then it would mean greater resources could be allocated to those areas.
(6) This would allow for greater outreach to homeless people with services that they
need. (7) If this outreach was successful then it would mean more people experiencing
homelessness received the support that they needed.
Check one option.
a. (1)
b. (2)
c. (3)
d. (4)
e. (5)
f. (6)
g. (7)
With an experience or event that raised questions or demonstrated a gap in your
knowledge
3.5.5.3, For a piece of reflective writing, where should you begin?
Check one option.
a.With an object
b.With something you have recently learned
c.With an experience or event that raised questions or demonstrated a gap in your
knowledge
d.In front of the mirror
1. Stephen Brookfield (1995), in his analysis of why critical reflection is important to
teaching, suggests that "an uncritical stance towards our practice sets us up for a
lifetime of frustration" (para 2). He suggests this is because teachers can have a
different view of their classrooms to what is actually going on: they are unaware. This
contradiction fascinates me.
3. What we had learnt in our education theory courses didn't quite match up to real-life
experience. Having my supervisor give me notes at the end really helped me in
evaluating my teaching and planning the next lesson. This, coupled with my own
observations of my students allowed me to more closely align what Brookfield would call
the "meaning and significance" (para 2) I intended for the lesson to what the students
took from it.
3.5.5.4, Consider the following reflection from a university course in Education. Note
that this particular reflection had a word limit of 200-550 words, and students were
instructed to reflect on the idea of being a critically reflective teacher.
Stephen Brookfield (1995), in his analysis of why critical reflection is important to
teaching, suggests that "an uncritical stance towards our practice sets us up for a
lifetime of frustration" (para 2). He suggests this is because teachers can have a
different view of their classrooms to what is actually going on: they are unaware. This
contradiction fascinates me. While on my prac placements, I was particularly conscious
of this - lessons that I thought to be fantastic or boring, when looked at through a critical
eye, turned out to be the opposite, or at least more in the middle. It was frustrating, to
say the least. What we had learnt in our education theory courses didn't quite match up
to real-life experience. Having my supervisor give me notes at the end really helped me
in evaluating my teaching and planning the next lesson. This, coupled with my own
observations of my students allowed me to more closely align what Brookfield would call
the "meaning and significance" (para 2) I intended for the lesson to what the students
took from it. While being observed sometimes felt a bit "big brother" and sometimes just
embarrassing, I have no doubt that it made me a better teacher. These kinds of
'learning processes' throughout a teaching career are important because they force us
to revaluate our practice; to, in effect, become aware.
Brookfield, S. (1995). Becoming a critically reflective teacher. San Francisco, LA:
Jossey-Bass.
Which of the following sections of the text does the student talk about the significance of
the event or experience?
Check two options.
1. Stephen Brookfield (1995), in his analysis of why critical reflection is important to
teaching, suggests that "an uncritical stance towards our practice sets us up for a
lifetime of frustration" (para 2). He suggests this is because teachers can have a
different view of their classrooms to what is actually going on: they are unaware. This
contradiction fascinates me.
2. While on my prac placements, I was particularly conscious of this - lessons that I
thought to be fantastic or boring, when looked at through a critical eye, turned out to be
the opposite, or at least more in the middle. It was frustrating, to say the least.
3. What we had learnt in our education theory courses didn't quite match up to real-life
experience. Having my supervisor give me notes at the end really helped me in
evaluating my teaching and planning the next lesson. This, coupled with my own
observations of my students allowed me to more closely align what Brookfield would call
the "meaning and significance" (para 2) I intended for the lesson to what the students
took from it.
4. While being observed sometimes felt a bit "big brother" and sometimes just
embarrassing, I have no doubt that it made me a better teacher. These kinds of
'learning processes' throughout a teaching career are important because they force us
to re-evaluate our practice; to, in effect, become aware.
"These cases clearly demonstrate that laws against squatting on private property should
be tightened."
3.5.5.5, Consider the following argument.
There are numerous examples of people struggling to remove squatters due to the
inadequacy of the law. For example, Imran Lakhani, despite finding squatters on his
property while working overseas, struggled for 6 months to remove the squatters in his
house. Dale Morrison faced similar issues too when she and her family returned from
holiday to find squatters in their house. These cases clearly demonstrate that laws
against squatting on private property should be tightened. Of course, these changes
would only apply to private property to retain people's right to protest on public land.
Which of the following statements from this text is the Claim?
Check one option.
a."... these changes would only apply to private property to retain people's right to
protest on public land."
b.There is none.
c."There are numerous examples of people struggling to remove squatters due to the
inadequacy of the law."
d."These cases clearly demonstrate that laws against squatting on private property
should be tightened."
There is none.
3.5.5.6, Consider the following argument.
There are numerous examples of people struggling to remove squatters due to the
inadequacy of the law. For example, Imran Lakhani, despite finding squatters on his
property while working overseas, struggled for 6 months to remove the squatters in his
house. Dale Morrison faced similar issues too when she and her family returned from
holiday to find squatters in their house. These cases clearly demonstrate that laws
against squatting on private property should be tightened. Of course, these changes
would only apply to private property to retain people's right to protest on public land.
Which of the following statements from this text is the Warrant?
Check one option.
a."... these changes would only apply to private property to retain people's right to
protest on public land."
b.There is none.
c."There are numerous examples of people struggling to remove squatters due to the
inadequacy of the law."
d.These cases clearly demonstrate that laws against squatting on private property
should be tightened."
A structural worldview is needed, where individual issues are socio-political
phenomena.
3.5.5.7, Consider the following fictional newspaper article.
Homeless man Mike Davis pulled himself back on his feet with some hard work in his
new microbusiness, cleaning local restaurants and bars. While his microbusiness might
have given him a newfound sense of dignity, along with a few dollars, Mike confessed to
his case manager Susan Lee at New Choices Welfare that he still had a unfulfilled
dream - to find his long-lost sister in the city of Bramingham. That's when Susan, in
conjunction with Flyaway Travel, worked to make Mike's dream a reality ...
A cultural studies theorist critiques the article in the following way.
Another example of the responsibilisation of homelessness can be seen in an article in
the Southern Messenger (Diaz, 2011). A narrative of individual self-help, supported by
the newspaper's advertisers, is told, ignoring the broader systemic nature of
homelessness.
Which feature of critique, outlined in lesson 5.3a, can be found in the theorist's writing?
a.A structural worldview is needed, where individual issues are socio-political
phenomena.
b.Unjust ideologies maintain unequal power structures.
c.Theory is never neutral, but either maintains or challenges unequal power structures.
d.The university is an agent of change rather than just a place to transmit thought.
Unjust ideologies maintain unequal power structures.
3.5.5.8, Consider the following fictional newspaper article.
Homeless man Mike Davis pulled himself back on his feet with some hard work in his
new microbusiness, cleaning local restaurants and bars. While his microbusiness might
have given him a newfound sense of dignity, along with a few dollars, Mike confessed to
his case manager Susan Lee at New Choices Welfare that he still had a unfulfilled
dream - to find his long-lost sister in the city of Bramingham. That's when Susan, in
conjunction with Flyaway Travel, worked to make Mike's dream a reality ...
A cultural studies theorist continues critiquing the article in the following way.
Narratives of individual responsibility, such as the Southern Messenger article, serve to
redirect blame towards the homeless for their fate. This ideology then reinforces how
the broader housing system, that prioritizes the exchange-value of houses on the
market rather than their use-value as accommodation, creates a homeless underclass.
Which feature of critique, outlined in lesson 5.3a, can be found in the theorist's writing?
a.A structural worldview is needed, where individual issues are socio-political
phenomena.
b.Unjust ideologies maintain unequal power structures.
c.The university is an agent of change rather than just a place to transmit thought.
d.Theory is never neutral, but either maintains or challenges unequal power structures.
4. Communicate clearly across a variety of different contexts and to a wide range of
audiences by adapting communicative styles appropriately according to cultural and
societal expectations.
6. Confidently engage in constructive and critical dialogue with respect and
professionalism.
4.1.1.1, Which of the following are learning objectives for this MOOC?
Check all that apply.

1. Apply problem-solving strategies to issues related to university life & study.

2. Recognize the importance & function of problem solving & creative thought within
academic study.
3. Critically evaluate the reliability of sources for an academic context.
4. Communicate clearly across a variety of different contexts and to a wide range of
audiences by adapting communicative styles appropriately according to cultural and
societal expectations.
5. Understand the importance and function of critical thinking in academic culture.
6. Confidently engage in constructive and critical dialogue with respect and
professionalism.
1. In video questions & polls.
2. Short quizzes after each lesson
4.1.1.2, Which of the following are NON-assessed activities on this MOOC?
Check all that apply.

1. In video questions & polls.

2. Short quizzes after each lesson
3. Discussion board posts.
4. Quizzes after each module
5. Final summative assessment.
35%
4.1.1.3, What percentage of your total marks is the final summative assessment worth?
.
A. 3%
B. 15%
C. 53%
D. 35%
The beliefs, principles and approaches to study, work and life that a university upholds.
4.1.2.1, What is academic culture?

A. Clothes and other paraphernalia with the university's logo printed on them
B. The types of food available on campus.
C. The beliefs, principles and approaches to study, work and life that a university
upholds.
Writing
4.1.2.2, In lesson 1.2b, what form of communication does Helen Drury say is a core
form of communication in academic culture?

A. Reading
B. Face-to-face interaction.
C. Writing
D. Presentations
Your whole life.
4.1.2.3, According to Alyssa O'Brien in lesson 1.2b, how long does it take to master
communication skills?

A. 2-3 years
B. 1 year
C. Your whole life.
D. 5 years
1. Gaining new knowledge.
2. Going out, or talking with friends
4.1.3.1, In lesson 1.3a several students talk about how they stay motivated. Which of
the following ways of staying motivated did they mention?
Check two options.

1. Gaining new knowledge.

2. Going out, or talking with friends
3. Meeting new people in university clubs.
4. Getting a high-paying job at the end.
2. The ability to adapt to stressful situations.
3. The ability to bounce back quickly when you experience a stressful situation.
4.1.3.2, What are the two elements of resilience that Simon Messner refers to in lesson
1.3b?
Check two options.

1. Being able to write for long periods of time.

2. The ability to adapt to stressful situations.
3. The ability to bounce back quickly when you experience a stressful situation.
4. Maintaining your motivation over a long period.
1. Have long-term and short-term goals, and reflect back on them.
2. Create a study timetable based on the best time of day for you to study.
4.1.3.3, What are two ways to stay motivated according to Simon Messner in lesson
1.3b?
Check two options.

1. Have long-term and short-term goals, and reflect back on them.

2. Create a study timetable based on the best time of day for you to study.
3. Always study by yourself to avoid distraction.
4. Vary where you study every day to maintain interest.
Mike is falsifying data and this will twist the results of Jon's research.
4.1.4.1, Consider the following situation.
"Mike is a first year undergraduate studying Philosophy at university and his housemate,
Jon, is a first year Nutrition student. As part of one of his courses, Jon needs to collect
data on the eating habits of first year university students. To do this, he has asked Mike
and nine of his other friends to keep a record of what they eat, and when, for a week.
Mike agrees to help, and keeps a fairly accurate record of what he has eaten. When the
week is up Jon asks Mike to email him his data. However, when Mike is typing up his
eating habits for the week, he realises that he hasn't eaten any vegetables at all. Not
wanting to seem unhealthy, especially because he doesn't want Jon to judge him, he
pretends that he made a pumpkin soup and adds that to his list. He also adds a couple
of salads to some of his main meals and deletes one of the chocolate bars. Satisfied, he
emails the list to Jon."

What is the problem in this scenario?

A. Mike is a Philosophy student and therefore Jon shouldn't have asked him.
B. Mike is falsifying data and this will twist the results of Jon's research.
C. Jon should have asked strangers, not his friends, to collect the data for his
assignment
D. Jon didn't go through ethics approval before collecting his data.
No, though it will tarnish his results and not make them valid.
4.1.4.2, Consider the following situation.
"Mike is a first year undergraduate studying Philosophy at university and his housemate,
Jon, is a first year Nutrition student. As part of one of his courses, Jon needs to collect
data on the eating habits of first year university students. To do this, he has asked Mike
and nine of his other friends to keep a record of what they eat, and when, for a week.
Mike agrees to help, and keeps a fairly accurate record of what he has eaten. When the
week is up Jon asks Mike to email him his data. However, when Mike is typing up his
eating habits for the week, he realises that he hasn't eaten any vegetables at all. Not
wanting to seem unhealthy, especially because he doesn't want Jon to judge him, he
pretends that he made a pumpkin soup and adds that to his list. He also adds a couple
of salads to some of his main meals and deletes one of the chocolate bars. Satisfied, he
emails the list to Jon."

Can Jon get in trouble for academic misconduct?

A. No, Mike is in a different field to Jon and therefore it doesn't matter.

B. Yes, because he is putting Mike in an uncomfortable position by collecting data about
his health and his eating habits.
C. Yes, because he hasn't collected data from a random sample and instead used his
friends
D. No, though it will tarnish his results and not make them valid.
No, he can't get in trouble for academic misconduct.
4.1.4.3, Consider the following situation.
"Mike is a first year undergraduate studying Philosophy at university and his housemate,
Jon, is a third year Nutrition student. As part of one of his courses, Jon needs to collect
data on the eating habits of first year university students. To do this, he has asked Mike
and nine of his other friends to keep a record of what they eat, and when, for a week.
Mike agrees to help, and keeps a fairly accurate record of what he has eaten. When the
week is up Jon asks Mike to email him his data. However, when Mike is typing up his
eating habits for the week, he realises that he hasn't eaten any vegetables at all. Not
wanting to seem unhealthy, especially because he doesn't want Jon to judge him, he
pretends that he made a pumpkin soup and adds that to his list. He also adds a couple
of salads to some of his main meals and deletes one of the chocolate bars. Satisfied, he
emails the list to Jon."
Can Mike get in trouble for academic misconduct?

A. Yes, because he is not being honest.

B. Yes, because he has plagiarized.
C. Yes, because he has falsified data.
D. No, he can't get in trouble for academic misconduct.
E. No, he hasn't violated academic integrity
The need for proof to support opinions.
4.1.5.1, "A wise man ... proportions his belief to the evidence." - David Hume
What quality of academic culture does this relate to?

A. The need for proof to support opinions.

B. The importance of independent learning.
C. The use of research to produce knowledge.
D. The contingent nature of academic knowledge.
Plagiarism
4.1.5.2, Dave is going to give a presentation in his human resource management class
tomorrow. He needs to present on the topic of organisational communication, but he
has been busy with work and other assessments, and doesn't have much of an idea
about what to do. He remembers that last semester he gave a presentation on
organisational behaviour, and that he could just copy and paste certain portions from
that presentation into his current one to save time.
What kind of academic misconduct would Dave be committing if he used part of his
previous presentation?

A. Cheating
B. Falsification of data
C. Fabrication of data
D. Facilitation of academic misconduct
E. Plagiarism
F. It isn't academic misconduct because Dave made the original presentation.
2. She could identify her key strengths in the course and how to use them.
5. She should keep things in her life in balance, and make sure she has time for
activities outside university such as meeting friends, exercising or practicing her art.
6. She could think about her personal values and goals and whether they align with her
course of study.
4.1.5.3, Throughout high school Tomoko had hoped to go to university and study
something creative. She always enjoyed drama and art classes at school, and even
received a prize for her artwork in her final year of school. Tomoko got a very good
mark in her university entrance exam and her parents convinced her to study business
law. Unfortunately, throughout her first year she has struggled with motivation.
What are some things Tomoko could try in order to stay motivated at university,
according to lesson 1.3b?
Check three options.

1. She could employ cognitive behavioural therapy to change some of her habits.
2. She could identify her key strengths in the course and how to use them.
3. She could plan her time better.
4. She could try positive visualisation and imagine herself as successful.
5. She should keep things in her life in balance, and make sure she has time for
activities outside university such as meeting friends, exercising or practicing her art.
6. She could think about her personal values and goals and whether they align with her
course of study.
3. Communication is needed to form an argument, and thus display critical thinking.
4. Communication is necessary to engage in questioning, which is central to critical
thinking and academic culture in general.
4.1.5.4, How are critical thinking and communication linked, according to the academics
in 1.2b?
Check two options.

1. You need to be able to communicate in order to criticise others.

2. Communication is critical to thinking.
3. Communication is needed to form an argument, and thus display critical thinking.
4. Communication is necessary to engage in questioning, which is central to critical
thinking and academic culture in general.
3. Because communication forms a relationship between people and also with bodies of
knowledge.
4. Because good ideas are not much use unless you can communicate it.
4.1.5.5, Why are communication skills important at university, according to the
academics in 1.2b?
Check two options.

1. So that you can communicate effectively with administrative staff if you have any
problems.
2. Because communication skills are necessary for online communication in the 21st
century.
3. Because communication forms a relationship between people and also with bodies of
knowledge.
4. Because good ideas are not much use unless you can communicate it.
1. A piece of hip hop graffiti on a wall.
2. A conversation between a student and an administrative staff member over options
for deferring a course for half a year
4. An interpretive dance performance about migration
4.2.1.1, Which of the following are texts?
Check all that apply

1. A piece of hip hop graffiti on a wall.

2. A conversation between a student and an administrative staff member over options
for deferring a course for half a year
3. A game of football
4. An interpretive dance performance about migration
To give advice and assistance to students with issues surrounding their enrolment and
other related matters at university.
4.2.1.2, Consider the following rhetorical situation.
"A student is having some financial difficulties and needs to work full-time and save
money. They are unable to study while they are working, and the student needs to defer
for half a year. They go to the student support centre in their university, and talk to an
administrative staff member about their options. The student support centre is organised
like a bank or other customer support centre, with officers sitting at individual desks and
university marketing material on the walls. The staff member consults texts on their
computer as they talk to the computer. At the end of the consultation the student goes
away to consider their options."

What is the purpose in this rhetorical situation?

a. To defer for six months from university

b. To talk to an administrative staff member
c. To consult texts on a computer
d. To give advice and assistance to students with issues surrounding their enrolment
and other related matters at university.
2. The marketization of universities which leads to administrative areas such as this
resembling more commercial spaces
4. A lack of financial support for students
4.2.1.3, Consider the following rhetorical situation.
A student is having some financial difficulties and needs to work full-time and save
money. They are unable to study while they are working and the student needs to defer
for half a year. They go to the student support centre in their university, and talk to an
administrative staff member about their options. The student support centre is organised
like a bank or other customer support centre, with officers sitting at individual desks and
university marketing material on the walls. The staff member consults texts on their
computer as they talk to the computer. At the end of the consultation the student goes
away to consider their options.
Based on this information, which of the following can be considered social and political
influences on this rhetorical situation?
Check two options.

1. Class differences between the student and the administrative staff member
2. The marketization of universities which leads to administrative areas such as this
resembling more commercial spaces
3. Unionization of administrative staff members
4. A lack of financial support for students
1. Build a relationship with your lecturer.
2. Read the course readings.
4.2.2.1, What advice does Dr Alyssa O'Brien give for making the most out of lectures?
Check two options.

1. Build a relationship with your lecturer.

2. Read the course readings.
3. Talk to your classmates.
4. Sit at the back.
2. Females tend to let males do the bulk of the work.
3. Non-native speakers tend to let native speakers do the bulk of the work.
4.2.2.2, What two observations does Dr Marie Stevenson make about students working
in groups?
Check two options.

1. Younger students tend to let older students do the bulk of the work.
2. Females tend to let males do the bulk of the work.
3. Non-native speakers tend to let native speakers do the bulk of the work.
4. Part-time students tend to let full-time students do the bulk of the work.
2. Attend orientation week.
4. Attend talks
4.2.2.3, What advice do the students give for communicating effectively at university?
Check two options.
1. Refer to your work experience when communicating at university.
2. Attend orientation week.
3. Follow up emails with spoken conversations.
4. Attend talks.
Outline format
4.2.3.1, What form of lecture note-taking is this text?
Check one option.
a. Cornell format
b. Numeric-alphabetic format
c. Oxford format
d. Outline format
1. Refer back to what someone else contributed to the discussion.
2. Challenge an argument made in the seminar.
4.2.3.2, Jiyoung is an international student from Korea studying in Australia. In the past,
she has had trouble participating in seminars, but over the last month, she has
successfully attained her goal 'Speak once in a seminar.' According to lesson 2.3a, what
goals can she set herself now to increase her participation?
Check two options.
1. Refer back to what someone else contributed to the discussion.
2. Challenge an argument made in the seminar.
3. Speak twice in each seminar.
4. Make a presentation.
1. Bring questions from the lectures.
3. Keep up with the other parts of your course.
4.2.3.3, What are two things you can do to participate actively in tutorials?
Check two options.

1. Bring questions from the lectures.

2. Speak as much as possible.
3. Keep up with the other parts of your course.
4. Talk about what you're doing on the weekend.
an assertion
4.2.4.1, Consider the following situation.
"You are in a Political Science tutorial examining non-traditional security. Your tutor has
given you a hypothetical scenario involving a security threat. There are four people in
your group - Steve, Gwen, Myriam and Ajay. You each have to play a role as the head
of a government department. You must work together to coordinate your departments
after the security incident. Myriam, who is playing Minister for Immigration, is the first to
speak, saying, 'We'll call the army to secure the airports.'"
Myriam's statement is an example of ...

a. a proposal
b. an assertive
c. a joint activity
d. an assertion
No, because she is amongst peers.
4.2.4.2, Consider the following situation.
"You are in a Political Science tutorial examining non-traditional security. Your tutor has
given you a hypothetical scenario involving a security threat. There are four people in
your group - Steve, Gwen, Myriam and Ajay. You each have to play a role as the head
of a government department. You must work together to coordinate your departments
after the security incident. Myriam, who is playing Minister for Immigration, is the first to
speak, saying, 'We'll call the army to secure the airports.'"
Is Myriam's use of an assertion here a good idea?

a. Yes, because she is role-playing the head of a government department.

b. Yes, because someone needs to take control in this situation.
c. No, because she should be quiet and wait for the other members to speak.
d. No, because she is amongst peers.
How about we call the army to secure the airports?
4.2.4.3, Consider the following situation.
"You are in a Political Science tutorial examining non-traditional security. Your tutor has
given you a hypothetical scenario involving a security threat. There are four people in
your group - Steve, Gwen, Myriam and Ajay. You each have to play a role as the head
of a government department. You must work together to coordinate your departments
after the security incident. Myriam, who is playing Minister for Immigration, is the first to
speak, saying, 'We'll call the army to secure the airports.'"

Myriam's assertion here is probably not the best thing to say to coordinate this group
activity, and she should instead use a proposal. What would be a good example of a
proposal she could use?

a. Call the army to secure the airports.

b. How about we call the army to secure the airports?
c. Nice weather we're having, isn't it?
d. Calling the army is a crypto-fascist response that imperils democracy.
To practice and extend lecture content through discussions and problem sets.
4.2.5.1, What is the purpose of a tutorial or recitation?

A. To practice and extend lecture content through discussions and problem sets.
B. To impress your tutor.
C. To provide one-on-one tutoring to students.
D. Interaction between the tutor and the students.
1. "Write up the results by Friday."
3. "The next step is to write up the results."
4.2.5.2, Which of the following is an assertion?
Check two options.

1. "Write up the results by Friday."

2. "I think the next step is writing up the results, but um, what do you guys think?"
3. "The next step is to write up the results."
4. "We might start with writing up the results."
1. "We might start with writing up the results."
2. "I think the next step is writing up the results, but um, what do you guys think?"
4.2.5.3, Which of the following is a proposal?
Check two options.

1. "We might start with writing up the results."

2. "I think the next step is writing up the results, but um, what do you guys think?"
3. "The next step is to write up the results."
4. "Write up the results by Friday."
Be engaged with the topic of the tutorial.
4.2.5.4, What advice does Dr George Ridgway give for getting the most out of your
tutorials?
Check one option.
A. Present to the other people in the tutorial.
B. Be engaged with the topic of the tutorial.
C. Guide other people through the topic of the tutorial.
D. Only talk to your tutor.
2. Make an appointment to meet with a lecturer or tutor.
3. Check the unit of study outline.
4.2.5.5, What suggestions do the students make about how to find out what is expected
of you from an assignment?
Check two options.

1. Email administrative staff with the faculty.

2. Make an appointment to meet with a lecturer or tutor.
3. Check the unit of study outline.
4. Asking your friends from high school.
3. Ask a question on what 'translanguaging' means.
4. Ask a question at the end about what Gumperz meant about contextualization cues,
which was mentioned in the readings.
4.2.5.6, You're in a lecture for your course on 'Cross-cultural communication' on the
topic of code-switching and translanguaging. Which of the following are suitable ways to
participate during the lecture?
Check two options.

1. Ask a question about whether you can have an extension for your assignment that's
due next week.
2. Do the readings for the week on your laptop.
3. Ask a question on what 'translanguaging' means.
4. Ask a question at the end about what Gumperz meant about contextualization cues,
which was mentioned in the readings.
Lecturers and students
4.2.5.7, Consider the following situation.
"You are studying a unit titled 'Pedagogy and Professional Practice' as part of your
education degree. 10% of your final mark is a reflective blog, where students must
reflect on course content and relate it to their experiences in the classroom. Students
are also expected to respond to others' blog posts."

Who is the audience in this rhetorical situation?

A. Lecturers
B. Administrative staff
C. Students and administrative staff
D. Students
E. Lecturers and administrative staff
F. Lecturers and students
To reflect on your own and other students' ideas and experiences
4.2.5.8, Consider the following situation.
You are studying a unit titled 'Pedagogy and Professional Practice' as part of your
education degree. 10% of your final mark is a reflective blog, where students must
reflect on course content and relate it to their experiences in the classroom. Students
are also expected to respond to others blog posts.
What is the purpose in this rhetorical situation?
A. To reflect on your own and other students' ideas and experiences
B. To write a blog
C. To gain marks
D. To assess students
1. Read the assignment instructions carefully.
2. Ask the lecturer questions.
4.3.1.1, What are two ways that Dr Marie Stevenson says university students can do to
understand their lecturer's expectations for written assignments?
1. Read the assignment instructions carefully.
2. Ask the lecturer questions.
3. Guess what the lecturer expects based on comments they make in the lectures.
4. Do the same thing that you did for another unit with a similar written assignment.
Proposals
4.3.1.2, Helen Drury describes the main differences between three types of writing you
will encounter at university - essays, reports, and proposals. Which of the three text
types are the following notes referring to?
- Audience is important for this text
o Usually written for a client, boss etc
- Persuasive text, including cost implications, feasibility etc
- Has a definite structure

a. Essays
b. Reports
c. Proposals
Essays
4.3.1.3, Helen Drury describes the main differences between three types of writing you
will encounter at university - essays, reports, and proposals. Which of the three text
types are the following notes referring to?
- Typically persuasive
- Must take a position in the introduction
- Your voice must be clear throughout

a. Essays
b. Reports
c. Proposals
An often abstract idea, theory or belief that needs to be defined or explored.
4.3.2.1, What is a key concept in an essay question?

a. An often abstract idea, theory or belief that needs to be defined or explored.

b. A static, unproblematic idea that needs to be included in your essay.
c. A key idea with known and consistent effects that you need to describe in detail.
d. A specific word such as discuss, analyse or compare that tells you what you need to
do in the essay.
Ask your lecturer or tutor.
4.3.2.2, What do you do if you are unsure about what kind of text (essay, research
report, professional report, proposal, reflection etc.) you are required to produce for a
particular assignment (and your course outline isn't clear)?

a. Choose whichever text you know you can do best.

b. Ask your lecturer or tutor.
c. Choose the same kind of text as what you produced for your last assignment.
d. Ask a friend or other student in the class.
3. Audience
4. Purpose
4.3.2.3, What rhetorical areas will have the biggest effect on how you write a report at
university?
Check two options.
1. Author
2. Place
3. Audience
4. Purpose
5. Media
6. Social and political influences
2. So you can support an idea that you already have.
4. To find out more about an idea or concept you aren't sure of.
5. To help refine an idea.
4.3.3.1, Why do we conduct research for essays?
Check three options.

1. So you can copy paragraphs to use in your essay.

2. So you can support an idea that you already have.
3. So you can support a well-known fact.
4. To find out more about an idea or concept you aren't sure of.
5. To help refine an idea.
2. During the planning stage
4. While you are drafting your assignment
4.3.3.2, When should you conduct research?
Check two options

1. As soon as you get your question

2. During the planning stage
3. Only after you've written a first draft
4. While you are drafting your assignment
1. Reference list
4. Introduction
5. Discussion
4.3.3.3, Generally, where do references to other sources appear in a research report?
Check three options.

1. Reference list
2. Results
3. Title
4. Introduction
5. Discussion
A short, single sentence that summarises your response to the question
4.3.4.1, What is a thesis statement?

a. A short, single sentence that summarises your response to the question

b. The first sentence of your essay
c. A short but detailed paragraph answering the question, similar to an introduction
d. Your main argument
Introduction
4.3.4.2, For research reports, in which of the following sections would you find
background information or references to general principles in your field?
Check one option.
a. Results
b. Conclusion
c. Rule
d. Introduction
Lung's structure for professional reports
4.3.4.3, Consider the following structure.
1. Opening paragraph
2. Identification of problem or situation
3. Presentation of data
4. Processing of data
5. Closing
What is this an example of?
Check one option.
a. Hand's structure for essays
b. Johnson's structure for research reports
c. Reynold's structure for presentations
d. Lung's structure for professional reports
proposal
4.3.5.1, Consider the following question.
In groups of 3-4, develop an online marketing strategy for the product and business of
your choice. Write a ... ... to the company's board of directors detailing your marketing
strategy. Your .... . should include:
- an executive summary
- an overview of relevant literature for online marketing in that industry
- details of the target markets and possible online marketing strategies
- reasons for your choices, along with reasons why the company should adopt your
strategy.
This assignment is an example of a/an ...

A. proposal
B. essay
C. report
essay
4.3.5.2, Consider the following question.
"Beneath their surface of playfulness, the Harry Potter series of books contain darker
truths more suitable for adults rather than children." Do you agree? If so, what might
they be? You may choose to discuss particular scenes or recurrent themes in detail.
This assignment is an example of a/an ...

A. proposal
B. essay
C. report
2. Discuss different theories that suggest rituals are used as a means of social control
3. Analyse how specific rituals of the Classical period of Maya culture did/did not
provide a means of social control.
5. Describe the kinds of rituals in the Classical period of Maya culture.
4.3.5.3, Consider the following question.
"Analyse the role of ritual as a means of social control in the Classical period (250-
900AD) of Maya culture.
Word limit: 1,500. "
Which of the following things do you think you would be expected to do in this essay?
Check three options.

1. Provide an anecdote of a time when you visited the 2. Maya archaeological site of
Calakmul in Campeche, Mexico.
2. Discuss different theories that suggest rituals are used as a means of social control
3. Analyse how specific rituals of the Classical period of Maya culture did/did not
provide a means of social control.
4. Describe in detail how certain rituals were performed during the Classical period of
Maya culture using specific archaeological evidence to support your claims.
5. Describe the kinds of rituals in the Classical period of Maya culture.
6. Provide a comprehensive list of all of the rituals performed during the Classical period
of Maya culture.
2. They have both real audiences and imagined audiences.
3. May follow guidelines set by professional bodies or publishers.
5. Language must be brief and key points quickly understood.
4.3.5.4, Which of the following points are true about professional reports at university?
Check three options.

1. A key aim of these reports is to display understanding of how knowledge is generated

in your field.
2. They have both real audiences and imagined audiences.
3. May follow guidelines set by professional bodies or publishers.
4. Purpose is to show familiarity with experimental methods.
5. Language must be brief and key points quickly understood.
6. Their structure is usually Introduction-Methodology- Results-Discussion/Conclusion.
2. To clarify our main ideas.
4. To add authority to our arguments.
4.3.5.5, How do you use research in essays, according to lesson 3.3a?
Check two options.

1. In order to copy the other sources' text and use it in our own.
2. To clarify our main ideas.
3. To make it look like we have read a lot.
4. To add authority to our arguments.
Towards the beginning, as you contextualise the problem or situation you are
addressing with other sources.
4.3.5.6, Where do most references to other information sources generally occur in
professional reports?

A. Towards the end as you present any recommendations you might have.
B. Towards the beginning, as you contextualise the problem or situation you are
addressing with other sources.
C. In the middle as you present your data.
D. You generally don't need to do research for professional reports.
Despite the masculine themes of Fight Club, the movie contains a significant feminist
subtext which questions rather than reinforces a hegemonic model of masculinity.
4.3.5.7, Consider the following essay question.
"'For all its revolutionary gestures, Fight Club ultimately reinforces a conservative,
hegemonic model of masculinity.' Do you agree or disagree?
Which of the following is the best example of a thesis statement for this essay question?

A. Possibly Fight Club's most striking scenes are the fight scenes in the 'fight club' itself.
B. A conservative, hegemonic model of masculinity can be seen in both the narrator's
relationship with Tyler Durden and in the activities of the fight club itself.
C. Subject positions allocated to male characters range from the patriarchal and
hegemonic through to the highly feminised.
D. Despite the masculine themes of Fight Club, the movie contains a significant feminist
subtext which questions rather than reinforces a hegemonic model of masculinity.
Sentences 3 and 4.
4.3.5.8, Consider the following abstract from a research report. Each sentence has
been numbered.
1.This study researches the relationship between managers' and employees'
perceptions of person-job fit (P-J) and person-organisation fit (P-O). 2. Survey data
were gathered from 345 employees and 62 managers from a multinational logistics
company. 3. The data showed that there was a low correlation between manager's and
employee's perceptions of P-J fit. 4. However, there was a much greater correlation
between the two groups' perceptions of P-O fit. 5. The study highlights the need for
greater communication and consistency within organisations on job expectations and
best fit to jobs.
Which sentence or sentences are the Results section?
A. Sentences 3 and 4.
B. Sentence 2.
C. Sentences 1 and 2.
D. Sentence 3.
E. Sentence 1.
F. Sentence 4.
G. Sentences 4 and 5.
H. Sentence 5.
1. Get started.
3. Make a plan and be flexible.
4.4.1.1, What two pieces of advice does Dr Marie Stevenson give for writing a good first
draft?
Check two options.

1. Get started.
2. Make a plan and stick to it.
3. Make a plan and be flexible.
4. Focus on your language use.
3. Check that your introduction matches your conclusion.
4. Read you topic sentences to make sure they predict the main idea of the paragraph.
4.4.1.2, What two pieces of advice does Dr Helen Drury give for refining and editing a
first draft?
Check two options.

1. Rewrite all your topic sentences.

2. Try to understand your topic better.
3. Check that your introduction matches your conclusion.
4. Read you topic sentences to make sure they predict the main idea of the paragraph.
1. Visual aids serve as evidence for your argument.
4. Visual aids must be cited correctly.
4.4.1.3, How does Dr Alyssa O'Brien see use of visual aids at university as different
from using visuals in other rhetorical situations?
Check two options.

1. Visual aids serve as evidence for your argument.

2. They can be shared on social media.
3. Visual aids must be made by academics.
4. Visual aids must be cited correctly.
1. A map
4. A marketing tool
6. A microcosm
4.4.2.1, According to Sowton (2012), what are the three functions of an essay
introduction?
Check 3 options.

1. A map
2. A mirror
3. A microphone
4. A marketing tool
5. A microscope
6. A microcosm
1. The sentences are less complex than in formal academic writing.
2. Use of recommendations
4.4.2.2, Which of the following are characteristics of the language of professional
reports?
Check two options.

1. The sentences are less complex than in formal academic writing.

2. Use of recommendations
3. Long noun phrases
4. Passive verb forms
Use Theme-New structures to connect sentences better.
4.4.2.3, Consider the following excerpt from a university essay.
Crop rotation changed considerably in the 18th century in Britain. Farmers in Flanders
pioneered a four-field crop rotation system which meant fewer fields were left fallow.
Charles Townsend introduced this to Britain, and, as a result, crop yields improved. The
introduction of greater cultivation of turnips and clover also lead to a rise in the number
of ruminant animals raised, and the use of these animals increased yields of meat and
dairy products.
What can this writer do to improve cohesion in this passage?

a. Use word chains.

b. Use pronouns to refer to other parts of the text.
c. Use conjunctions.
d. Use Theme-New structures to connect sentences better.
The role of colonialism in causing the First World War.
4.4.3.1, Consider the following essay question.
"Discuss the series of events that led to the First World War. What part did the system
of alliances play in causing the conflict? Was a military arms race between the Great
Powers a major influence? Did colonialism play a part in leading to the conflict?"

Here is a student's essay introduction and conclusion in response to this question.

"The First World War was one of the largest conflicts of the 20th century, leading to
millions of deaths both in Europe and around the world. Unlike other conflicts in the 20th
century, the causes of the conflict were many and various, and historians have had a
difficult time deciding what the primary causes were. The system of alliances, rising
militarism amongst the Great Powers, the politics surrounding a united Germany, and
even the Industrial Revolution have been posited as short and long term causes of the
war. However, it is two of these in particular - the system of alliances in Europe, and a
military arms race in Europe - that were particularly prominent causes of the conflict.
To sum up, the combination of the system of alliances and rising militarism amongst
European countries - leading to an arms race amongst the countries - were the two
main causes of the First World War. The system of alliances lead to an "excessively
rigid framework" (Taylor, 1969), which was unable to deal with diplomatic events such
as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Coupled with this was the immense
military buildup and planning amongst the Great Powers, which created a great impetus
for war. It is these two issues, in excess of others, that led to the bloodshed of the First
World War."

The student has unfortunately failed to address one part of the question. Which part of
the question has the student failed to answer?

a. The system of alliances amongst the Great Powers.

b. The role of colonialism in causing the First World War.
c. The military arms race as a cause of the First World War.
d. Domestic issues for the European Great Powers.
1. Writing section headings.
2. Writing an abstract or executive summary.
4.4.3.2, Which of the following techniques for polishing and refining academic writing
are usually specific to writing reports and proposals?
Check two options.

1. Writing section headings.

2. Writing an abstract or executive summary.
3. Make a reverse outline.
4. Check that you have answered the question.
2. The visual aid has not been properly labelled.
3. The wrong form of visual aid has been used.
4.4.3.3, Consider the following information graphic and corresponding text in a design
specification report, detailing the creation and usage of an online resource for stroke
survivors.
"Usage of the SmartSurvive site gradually increased throughout 2015. After its launch in
January, the first quarter saw 325 visitors to the site. Usage plateaued in the second
and third quarters at 450 and 475 visitors respectively, before jumping to 595 visitors in
the last quarter."
Which of the following statements about the visual aid and accompanying writing are
true?
Check two options.

1. The student has failed to adequately describe the main information from the visual
aid in the writing.
2. The visual aid has not been properly labelled.
3. The wrong form of visual aid has been used.
4. The visual aid doesn't work together with the text.
To check the grammar
4.4.4.1, Why does Sowton (2012) suggest reading your text backwards?

a. To check the structure

b. To make a reverse outline
c. To check the grammar
d. To check for font use
To check for names in references
4.4.4.2, How can you use the search function on a word processor to check your writing
before submission?

a. To check for names in references

b. To check the formatting
c. To check for correct paragraph structure.
"Does this look like an essay/report?"
4.4.4.3, What question should you ask yourself first when checking the format of your
writing?

a. "Are the paragraphs indented?"

b. "What number paragraph is this?"
c. "Have I followed my lecturer's formatting guide?"
d. "Does this look like an essay/report?"
Use a logical division of ideas.
4.4.5.1, Consider the following text from a student essay.
"Performance management can be defined as the set of practices within an organisation
designed to measure and improve staff performance (DeNisi & Pritchard, 2006). The
first element of performance management - to measure staff performance - is often
termed performance appraisal. Performance management's second main part - to
improve staff performance - is more commonly connected with human resource
development. Performance management's role in measuring staff performance can be
traced all the way back to the work of Frederick Taylor and scientific management. On
the other hand, performance management's role in improving staff performance is more
recent, deriving inspiration from the work of Elton Mayo and the influence of humanist
psychology on the study of business."
What element of coherence can be used to improve this writing?

A. Don't use over-complicated grammar

B. Clearly state their main ideas.
C. Order the writing into chronological order.
D. Use a logical division of ideas.
Use of pronouns to avoid repetition.
4.4.5.2, Consider the following text from a student essay.
"Performance management can be defined as the set of practices within an organisation
designed to measure and improve staff performance (DeNisi & Pritchard, 2006). The
first element of performance management - to measure staff performance - is often
termed performance appraisal. Performance management's second main part - to
improve staff performance - is more commonly connected with human resource
development. Performance management's role in measuring staff performance can be
traced all the way back to the work of Frederick Taylor and scientific management. On
the other hand, performance management's role in improving staff performance is more
recent, deriving inspiration from the work of Elton Mayo and the influence of humanist
psychology on the study of business."
What element of cohesion can be used to improve this writing?

A. Use Theme-New structures to connect sentences.

B. Greater use of word chains.
C. Greater use of conjunctions.
D. Use of pronouns to avoid repetition.
Research report, because it uses passive forms and hedging.
4.4.5.3, Is the following sentence more characteristic of research reports, or
professional reports? Why?
Check one option.
"The rapid development of the Chinese hybrid economic model may largely be
attributed to the reforms initiated by Chen Yun in the late 1970s and early 1980s."

A. Professional report, because it is referring to business

B. Research report, because it is referring to historical findings.
C. Research report, because it uses passive forms and hedging.
D. Professional report, because it is making a recommendation.
1. Cite any visual aids taken from other sources correctly.
2. Make a plan but be flexible.
4.4.5.4, What are two pieces of advice about writing essays and reports that the
academics in lesson 4.1 give?
Check two options.

1. Cite any visual aids taken from other sources correctly.

2. Make a plan but be flexible.
3. Focus carefully on your language use when writing your first draft.
4. Write your executive summary first.
Bar chart.
4.4.5.5, Consider the following data on the proportion of female employees in 6
companies.

Company Proportion of female

Company 1 39%
Company 2 29%
Company 3 58%
Company 4 48%
Company 5 73%
Company 6 45%
Which form of data graphic would best represent this information?

A. Pie chart.
B. Line graph.
C. Venn diagram.
D. Bar chart.
The paragraphing is wrong.
4.4.5.6, Consider the following excerpt taken from the final draft of an essay on
leadership.
"The first form of leadership identified by Burns (cited in Hays, 2016), transactional
leadership, is commonly associated with everyday management. Transactional
leadership is largely seen as recruiting the participation of employees through material
rewards, and in cases where employees do not follow directives, through punishments.
The appeal of the transactional leader is attained by appealing to employees own self-
interest through such things as incentives and job security. The transactional leader is
seen as someone who is responsive to external threats and directives from leaders
above, and largely works within the organizational culture. Their overall objective is to
maintain the status quo. Many writers feel that the transactional leader is somehow
inferior to the transformational leader outlined below, but in my opinion organisations
need transactional leaders as much as transformational leaders. If an organisation had
too many transformational leaders, it would be a case of 'too many chiefs not enough
Indians'. In contrast with transactional leaders, transformational leaders are seen as
proactive rather than just reactive. Transformational leaders inspire followers through
their ideals, idea and morals rather than ...."

What structural issue does this excerpt have?

A. The paragraphing is wrong.

B. It doesn't answer the question.
C. It lacks coherence.
D. It lacks cohesion.
3. It is sometimes too personal in tone.
4. It sometimes is more like spoken language.
4.4.5.7, Consider the following excerpt taken from the final draft of an essay on
leadership.
"The first form of leadership identified by Burns (cited in Hays, 2016), transactional
leadership, is commonly associated with everyday management. Transactional
leadership is largely seen as recruiting the participation of employees through material
rewards, and in cases where employees do not follow directives, through punishments.
The appeal of the transactional leader is attained by appealing to employees own self-
interest through such things as incentives and job security. The transactional leader is
seen as someone who is responsive to external threats and directives from leaders
above, and largely works within the organizational culture. Their overall objective is to
maintain the status quo. Many writers feel that the transactional leader is somehow
inferior to the transformational leader outlined below, but in my opinion organisations
need transactional leaders as much as transformational leaders. If an organisation had
too many transformational leaders, it would be a case of 'too many chiefs not enough
Indians'. In contrast with transactional leaders, transformational leaders are seen as
proactive rather than just reactive. Transformational leaders inspire followers through
their ideals, idea and morals rather than ...."
What language issues does this excerpt have?
Check two options.

1. It contains a double negative.

2. It contains some grammar errors.
3. It is sometimes too personal in tone.
4. It sometimes is more like spoken language.
1, 3, 2
4.4.5.8, When you are checking that you have answered your question when polishing
your essay, there are three steps suggested in lesson 4.3a. Here are the three steps
presented out of order:

1. Highlight the sentences in your introduction and conclusion that address each part.
2. Highlight which topic sentences address each part.
3. Break down the question into its relevant parts
What is the correct order for this process?

A. 2, 3, 1
B. 3, 2, 1
C. 2, 1, 3
D. 1, 3, 2
2. Don't use too many PowerPoint slides.
3. Don't just read out your PowerPoint slides.
4.5.1.1, Dr Marie Stevenson makes two good recommendations about the use of
PowerPoint in presentations. What are they?
Check two options.

1. Give out printouts of any PowerPoint slides you use.

2. Don't use too many PowerPoint slides.
3. Don't just read out your PowerPoint slides.
4. Make your PowerPoint slides as colourful as possible.
3, 4
4.5.1.2, Dr Stevenson also makes a number of points about use of voice in
presentation. Which of the following comments did she make?
1. "Speak directly to your audience."
2. "Don't speak too loud so people are forced to listen closely."
3. "Don't speak too fast."
4. "Take pauses."

a. 1,2
b. 2, 3
c. 3, 4
d. 1, 4
1. Determine the format and expectations of presentations in your academic field.
2. Find your own argument and present it with authority.
4.5.1.3, Dr Alyssa O'Brien suggests that there are two challenges facing students doing
presentations in academic contexts. What are they?

1. Determine the format and expectations of presentations in your academic field.

2. Find your own argument and present it with authority.
3. Summoning the confidence to present in public.
4. Having the technical knowledge to create amazing PowerPoint presentations.
To display subject knowledge and critical thinking skills
4.5.2.1, Consider the following presentation assessment from a Linguistics unit entitled
'Language and Power.'
Students will need to individually present each week on the readings for that week.
Each student will be allocated a week in which to present. The presentations will last for
15 minutes, with the final 5 minutes allocated to discussion of the topic amongst the
tutorial group. Student will be required to quickly present the main points of the
readings, find similarities and differences, and try to apply the ideas to real world
language situations. They will also need to lead the discussion in the final 5 minutes of
the presentation.
What is the main purpose of this presentation?

a. To entertain the audience

b. To practice spoken communication skills
c. To display subject knowledge and critical thinking skills
d. To persuade the audience
2. Whether the projector is working.
3. Whether the sound is working.
5. Whether you can play the video file of the classroom discussion on the computer in
the room.
4.5.2.2, Consider the following presentation assessment from a Linguistics unit entitled
'Language and Power.'
Students will need to individually present each week on the readings for that week.
Each student will be allocated a week in which to present. The presentations will last for
15 minutes, with the final 5 minutes allocated to discussion of the topic amongst the
tutorial group. Student will be required to quickly present the main points of the
readings, find similarities and differences, and try to apply the ideas to real world
language situations. They will also need to lead the discussion in the final 5 minutes of
the presentation.
You are going to make this presentation next week, and would like to show a video of a
short segment of classroom discussion. What are your three most important
considerations with regard to Place before you make your presentation?
Check three options.

1. The seating arrangement in the room

2. Whether the projector is working.
3. Whether the sound is working.
4. Whether you can use PowerPoint or not.
5. Whether you can play the video file of the classroom discussion on the computer in
the room.
1. Chronological order
4. Residues approach/comparing points of view
5. General to Specific
4.5.2.3, Which of the following are possible ways to organise the body of your
presentation, according to lesson 5.2b?
Check three options.

1. Chronological order
2. Specific to General
3. Natural structure
4. Residues approach/comparing points of view
5. General to Specific
6. Resources approach
3. The body text is too small.
4. There are too many fonts being used on the slide.
5. There is too much text on the slide.
4.5.3.1, Consider the following slide from a presentation on crop rotation in the 18th
century.
What problems does it have in terms of readability of text?
Check three options.

1. There is not enough text.

2. The heading is too large.
3. The body text is too small.
4. There are too many fonts being used on the slide.
5. There is too much text on the slide.
6. There are some misspelled words.
1. The images are too small.
4. There is not enough space around the images.
4.5.3.2, Consider the following slide from a presentation on crop rotation in the 18th
century.
What problems does it have in terms of use of images?
Check two options.

1. The images are too small.

2. The images need more contrast to stand out.
3. The pictures are not related to the text.
4. There is not enough space around the images.
Words and phrases designed to explicitly signal the structure of a presentation to an
audience.
4.5.3.3, What is signposting language?

a. Language found on signs around university.

b. Language used to preview a presentation in the introduction.
c. Directions on your script about how to use body language in your presentation.
d. Words and phrases designed to explicitly signal the structure of a presentation to an
audience.
4. Make eye contact with your audience.
5. Don't turn your back on the audience.
6. Model the engagement you want from your audience.
4.5.4.1, What tips does lesson 5.4a give for engaging your audience?
Check three options.

1. Move around the room a lot during your presentation to raise the energy levels.
2. Apologise if you make any errors.
3. Make sure you minimise your accent, if you have one.
4. Make eye contact with your audience.
5. Don't turn your back on the audience.
6. Model the engagement you want from your audience.
2. Have a short quiz.
3. Put up a discussion question.
4.5.4.2, Which of the following are techniques suggested in lesson 5.4b for engaging
your audience at the beginning of your presentation?
Check two options.

1. Tell a joke.
2. Have a short quiz.
3. Put up a discussion question.
4. Talk about how you got to the presentation.
1. Ask them to repeat the question to buy more time.
3. Throw the question back to the audience to answer.
4.5.4.3, It's the end of the presentation, and someone had asked you a difficult question.
What do you do?
Check two options.

1. Ask them to repeat the question to buy more time.

2. Move on to the next question without answering it.
3. Throw the question back to the audience to answer.
4. Ask them to be quiet for a minute or two while you look up the answer on your phone.
A, B and D
4.5.5.1, Consider the following presentation assessment from an undergraduate
business unit of study outline.
Groups of 3-4 will design an online marketing campaign for the organisation of their
choice. They will write a report addressed to the organisation's marketing director,
giving reasons for their choices. Groups will also present their campaign in the final
lesson of the course. The presentation must be addressed to the company's board of
directors, and will need to 'pitch' their marketing strategy to the board, as well as giving
reasons for their choices. The presentation will last for 10 minutes, with extra time at the
end for questions.
Who is/are your audience/audiences for this presentation?
A. A and B
B. A, B and C
C. B and C
D. D. Imaginary board of directors
E. B, C and D
F. A, B and D
G. C. Administrative staff
H. A. Students
I. B. Academics
A. None
4.5.5.2, Consider the same presentation assessment from an undergraduate business
course unit of study outline.
Groups of 3-4 will design an online marketing campaign for the organisation of their
choice. They will write a report addressed to the organisation's marketing director,
giving reasons for their choices. Groups will also present their campaign in the final
lesson of the course. The presentation must be addressed to the company's board of
directors, and will need to 'pitch' their marketing strategy to the board, as well as giving
reasons for their choices. The presentation will last for 10 minutes, with extra time at the
end for questions.
What kind of research will students need to do for the presentation?

A. C. Research into the market demographics for the online marketing campaign.
B. B. Research into the organisation to which the presentation is addressed.
C. Both B and C.
D. A. None
General to Specific.
4.5.5.3, Consider the same presentation assessment from an undergraduate business
course unit of study outline.
"Groups of 3-4 will design an online marketing campaign for the organisation of their
choice. They will write a report addressed to the organisation's marketing director,
giving reasons for their choices. Groups will also present their campaign in the final
lesson of the course. The presentation must be addressed to the company's board of
directors, and will need to 'pitch' their marketing strategy to the board, as well as giving
reasons for their choices. The presentation will last for 10 minutes, with extra time at the
end for questions."

What will be the best structure for the body of this presentation?

A. Residues approach.
B. General to Specific.
C. Chronological structure.
D. Narrative structure.
It's missing an outline of what each presenter will be talking about.
4.5.5.4, Consider the same presentation assessment from an undergraduate business
course unit of study outline.
"Groups of 3-4 will design an online marketing campaign for the organisation of their
choice. They will write a report addressed to the organisation's marketing director,
giving reasons for their choices. Groups will also present their campaign in the final
lesson of the course. The presentation must be addressed to the company's board of
directors, and will need to 'pitch' their marketing strategy to the board, as well as giving
reasons for their choices. The presentation will last for 10 minutes, with extra time at the
end for questions.
Your group member would like to give the following introduction to the talk.
'Good afternoon everyone. Today's presentation will outline our proposed online
marketing plan for XYZ industries. Our presentation will firstly give the theoretical
background for our proposed plan. We will then present information on the
demographics we will be targeting, and following that the channels and schedules for
the online market plan. We would ask you to please save any questions until the end.'"

What do you think of the introduction?

A. It's missing a thesis statement.

B. It's fine.
C. It's missing an outline of what each presenter will be talking about.
D. It's missing a definition of key terms.
It's fine.
4.5.5.5, Consider the same presentation assessment from an undergraduate business
course unit of study outline.
"Groups of 3-4 will design an online marketing campaign for the organisation of their
choice. They will write a report addressed to the organisation's marketing director,
giving reasons for their choices. Groups will also present their campaign in the final
lesson of the course. The presentation must be addressed to the company's board of
directors, and will need to 'pitch' their marketing strategy to the board, as well as giving
reasons for their choices. The presentation will last for 10 minutes, with extra time at the
end for questions."
Here is an information graphic one of your group members wants to present in the
presentation.
What do you think of this information graphic?

A. The columns should be different colours.

B. The information should be presented as a pie chart
C. It's fine.
D. The information should be presented as a line graph.
1. Reading off a piece of paper will cause your audience to disengage.
2. It will limit your ability to adapt the presentation to different situations.
4.5.5.6, Consider the same presentation assessment from an undergraduate business
course unit of study outline.
"Groups of 3-4 will design an online marketing campaign for the organisation of their
choice. They will write a report addressed to the organisation's marketing director,
giving reasons for their choices. Groups will also present their campaign in the final
lesson of the course. The presentation must be addressed to the company's board of
directors, and will need to 'pitch' their marketing strategy to the board, as well as giving
reasons for their choices. The presentation will last for 10 minutes, with extra time at the
end for questions."
One of your group members would like to write out the full script for the presentation.
What are two of the drawbacks with this approach?
Check two options.

1. Reading off a piece of paper will cause your audience to disengage.

2. It will limit your ability to adapt the presentation to different situations.
3. It might result in you missing points or rambling.
4. It might lead to your presentation being more unstructured.
2. Smile and stand taller.
3. Make eye contact.
4.5.5.7, Consider the same presentation assessment from an undergraduate business
course unit of study outline.
"Groups of 3-4 will design an online marketing campaign for the organisation of their
choice. They will write a report addressed to the organisation's marketing director,
giving reasons for their choices. Groups will also present their campaign in the final
lesson of the course. The presentation must be addressed to the company's board of
directors, and will need to 'pitch' their marketing strategy to the board, as well as giving
reasons for their choices. The presentation will last for 10 minutes, with extra time at the
end for questions."
You have started delivering your presentation but you have noticed that the audience
seem disengaged, and are not paying attention. What do you do?
Check two options.

1. Start talking faster.

2. Smile and stand taller.
3. Make eye contact.
4. Think of a snappy 'hook' to get their attention.
5. Tell a joke.
1. "That's a valid point. However according to Smith and Jones (2015) students ..."
2. "That's an interesting point. What are other people's views? Do you think, as
students, you would respond to this campaign?"
4.5.5.8, Consider the same presentation assessment from an undergraduate business
course unit of study outline.
"Groups of 3-4 will design an online marketing campaign for the organisation of their
choice. They will write a report addressed to the organisation's marketing director,
giving reasons for their choices. Groups will also present their campaign in the final
lesson of the course. The presentation must be addressed to the company's board of
directors, and will need to 'pitch' their marketing strategy to the board, as well as giving
reasons for their choices. The presentation will last for 10 minutes, with extra time at the
end for questions."
Someone asks a difficult question at the end, criticising part of your online marketing
campaign aimed at students and saying that students use different kinds of online
media. What is a suitable reply?
Check two options.

1. "That's a valid point. However according to Smith and Jones (2015) students ..."
2. "That's an interesting point. What are other people's views? Do you think, as
students, you would respond to this campaign?"
3. "No, you're wrong. Our research proves our position is correct."
4. "Well, we did a lot of research on this so I think our point is correct."