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Concept of Abhava Pratinidhi Dravyas, A Rational Substitution of Drugs-A Review

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Concept of Abhava Pratinidhi Dravyas, A Rational Substitution of Drugs-A Review

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Sai Pravallika
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Cloud Publications

International Journal of Advanced Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy


2013, Volume 2, Issue 1, pp. 148-161, Article ID Med-116
ISSN: 2320 – 0251
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Review Article Open Access

Concept of Abhava Pratinidhi Dravyas, a Rational Substitution of


Drugs- a Review

Charusheela M. Giri

Department of Dravyaguna Vidnyan, D.Y. Patil College of Ayurved & Research Institute, Nerul, Navi Mumbai,
Maharashtra, India

Correspondence should be addressed to Charusheela M. Giri, [email protected]

Publication Date: 19 December 2013

Article Link: http://medical.cloud-journals.com/index.php/IJAAYUSH/article/view/Med-116

Copyright © 2013 Charusheela M. Giri. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.

Abstract Pratinidhi Dravyas are substitute drugs utilize for the drugs which are not available. It mainly
deals with rational substitution intentionally selected of crude drugs required for medicinal purpose.
This concept is referred from one of the Laghutrayi, Bhavapraksh written in 16th century A.D. As the
list of substitute is first of its kind and this Nighantu is considered as latest among classical work in
Dravyaguna Shastra. Substitution is based on Ayurveda principles, that both the drugs Abhava
Pratinidhi should possess similar Guna i.e. Rasapanchak and proven on basis of pharmaco-
therapeutically activity. Pratinidhi drugs serves to overcome the problem of un-available drugs due to
scarcity, rare or difficult to procure. This in a way helps to produce good quality herbal products and
lend a support in conservation and sustainability of medicinal plants. With proper revalidation of
existing documented examples there is always a scope to find out new substitutes for Abhava
Dravyas of todays time.
Keywords Abhava Pratinidhi; Rational Substitution; Availability of Medicinal Plants

1. Introduction

Pratinidhi is a unique concept about usage of substitute drug in the absence of an original drug
(Abhava Dravya) [1, 5]. Pratinidhi means representation, substitute or vicegerent [2]. This concept has
th
been mentioned by Bhavmishra (16 Century A.D.). It is evident that inclusion of number of medicinal
plants in Ayurveda classics from Vedic period to Nighantu period has been increased. Unfortunately,
the trend of documenting medicinal plants in Nighantu (lexicons) style is lost. Pratinidhi concept too
was ignored. Charak has emphasized regarding the qualities of Ideal drug (Prashasta Bheshaja) for
medicinal purpose should possess following aspects i.e. Bahuta (readily available & in abundance),
Yogyatva (Eligible for Therapeutic uses), Anekvidha Kalpana (capacity to be formulated in varied
type) and Sampat (Potential) [5, 6, 7]. Today over three quarters of world population relies on herbal
plants and products for health care, as they symbolize safety in contrast to synthetics. In India nearly
9,500 registered herbal industries and a multitude cottage level herbal unit depends upon continuous
supply of medicinal plants for manufacturing herbal medical formulation. In fact, the major wild
IJAAYUSH – An Open Access Journal (ISSN: 2320 – 0251)

resource of medicinal plant required for herbal Industry is facing shortage due to non-availability of
genuine plants due various problems like over-exploitation, deforestation, loss of habitat, extinction of
rare plants, indiscriminate harvesting impairing the availability of raw drugs. The demand of medicinal
plant is ever increasing but fails to meet supply with authentic drug giving rise to adulteration and
irrational substitution affecting efficacy and safety of herbal medicines. Non-availability was very well
sensed after the Samhita period and from medieval period evolved the concept of Pratinidhi Dravya.
Ashtang Hridaya while describing 33 groups of plants, with similar Pharmaco-therapeuctic activity
proposed that, if any drug in a group if not available can be substituted with newer drug and the
inappropriate drug to the group should be rejected [3]. On observing the difficulties on procuring the
original drug arised the concept of Pratinidhi, with a proper and precise list of substitute drugs
probably for the first time in Bhavprakash. In present study the substitute drugs from Bhavapraksh are
reviewed as it is considered as Bridge between medieval & modern period. Now a day’s too much
emphasis has been put on the potential for discovering new wonder drugs and too little on the
problems involved in the use of traditional medicines. The concept of substitution in Pharmcognosy or
herbal science mainly refers it as a part of adulteration which may be deliberate or accidental. Usually
this practice includes substitution of original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is
either from or inferior in chemical properties and therapeutics [9]. Unlike above, in Ayurveda the
concept of substitution differs in a way that the substitute drug possesses similar ‘guna’ i.e. the
Rasapanchakas (Ayurveda Pharmacology) on the level of attributes with that of the original drug [1].
That means the substitutes seemed to be intentionally selected and utilize rationally to achieve the
desired effect. Usage of Pratinidhi is alternate to rare/extinct/difficult to unobtainble original drug. It
can overcome the depletion of rare drugs, thus lend a support in conservation and sustainability of
medicinal plants and provide a quality herbal formulation with economic feasibility.

2. Abhav Pratinidhi Dravyas in Bhavprakash

The present conceptual work is taken from textual reference of Mishrak Prakran of Poorvankhanda
th
and Nighantu part of Bhavprakash written by Bhavmishra (16 Century). Bhavmishra has complied
the text following the traditional of Samhita and introduced many new drugs for the new diseases of
that period. As Nighantus are mainly the glossary of medicinal plants they are always look upon for
the study of Dravyas and correlated with Bhaishajya Kalpana for informations on properties,
pharmacological activity & therapeutic uses, methods, time, of medicinal plant collection etc. The
Abhava pratinidhi Dravya List includes 47 drugs of plant origin (Sthavar Dravya), 2 drugs of animal
origin (Jangam Dravya), 7 drugs Minerals-Metals origin (Bhoumya Dravya) and 5 food materials
(Ahariya Dravya) [8]. The Pratinidhi dravyas of Bhoumya dravyas are excluded.

Table 1: Pratinidhi Dravyas for Sthavar Dravyas (Substitute Drugs of Plant Origin)

S. N. Drug Botanical Family Part Used Substitute Botanical Names Family Part Used
Names
1 Chitraka Plumbago Plumbaginaceae Root bark Danti Baliospermum Euphorbiaceae Roots
zeylanica Linn montanum Muell
Shikhari Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Kshara(alkalies)
(Apamarga) Linn
2 Dhanvayas Alhagi Fabaceae Whole plant Duralabha Fagonia Arabica Zygophyllaceae Whole plant
camerlorum Linn
Fisch
3 Tagar Valeriana Valerianaceae Root Kushtha Saussurea lappa Compositae Root
wallichii DC C.B. Clarke
4 Murva Marsdenia Asclepiadaceae Root Jhingini Odina woodier Anacardiaceae Stem Bark
tenacissima W Roxb.

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5 Ahimsra [10] Capparis Capparidaceae Root Mankanda Alocasia indica Araceae Rhizome/Corm
sepiaria (Roxb.) Schott
6 Lakshmana Solanum Solanaceae Root, Neelakanth Adiantum caudatum Polypodiaceae Whole plant
xanthocarpum Convolvulaceae whole plant ashikha Linn Amaranthaceae
Schrad. (Mayurshik or
or Ipomoea ha) Celiosia cristata
sepiara Linn
Koenig ex
Roxb
7 Bakula Mimusops Sapotaceae Flower Kalhaar Nelumbo Nymphaceae flower,
elengi Linn bark [Rakta speciosum Willd
Kumud] Nelumbium rubra
Roxb.
8 Utpal Nymphea Nymphaeceae Flower, Pankaj Nelumbo Nymphaeceae flower,
pubescens stamens speciosum Willd stamens
Willd Nelumbo nucifera
Nymphea Willd
stellata Willd
9 Neel-utpala Nymphea Nymphaeceae flower, Kumud Nymphea alba/ Nymphaeceae flower,
stellata Willd/ stamens N.rubra Roxb.ex stamen
Nymphea Andrews
Nouchali /N.edulisDC
Burm.f.
10 Jati pushpa Myristica Myristicaceae Fruit aril Lavanga Syzygium Myrtaceae Flower bud
(Javitri) fragrans flout aromaticum (Linn)
Merr. & L.M.Perry
11 Arka Payas Calotropis Asclepiadaceae Latex Arka patra Calotropis Asclepiadaceae Leave juice
(dugdha) gigantean swarasa gigantean (Linn)
(Linn) R.Br. ex R.Br. ex Ait
Ait
12 Poushkar Inula Compositae or Roots Kustha Saussurea lappa Asteraceae Root
racemosa Iridaceae C.B. Clarke
Hook.f. or
Iris germanica
Linn
13 Langali Gloriosa Liliaceae Bulb
superb Linn
14 Sthouneya Clerodendron Verbenaceae Leaves
infortunatum Root
L.
15 Chavika & Piper chaba Piperaceae Root Pippali Piper longum Linn Piperperaceae Root
Hunter mula
16 Gaja-Pippali Scindapsus Araceae Fruits
officinalis
Schott
17 Somraji Psoralea Fabaceae Seeds, Prapunnad Cassia tora Caesalpiniaceae Fruit
(Bakuchi ) corylifolia Linn Seed-oil phala
(Chakramar
da)
18 Daru-nisha Berberis Berberidaceae Stem-Bark Nisha Curcuma longa Zingeberceae Rhizome
(DaruHaridra aristata DC (Haridra) Linn

19 Rasanjana Berberis Berberidaceae Extract Darvi Berberis aristata Berberidaceae Decoction


aristata DC DC
20 Talispatra Abbies Pinaceae Leaves Swarnataali
webbiana
Lindl
21 Bharangi Clerodendrum Verbenaceae Roots Talispatra / Abbies webbiana Pinaceae Leaves
serratum Lindl
Spreng Kantakari Solanum Solanaceae Roots
mula xanthocarpum
Schrad & Wendl

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22 Madhuyasti Glycrrhiza Fabceae Dhataki Woodfordia Lytharaceae Flowers


glabra Linn floribunda Salisb
23 Amlavetasa Garcinia Guttiferae Fruit Chukra Rumex vesicarius Polygonaceae Leaves
pedunculata Polygonaceae Linn Entireplant
Roxb
OR
Rheum emodi
Wall
24 Draksha Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Fruit Kashmari Gmelina arborea Verbinaceae Fruit
Linn (Gambhari) Linn
25 Kashmari Gmelina Verbinaceae Fruit Jati pushpa Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae Fruit –aril
phala arborea Linn flout
(Gambhari)
26 Draksha & Same as Same as above Same as Madhuca Madhuca indica Sapotaceae Fruit
Gambhari above above
27 Kankola Piper cubeba Piperaceae Fruit Sugandhi Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Tubers
Linn.f. Mustak Linn
28 Karpura Cinnamomum Lauraceae Extract Granthipara Angelica glauca Umbelliferae
camphora Edgw
Nees & Eberm
29 Kumkum Crocus Iridaceae Stamens/Sti Kusumbha Carthamus Compositae Fresh Flower
sativus Linn gma tinctorius Linn
30 Shrikhanda Santalum Santalaceae Heartwood Karpura Cinnamomum Lauraceae Extract
(Sweta album Linn camphora Nees &
chandan) Eberm
31 Sweta Santalum Santalaceae Heartwood Rakta Pterocarpus Fabaceae Heart wood
chandan & album Linn chandan santalinus Linn.f.
32 Karpura Cinnamomum Lauraceae Extract
camphora
Nees & Eberm
33 Rakta Pterocarpus Fabaceae Heart wood Usheera Vetiveria zizanoides Gramineae Fresh Fibrous
Chandan santalinus (Nava) (Linn.) Nash Root
Linn.f.
34 Ativisha Aconitum Ranunculaceae Tuberous Musta Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Tuberous roots
heterophyllum root Linn
Wall
35 Shiva Terminalia Combrateceae Fruit pulp Shiva Emblica offcinalis Euphorbiaceae Fruit pulp
(Haritaki ) chebula Retz (Amalaki ) Gaertn.
36 Nagpushpa Mesua ferrea Guttiferae Flower Padma Nelumbium Nymphaeceae Flower stamens
(Nagkeshar) Linn stamens keshar speciosum Willd
37 Meda [10, 12] & Polygonatum Liliaceae Bulbs Vari Asparagus Liliaceae Fasciculate
cirrifoluim Linn (Shatavari) racemosus Willd Roots
38 Mahameda Polygonatum Liliaceae Bulbs
[10, 12]
verticillate
39 Jeevak [10, 12] Microstylis Orchidaceae Bulbs Vidari Pueraria tuberose Fabaceae Bulb
& wallichi Linn kanda D C OR Convovulaceae
Ipomoea Digitata
40 Rishbhaka [10, Microstysis Orchidaceae Bulbs
12] Linn
muscifera
41 Kakoli [10] & Fritillaria roylei Liliaceae Bulbs Ashwagand Withania somnifera Solanaceae Roots
-ha Dunal
42 Ksheerakakoi Liluim Liliaceae Bulbs
[10, 12]
polyphyllum
D.Don
43 Riddhi [10, 12] & Habenaria Orchidaceae Bulbs Varahi Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscoreaceae Bulb
edgeworthii kanda Linn
44 Vriddhi [10, 12] Habenaria Orchidaceae Bulbs
latilabris
45 Varahi kanda Dioscorea Dioscoreaceae Bulb Charmakar Tacca aspera Taccaceae Bulb
[11,12]
bulbifera Linn alu Roxb.
(Grushti)
46 Bhallatak Semecarpus Anacardiaceae Fruit Rakta Pterocarpus Fabaceae Heartwood

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asahatva anacarduim chandan santalinus Linn.f.


Linn f
47 Bhallatak Semecarpus Anacardiaceae Fruit Chitra Plumbago Plumbaginaceae Root bark
anacarduim zeylanica Linn
Linn f

Table 2: Pratinidhi Dravya for Jangam Dravyas (Substitute Drugs of Animal Origin)

S. N. Drug Botanical Names Family Part Used Substitute Botanical Names Family Part Used
1 Kasturi Moschus moshifera Cervidae Secretion from gland Kankola Piper cubeba Linn f.
of male deer Piperaceae
2 Nakha Helix aspersa Helicidae Snail (animal product) Lavanga Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae Flower-bud,
pushpa (Linn) Merr. oil
& L.M. Perry

Table 3: Pratinidhi Dravya for Ahariya Dravya (Substitute for Food Substances)

S. N. Drug Latin Names Family Part Used Substitute Botanical Names Family Part Used

1 Ikshu Saccharum Gramineae Stem, roots Nala Phragmites Kirka Graminae Roots, stems
officinaria Trin.ex.Steud or Lobeliaceae
Lobelia
nicotianaefolia
2 Madhu Obtain from Beehive extract Jeerna guda Obtained from Sac Jaggery
Honey Bees charum officinaria
3 Matsya Condensed Solid extract Sita sharkara Common sugar Gramineae Particle sized
khanda extract of from juice obtained from common sugar
Saccharum Saccharum crystals
officinaria officinaria
4 Sita Common sugar Particle size d, Khanda Crude sugar Crude bigger
obtained from common obtained from Sacc size sugar
Sacc harum sugar, crystals harum officinaria
officinaria
5 Ksheera Milk Mudga rasa/ Phaseolus aureus Fabaceae Seeds /Grains
Masurak Lens culinaris Fabaceae Seeds /Grains
rasa

As the main requirement for an appropriate Pratinidhi Dravya is to possess similar gunas to that of
original drug, the Abhava Pratinidhi dravyas were compared on basis of their Rasapanchak i.e. Guna
(properties), Rasa (taste), Vipaka (post digestion and metabolism effect), Veerya (potency) along with
Karma (actions) and Roghanata (Indications). Even though the reason for the absence of drugs is not
clearly mentioned, but non-availability of drugs seems to the major reason due to deficiency of plant
subjected to specific regional distribution e.g. Sweta Chandan, Yastimadhu or expensive drugs like
Kumkum or over exploited drug like Daruharidra or rare/extinct drug in case of Ashtavarga. It is Stated
that Ashtavarga were rare even to the kings, hence substitutions is suggested which can be within
reach of wide population from rich to the poor. It is not clear to how and why only a particular
substitute is selected in spite of many other drugs with similar Gunas are available. However the
criteria for substitution have to be appropriate through skilled discrimination of Vaidya (Ayurveda
Physicians). The mentioned instances serves only as a guideline, author has encouraged inclusion of
newer substitute with proper logic and reasoning to select a substitute and any drug not suitable
therapeutically should be excluded. While preparing a formulation, substitution is only applicable for
secondary ingredient and not for the main ingredient.

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Table 4: Rasapanchakas of Abhava and Pratinidhi of Sthavar Dravya & Summary of Similarities

S. Dravya Guna Rasa Vipaka Veerya Doshaghnata Karma Roghanata


N.
1 Chitrak Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Vata-Kaphahar Vanhi krita(Deepan), Grahani, Kushtha, Shotha,
Ruksha Pachan, Grahi Arsha, Krimi
Danti Sara Katu Katu Ushna Kaphahar Deepan, Vidaha Arsha, Ashmari, Shula,
Tikshna nashan Kandu
Rakta dosha, Kushtha,
Rakta-pitta, Shotha, Udar,
Krimi
Apamarga Sara Tikta Katu Katu Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Deepana, Pachana, Chhardi, Medo-roga,
Tikshna Rochana, Medohar Hridrog, Adhman, Arsha,
Kshara Kandu, Shula, Udara,
Apachi
Similarities - Katu Katu Ushna Kaphahar Deepana, Pachana Arsha, Kushtha, Shotha,
Krimi,
2 Dhanvayas Sara Madhura Katu Sheeta Kapha-pitta har Madahar. Bhrantihar. Meda, Mada, Bhranti.Jwar,
(Yavasa) Laghu TiktaKash Rakta-dosha har Jwarahara, Raktapitta, Kushtha, Kasa,
aya Kushthaghna, Trishnahar, Visarpa,
Kasahar Vatarakta, Chhardi.
Duralabha(Dhama Sara Madhuran Katu Sheeta Kapha-pitta har Madahar. Bhrantihar. Meda, Mada, Bhranti.Jwar,
s) Laghu nTiktaKas Rakta-dosha har Jwarahara, Raktapitta, Kushtha, Kasa,
haya Kushthaghna, Trishnahar, Visarpa,
Kasahar Vatarakta, Chhardi.
Similarities Sara Madhura Katu Sheeta Kapha-pitta har Madahar.Bhrantihar, Meda, Mada, Bhranti.Jwar,
Laghu TiktaKash Rakta-dosha har Jwarahara, Raktapitta, Kushtha, Kasa,
aya Kushthaghna, Trishnahar, Visarpa,
Kasahar Vatarakta, Chhardi.
3 Tagara SnigdhaL Madhura Katu Ushna Tridoshahar Vishaghna, Shulahar Visharoga, Apasmar,
aghu Vatahar ShulaharAkshi vikar,
Kushtha Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Vata-kaphahar Shukral Vatarakta, Visarpa, Kasa,
Madhura Kushtha
Tikta
Similarities Laghu Madhura Katu Ushna Vatahar - -
4 Murva Sara Madhura Tridoshahar Rakta-pitta, Pramehahar,
Guru Tikta Trishna, Kandu, Hridroga,
KushthaJwar
Jhingini Snigdha Madhura Katu Ushna Vatahar Vrana-shodhini Vrana, Atisaar, Hridroga
Kashaya
Patu
(lavana)
Similarities - Madhura - - - - Hridroga
5 Ahimsra Laghu Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Kapha-Vata har Shothahar, Ruchya, Vrana, Yoni-Vikara, Shotha
Ruksha Deepana
Mankanda Laghu Madhura Madhura Sheeta Vata-Pittahar Shothahar Shotha, Rakta-pitta
Snigdha
Similarities Laghu - - - - Shothahar Shotha
6 Lakshmana Laghu Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Vata-Kaphahar Shukra-rechan, Kandu, Kasa, Medaroga,
Ruksha katu pittavardhak Bhedi, Kanduhar Krimi, Jwar
Specially Putrada,
Vashya
Neelkanthashikha Laghu Tikta Katu Sheeta Pitta-Kapha har Grahi Atisaar
Ruksha
Similarities Laghu Tikta Katu - Kaphahar - -
Ruksha
7 Bakula Guru Katu Tikta Katu Anushna Pitta-kaphahar Vishahar, Visha, Yonishula, Trishna,
Kashaya Raktadoshahar Daha, shotha, kushtha,
Raktavikara

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Kalhar Guru Kashaya Katu Sheeta Kapha-pittahar Grahi, Vishtambhi Trishna, Daha, Visha,
Ruksha Rakta-vikara, Visphota,
Visarpa
Similarities Guru Kashaya Katu - Kapha-pittahar - Trishna, Visha, Raktavikar,
Daha
8 Utpal Guru Madhura Katu Sheeta Kapha-pittahar Varnya Trishna, Daha, Visha,
Rakta-vikara, Visphota,
Visarpa
Pankaj Guru Madhura Katu Sheeta Kapha-pittahar Varnya Trishna, Daha, Visha,
Rakta-vikara, Visphota,
Visarpa
Similarities Guru Madhura Katu Sheeta Kapha-pittahar Varnya Trishna, Daha, Visha,
Rakta-vikara, Visphota,
Visarpa
9 Neel-utpal Guru Madhura Katu Sheeta Kapha-pittahar Varnya Trishna, Daha, Visha,
Rakta-vikara, Visphota,
Visarpa
Kumud Guru Kashaya Katu Sheeta Kapha-pittahar Grahi, Vishtambhi Trishna, Daha, Visha,
Ruksha Rakta vikara, Visphota,
Visarpa
Similarities Guru - Katu Sheeta Kapha-pittahar - Trishna, Daha, Visha,
Rakta-vikara, Visphota,
Visarpa
10 Jatipushpa Laghu madhura Katu Ushna Kaphahar Ruchikar, Varnakar Kasa, Vami, Swasa,
Trishna, Krimi, Visha
Lavanga Laghu Katu Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-pitta har Deepana, Pachan, Trishna, Chhardi, Adhman,
Ruchikar Shula, Kasa, Swasa,
Hikka, Kshaya
Similarities Laghu - Katu - Kaphahar Ruchikar Kasa, Swasa, Trishna
11 Arka-payasa Laghu Tikta Katu Ushna Kaphahar Shrestha Virechan Kushtha, Gulma, Udara
Salavan
Arka patra swaras Laghu Sa-Tikta Katu Ushna Kaphahar Sangrahi Kushtha, Gulma, Krimi,
Madhura Arsha, Visha, Shotha
Similarities Laghu Tikta Katu Ushna Kaphahar - Kustha ,Gulma
12 Poushkar Laghu Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Vata-kaphahar Shulahara Shothhar Jwara, shotha, Aruchi,
Ruchya Swasa, especially in
Parshwa-shula.
Kushtha Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Vata-kaphahar Shukral Vatarakta, Visarpa, Kasa,
Madhura Kushtha
Tikta
Similarities Laghu Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Vata-Kaphahar - -
13 Langali Sara Tikta Katu Katu Ushna Kaphahar Garbha-patini Kushtha, Shotha, Arsha,
TikshnaK Kashaya Pittakar Vrana, Shula, Krimi
shara
Laghu
Kushtha Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Vata-kaphahar Shukral Vatarakta, Visarpa, Kasa,
Madhura Kushtha
Tikta
Similarities Laghu Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Kaphahar - Kushtha
14 Sthouneya Snigdha Katu Katu Ushna Tridoshahar Medhya, Shukrala, Jwara, Jantu, Kushtha,
Madhura Ruchya, Rakshoghna Trishna, Daha,
Tikta Daurgandha, Tilkalak,
Raktavikar a,
Kushtha Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Vata-kaphahar Shukral Vatarakta, Visarpa, Kasa,
Madhura Kushtha
Tikta
Similarities - Katu Katu Ushna - Shukrala Kushtha
Madhura
Tikta
15 Chavika Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Vata-kaphahar Agnivardhak Specially in Guda-vikara
Ruksha

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Gaja-Pippali Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Vata-kaphahar Atisaar, Swasa,


Ruksha Kantharoga, Krimi
PippaliMula Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Kapha- Vatahar Deepan, Pachan, Udara, Anaha, Pleeha,
Ruksha Bhedana Krimi, Gulma, Swasa,
Kshaya
Similarities Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Kapha- Vatahar Deepana, Pachan Krimi, Swasa
Ruksha
16 Somraji (Bakuchi ) RukshaS Madhura Katu Ushna Vatahar Pittala Keshya, Twachya, Krimi, Swasa, Kasa,
ara Tikta Pachan Shotha, Amadosha, Pandu
Prapunnad Laghu Madhura Katu Ushna Vatahar Kandughna Kushtha, Kandu, Dadru,
Ruksha Katu Gulma, Kasa, Krimi, Swasa
Similarities Laghu Madhura Katu Ushna Vatahar Kandughna. Tachya Kushtha, Kandu, Dadru
17 Daru-nisha (Daru- Ruksha Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Kaphahar Twakdoshahar, Twakdosha, Meha,
Haridra) Raktadoshahar Raktavikara, shotha,
Pandu, Vrana Visha,
specillay in Netra-roga and
Karna-roga
Nisha Ruksha Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Kaphahar Varnya Twakdosha, Meha,
Raktavikara, shotha,
Pandu, Vrana
Similarities Ruksha Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Kaphahar Twakdoshahara Twakdosha, Meha,
Raktavikara, shotha,
Pandu, Vrana, Visha
18 Rasanjana Ruksha Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Kaphahar Rasayan Chhedan Netraroga, Visha, Vrana
Raktadoshahar
Darvi-kwath Ruksha Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Kaphahar Twakdoshahar, Twakdosha, Meha,
Raktadoshahar Raktavikara, shotha,
Pandu, Vrana Visha,
specillay in Netra-roga and
Karna-roga
Similarities Ruksha Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Kaphahar - Netraroga, Vrana Visha
Raktadoshahar
19 Talispatra Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Deepan, Pachan, Aruchi, Gulma,
Tikshna Ruchya Agnimandya Kshaya,
Amadosha
Swarnataali
Similarities
20 Bharangi Ruksha Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Ruchya, Deepana, Gulma, Rakta-dosha,
Kashaya Pachan Shotha, Kasa, Swasa,
Pinas, Jwar
Talispatra Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Ruchya, Deepana, Aruchi, Gulma,
Tikshna Pachan Agnimandya Kshaya,
Amadosha
Kantakari Mula Sara Tikta Katu Katu Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Deepana, Pachan Kasa, Swsa, Jwara, Pinas,
Laghu Krimi, Hridroga
Ruksha
Similarities Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Deepana, Pachan Kasa, Swasa, Kshaya,
Pinas
21 Madhuyasti Laghu Madhura Madhura Sheeta Pitta –Vatahar Chakshushya, Balya, Vranshotha, Visha,
Susnigdh Kashya Raktadoshahar Shukrala, Keshya, Chhardi, Trishna, Glani,
a Swarya, Kshaya
Dhataki Laghu Kashaya Katu Sheeta Pitta-Vata har Raktadoshahar Trishna, Atisaar, Visarpa,
Mrudu Katu Raktadosha, Visha, Krimi
Similarities Laghu Kashaya - Sheeta Pitta-Vata har - Trishna, Visha
22 *Amlavetasa Laghu Ati-amla Amla Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Deepan, Bhedan Hridroga, Gulma, Pleeha,
Ruksha Pittakar Vinmutradosha, Udavarta,
Hikka, Anaha, Aruchi,
Swasa, Kasa, Jeerna Vami
Chukra Laghu Ati-amla Amla Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Deepan, Pachan Shula, Gulma, Vibandha,
Pittakar Param Ruchya Trishna, Hritpeeda,
Agnimandya Asyavairasya,

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Vami

Similarities Laghu Ati-amla Amla Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Deepan, Rochaka Gulma, Vibandha, Trishna,
Pittakar Hritpeeda, Agnimandya
Aruchi, Vami
23 Draksha Sara Madhura Madhura Sheeta Vata-Pittahar Chakshushya, Trishna, Jwara, swasa,
Guru Kashaya Kaphakar Brimhana, Swarya, Vatarakta, Kamala,
Srishtavinmutra Mutrakrichha, Raktapitta,
Daha, Shosha, Madatya
Kashmari phala Snigdha Madhura Madhura Sheeta Vata-Pittahar Keshya, Brimhana, Raktakshaya,
(Gambhari Guru Kashaya Vrishya, Rasayan Mutravibandha, Daha,
Amla Vatarakta, Kshata, Kshaya,
Raktapitta
Similarities Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Vata-Pittahar Brimhana, Raktakshaya,
Kashaya Mutravibandha, Daha,
Vatarakta, Kshaya,
Raktapitta
24 Draksha & Same as Same as Same as Same as Same as above Same as above Same as above
Kashmari Phala abov e above above above
Madhuka Pushpa Guru Madhura Katu Sheeta Vata-Pittahar Shukral Hridroga, Trishna, Daha,
Mridu Kashaya Raktavikara, Swasa, Kshat,
Kshaya
Similarities Guru Madhura - Sheeta Vata-Pittahar Vrishya Trishna, Daha,
Kashaya Raktavikara,
Swasa.Kshaya
25 Kankola Laghu Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Kapha Vatahar Ruchya, Hridya Mukha-dourgandhya,
TikshnaS Hridroga, Vata-vyadhi,
ugandhi Andhya
Jatipushpa Laghu Madhura Katu Ushna Kaphahar Ruchikar, Varnakar Kasa, Vami, Swasa,
Sugandhi Trishna, Krimi, Visha
Similarities Laghu - Katu Ushna Kaphahar Ruchya Mukhadourganhya
Sugandhi
26 Karpura Laghu Madhura Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Lekhana, Vrishya, Daha, Visha, Trishna,
Surabhi Tikta Chakshushya, Medoroga, Asyavairashya,
Vishahar Dourgandhya
Sugandhi Mustak Laghu , Katu Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pittahar Deepana, Pachana, Trishna, Raktavikara,
Ruksha Kashaya Raktadosha Grahi Jwara, Aruchi, Jantu
Sugandhi
Similarities Laghu Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har - Trishna, Aruchi,
Sugandhi
27 Karpura Laghu Madhura Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Lekhana, Vrishya, Daha, Visha, Trishna,
Surabhi Tikta Chakshushya, Medoraga, Asyavairashya,
Vishahar Dourgandhya
Granthiparna Laghu Madhura Katu Sheeta Kapha-Vatahar Hridya, Rakshoghna, Kushtha, Kandu, Sweda,
TikshnaS Tikta Medoroga,
ugandhi RaktavikaraJwara, Visha,
Vrana
Similarities Laghu Madhura Katu Sheeta Kapha-Vatahar Vishahar Daha, Sweda, Visha
Sugandhi Tikta
28 Kumkum Snigdha Katu Tikta Katu Ushna Tridoshahar Varnya,Vamihar Shiroroga, Vami, Vran,
Ranjak Jantu, Vyangadosha
(coloring)
Kusumbha Ranjak - Katu Sheeta Kaphahar Vatala - Mutrakrichha, Raktapitta
(coloring)
Similarities Ranjak Tikta Katu - - - -
29 Shrikhanda RukshaL Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Alhadana, Shrama, Shosha, Visha,
(Sweta chandan) aghu Shramahar Trishna, Raktapitta, Daha,
Surabhi Rakta-dosha
Raktachandan Guru Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Netra-hita, Vrishya Chhardi, Daha, Rakta-pitta,
Sheeta Madhura Jwara, Vrana, Visha
Similarities Sheeta Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har - Visha, Vrana, Rakta-pitta,
Daha

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30 Karpura Laghu Madhura Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Lekhana, Vrishya, Daha, Visha, Trishna,
Surabhi Tikta Chakshushya, Medoraga, Asyavairashya,
Vishahar Dourgandhya
Raktachandan Guru Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Netra-hita, Vrishya Chhardi, Daha, Rakta-pitta,
Sheeta Madhura Jwara, Vrana, Visha
Similarities Sheeta Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Vrishya Daha, Visha,
Madhura
31 Rakta Chandan Guru Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Netra-hita, Vrishya Chhardi, Daha, Rakta-pitta,
Sheeta Madhura Jwara, Vrana,Visha
Usheera Laghu Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Stambhana Jwara, Vanti, Mada,
Trishna, Raktadosha,
Visha, Visarpa,
Mutrakrichha, Vrana
Similarities - Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Stambhana Vrana, Visha, Chhardi,
Raktadosha
32 Ativisha Laghu Katu Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Deepana, Pachan, Atisaar, Amadosha, Visha,
Ruksha Kashaya Kasa, Vaman, Krimi
Musta Laghu Katu Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pittahar Deepana, Pachana, Trishna, Raktavikara,
,Ruksha Kashaya Raktadosha Grahi Jwara, Aruchi, Jantu
Sugandhi
Similarities Laghu Katu Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Deepana, Pachan, Atisaar, Amadosha, Krimi
Ruksha Kashaya
33 Shiva (Haritaki ) Laghu Kashaya Madhura Ushna Tridoshahar Medhya, Deepan, Swasa, Kasa, Prameha,
Ruksha Madhura Anuloman, Arsha, Kushtha, Shotha,
Tikta Katu BrimhanAyushya, Udara, Krimi, Vibandha,
Amla Chakshushya Vishamjwara, Chhardi,
Trishna, Hridroga, Kamala,
Shula, Pleeha, Kandu,
Yakrit, Ashmari,
Mutrakrichha, Mutraghata
Grahani, Vaswarya
Shiva (Amalaki) Snigdha Amla Madhura Sheeta Tridoshahar Medhya, Deepan, Swasa, Kasa, Prameha,
Sara Kashaya Anuloman, Arsha, Kushtha, Shotha,
Madhura BrimhanAyushya, Udara, Krimi, Vibandha,
Tikta Katu Chakshushya, Vishamjwara, Chhardi,
especially Vrishya Trishna, Hridroga, Kamala,
Rasayan Shula, Pleeha, Kandu,
Yakrit, Ashmari,
Mutrakrichha, Mutraghata
Grahani, Vaswarya Rakta-
pitta, Prameha
Similarities - Panchras Madhura - Tridoshahar Medhya, Deepan, Swasa, Kasa, Prameha,
a Anuloman, Brimhan Arsha, Kushtha, Shotha,
Ayushya, Udara, Krimi, Vibandha,
Chakshushya, Vishamjwara, Chhardi,
especially Vrishya TrishnaHridroga, Kamala,
Rasayan Shula, Pleeha, Kandu,
Yakrit, Ashmari,
Mutrakrichha, Prameha
Mutraghata, Grahani,
VaswaryaRakta-pitta,
34 Nagpushpa Ruksha Kashaya Katu Ushna Kapha-Pittahar Amapachan Jwara, Kandu, Trishna,
(Nagkeshar) Sweda, Chhardi, Hrillas,
Dourgandhya, kushtha,
Visarpa, Visha
Padma keshar Ruksha Kashaya Katu Sheeta Kapha -Pittahar Vrishya Trishna, Daha, Rakta-
Arsha, Visha, Shotha
Similarities Ruksha Kashaya Katu Sheeta Kapha –Pittahar - Trishna, Rakta-Arsha,
Visha
35 Meda & Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Pitta-Vatahar Stanyajanan, Rakta-pitta, Jwara
Kaphakar Brimhana
Raktastambhak

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36 Mahameda Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Pitta-Vatahar Stanyajanan, Rakta-pitta, Jwara


Kaphakar Brimhana
Raktastambhak
Shatavari Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Pitta-Vatahar Medhya, Rasayan, Gulma, Atisaar, Shotha
snigdha Kaphakar Pushti, Netrya,
BalyaShukral,
Stanyajanan,
Similarities Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Pitta-Vatahar Rasayan, Shukral, -
snigdha Kaphakar Stanyajanan
37 Jeevak & Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Pitta-Vatahar Balya, Shukrala, Daha, Raktavikara,
snigdha Kaphakar Karshya, Kshaya
38 Rishbhaka Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Pitta-Vatahar Balya, Shukrala, Daha, Raktavikara,
snigdha Kaphakar Karshya, Kshaya
Vidarikanda Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Pitta-Vatahar Brimhana, Shukral Daha, Rakta-pitta
snigdha Kaphakar Stanyajanan,
Swarya, Mutral,
Balya, Jeevan,
Varnya, Rasayan
Similarities Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Pitta-Vatahar Balya, Shukrala, Daha, Raktavikara
snigdha Kaphakar
39 Kakoli & Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Pitta-Vatahar Brimhana, Shukral, Daha, Rakta-pitta, Sho
snigdha Kaphakar sha, Jwara
40 Ksheerakakoli Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Pitta-Vatahar Brimhana, Shukral, Daha, Rakta-pitta, Sho
snigdha Kaphakar sha, Jwara
Ashwaganadha Guru Madhura Madhura Ushna Vata-Kaphahar Ati- Shukral, Balya, Shotha, Shwitra, Kshaya
snigdha Tikta Rasayana
Kashaya
Similarities Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Pitta-Vatahar Brimhana, Shukral, Daha, Rakta-pitta,
snigdha Kaphakar
41 Riddhi & Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Tridoshahar Shukral, Pranakari, Murchha, Rakta-pitta,
snigdha Piitahar Aishwarya, Garbha- Raktadosha, Kshat,
prada, Vrishya Kshaya
42 Vriddhi Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Tridoshahar Shukral, Pranakari, Murchha, Rakta-pitta,
snigdha Piitahar Aishwarya, Garbha- Raktadosha, Kshat,
prada, Vrishya Kshaya
Varahi kanda Guru Madhura Katu Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Shukral, Swarya, Kushtha, Meha, Krimi
(Grushti) Tikta Pittakar Varnya, Agnibala,
Rasayan
Similarities Guru Madhura - - Pittahar Shukral, Rasayan Raktadosha, Kushtha
43 Varahi kanda Guru Madhura Katu Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Shukral, Swarya, Kushtha, Meha, Krimi
(Grushti) Tikta Pittakar Varnya, Agnibala,
Rasayan
Charmakaalu Guru Madhura Katu Sheeta Kaphakar Balya, Vrishya, Rakta-pitta, Kushtha
Tikta Vatakar
Similarities Guru Madhura Katu Sheeta Kaphakar Balya, Rasayan Kushtha
Tikta
44 Bhallatak LaghuSni Kashaya Madhura Ushna Vata-Kaphahar Chhedan, Bhedan, Udara, Anaha, Arsha,
asahatva gdha Madhura Medhya, Grahani, Gulma, Jwara,
Tikshna Agnimandya, Shwitra, Vami, Shotha
Shophakar
Raktachandan Guru Tikta Katu Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Netra-hita, Vrishya Chhardi, Daha, Rakta-pitta,
Sheeta Madhura Jwara, Vrana, Visha
45 Bhallatak Laghu Kashaya Madhura Ushna Vata-Kaphahar Chhedan, Bhedan, Udara, Anaha, Arsha,
Snigdha Madhura Medhya, Grahani, Gulma, Jwara,
Tikshna Katu Agnimandya, Shwitra, Vami, Shotha
Shophakar
Chitrak Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Vata-Kaphahar Vanhi krita(Deepan), Grahani, Kushtha, Shotha,
Ruksha Pachan, Grahi Arsha, Krimi
Similarities Laghu Katu - Ushna Vata-Kaphahar Deepana, Pachan Grahani, Kushtha, Arsha,
Shotha,

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Table 5: Rasapanchakas of Abhava and Pratinidhi of Jangam Dravya & Summary of Similarities

S. N. Dravya Guna Rasa Vipaka Veerya Doshaghnata Karma Roghanata


1 Kasturi GuruKshara Katu Katu Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Shukral Visha, Chhardi, Sheeta
Tikshna, Sugandha Tikta Dourgandhya, Shosha
Kankola Laghu,Tikshna Katu Katu Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Ruchikara Mukha Dourgandhi, Hrid-
Sugandha Tikta Hridya roga, Andhya
Similarities Tikshna,Sugandha Katu, Katu Ushna Kapha-Vatahar - Dourgandhya
Tikta
2 Nakha Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Kapha-Vatahar Shukrajana Graha, Raktadosha, Jwara,
Sugandha n ,Varnya Kushtha, Vrana, Visha,
Alakshmi,
MukhaDourgandhya
Lavanga Laghu Katu Katu Sheeta Kapha-pitta har Deepana, Trishna, Chhardi, Adhman,
-Pushpa Sugandha Tikta Pachan, Shula, Kasa, Swasa, Hikka,
Ruchikar Kshaya
Similarities Laghu Katu Katu Ushna Kapha-Vatahar - -

Table 6: Rasapanchakas of Abhava and Pratinidhi Ahariya Dravya & Summary of Similarities

S. N. Dravya Guna Rasa Vipaka Veerya Doshaghnata Karma Roghanata


1 Ikshu Snigdha Madhura Madhura Sheeta Kaphakar Balya, Vrishya, Rakta-pittaghna
Guru Mutrala
Nala Guru Madhura Madhura Ushna Pittahar Mutrala Raktavikara, Hridroga,
Tikta Kaphakar Bastiroga, Yonivikara,
Kashaya Raktadoshahar Daha, Visarpa
Similarities Guru Madhura Madhura - Kaphakar Mutrala Basti-Vikara
2 Madhu Sukshma Madhura Katu Sheeta Pitta–Kaphahar Grahi,Vilekhana, Kushtha, Arsha, Kasa,
Guru Kashaya Alpa Vatala Chakshushya, Raktavikara, Meha,
VishadaY Deepan,Swarya, Klama,Krimi, Medoroga,
ogavahi Vranashodhak, Trishna, Kshata,
Ropana,Hridya, kshaya, Swasa, Hikka,
Varnya,Prasadak, Atisaar Vidgraha,Daha
Medhya, Vrishya
Jeerna-guda Laghu Madhura Madhura Ushna Vata-Pittaghna Agnivardhak, Kshaya, Klama, Trishna
Anaabhis Vrishya,Pushti,
hyandi Raktaprasadak
Pathya
Similarities - Madhura - - Pittahar Vrishya, Pushti, Kshaya, Klama
Raktaprasadak,
Deepan
3 Matsya –khanda Laghu Madhurta Madhura Sheeta Pitta-Vatahar Bhedana, Balya, Raktadosha
Vrishya, Brimhana,
Raktadoshahar
Sita-sharkara Su-sweta Su- Madhura Ati- Vata-Pittahar Ruchya, Daha, Murchha, Jwara,
Atisheeta Madhura Sheeta Raktadosha, Daha, Raktadosha
Shukral
Similarities - Madhura Madhura sheeta Vata-Pittahar Shukral, Raktadosha
Raktadoshahar
4 Sita Laghu Madhura Madhura Sheeta Vata-Pittahara Raktapittahar Raktapittahar
Sara
Khanda Guru Madhura Madhura Sheeta Kapha-Pittahar Raktavikarahar Vaman, Atisaar, Daha,
Ruksha Kashaya Chhardi, Raktadosha,
Similarities - Madhura Madhura Sheeta Pittahar Raktavikara har Raktadosha
5 Ksheera Snigdha Madhura Madhura Sheeta Kapha-Pitta har Quick Shukral, -
Guru Satmya, Jeevan,
Sarak Brimhana, Balya,
Medhya, Vajeekaran
Param,
Vayasthapan,

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Ayushya, Rasayan,
Sandhikarai
Mudga rasa Laghu- Madhura Madhura Sheeta Kapha-Pittahar Grahi, Netrya, Jwara, Netraroga
Ruksha Alpa vatal Jwarahara,
Pathyakar, Hitakar
Masurak rasa Laghu- Madhura Madhura Sheeta Kapha-Pittahar Sangrahi Raktavikara, Jwara
Ruksha Vatakar
Similarities - Madhura Madhura Sheeta Kapha-Pittahar Pathya, Hitkar -

3. Discussion

The present review finds that author has concentrated more on herbal origin drugs rather than other
types of Dravyas (Table 1). Among all categories of Pratinidhi Dravayas, 29 drugs showed similar
medicinal part used and 23 drugs with different medicinal part used (Table 1, 2, 3). In most of
examples Pratinidhi dravyas showed similarities in rasapanchak, actions and indications with
differences on one or two level of attributes (Table 4, 5, 6). Almost all the Abhava Pratinidhi dravyas
are dissimilar taxonomically as they belong to different families or species (Table 1). Interspecies and
Intraspecies substitution is suggested e.g. Pushkar mula is said to be Kushtha-bheda (variety) and
Neelutpal is one of the species of same family as that of Kumud (Table 1). In some instances as in
example of Duralabha, source wise it is entirely different plant from Yavasa but used as its substitute
due to similarities in guna (Table 1, 4). Same has been mentioned for examples of Sweta-Chandan &
Rakta-Chandan, Varahi & Charmakalu (Table 1, 4). One single substitute is suggested for 4 Abhava
Dravya e.g. Kushtha is substituted for Tagar, Poushkar, Langali and Sthouneya, which seems to
conserve four valuble plants (Table 1). The Abhava (absence) in one instance is not regarding the
non-avaliability of drug but drug intolerance and thus the given substuite is totally opposite in Gunas
e.g. Bhallatak is extremely Ushna and exhibits side effects of blisters on skin and can create
intolerance, so it is substituted with anti-dote like Rakta-Chanadan (Table 1, 4). This gives an
understanding that if any drug proven to be unsuitable should be discarded. Many expensive or rare
drugs like Kumkum, Kasturi, Chandan, Yastimadhu, Ashtavarga plants etc. are substituted with low
cost, easily available & abdundance drugs throughout the country. All the Jangam Dravayas (animal
origin) e.g. Kasturi, Nakhi are substituted with Sthavar Dravyas (Plant origin) (Table 2, 5) as there
could be limitation in availability of animal products and enables to avoid over-explotation of that
animal in a way leads to conservation of flauna. The substitute Kankol is not similar to Kasturi activity
wise but possesses similar rasa-panchak and share common therapeuctic use as Dourgandha
nashan (Table 5). Sustitutes used not only seems to be always raw but also processed e.g. Rasanjan
is an extract where the decoction of the Bark of Daru haridra is cooked with goat’s milk to form a
condensed lump. Such processed Drug is substituted with quicker version with the decoction of the
same plant (Table 1, 4).In some instances vice-versa is given e.g. Madhu is raw drug which is
substituted with Old Jaggery. Jaggery is processed juice prepared by heating & obtained from
Sugarcane (Table 3, 6). Ahariya dravyas (food substances) were substituted only with Ahariya
Dravyas and not Medicinal plants (Table 3). Shiva is a common synonym used for both Haritaki and
Amalaki which means that drugs with similar property and activity share tha same synonyms (Table 1,
4). Particular stage of medicinal part used is been mentioned to serve as substitute e.g. Fresh roots of
Usheer is substituted for Rakta-Chandan as it develops a good cooling property to be equivalent with
the original drug (Table 1, 4). The most important criteria of Pratinidhi seem to be similarity in
Indications, Pharmaco-Therapeutic uses, as given in example of Ahimsra and Mankanda (Table 1, 4).
They both are totally dissimilar on guna, rasa, veerya, ipaka level but possess similar activity of
‘Shothahar’ [8] (Table 4). As the criteria for Selection of Pratinidhi has been clearly stated there seems
to be no binding to what one has to choose as a substitute. To select a proper substitute one has to
not only seek overall Guna (Rasapanchak) similarities, but also test its therapeutic efficacy clinically.
To assess drug on physic-chemical and clinical similarities requires further research.

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4. Conclusion

Pratinidhi Dravyas are stand-by to Abhava dravyas. Ayurveda suggests use of appropriate locally
available plant which are easy to obtain and in abundance. There is always a scope to add newers
substitute for Abhav dravyas and discard the clinically unproven unsuitable drug in today’s era. India
is rich in 45000 diverse species of this only 7000-7500 plants are utilize in traditional medicine. The
rational substitution in Ayurveda is based on similarities in Guna of both the drugs and not on inferior
qualities. It should be properly validated in contemporary context using both Ayurvedic principles and
Modern Scientific tools. India is significant player in global herbal market. Substitution in a rational
way could be of help to yield quality herbal products. Pratinidhi serves to overcome problem of non-
availability of expensive, rare or difficult to obtain drugs of plants as well as animal origin and thus
solve the problem of scarcity of drugs and indirectly help in conservation and sustainability of
medicinal plants.

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