University Malaysia Terengganu

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Assignment Individual

CCS 3043 REKREASI SCUBA DAN SNORKERLING

Name : Muhamad Aqil bin Fadzil

Matric No : S47555

Semester. : 2 (2019/2020)
Introduction

Scuba diving is perhaps the best way to explore the fantastic underwater world, getting
up close with the wonders and the secrets of this marine universe, with its breathtakingly
colourful and diverse inhabitants. Floating below the azure waters, you are in an ethereal –
sometimes hostile – environment, with a limited supply of air on your back and with only your
fellow divers as your lifelines. Over the years and the decades, scuba diving has evolved into a
non-competitive but a very exciting adventure sport.

SCUBA is the short form of ‘Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus’. It was
developed in the mid-1940s by the world famous underwater explorer and conservationist,
Jacques-Yves Cousteau (with more than a little help from Émile Gagnan), for the French Navy
during the Second World War. After the war, however, diving turned into a recreational sport,
which has since been taken up by millions worldwide.
Scuba Equiment assembly and dissemble

Assembling Your Scuba Gear

Assembling your scuba gear requires special attention and care to prevent equipment
problems during the dive. As a new diver it may seem like a complicated task, but with practice
it will become as routine as any other skill.

The basic procedure for assembling your gear is:

1. Attach the cylinder to the BCD.

2. Attach the regulator to the cylinder valve.
3. Open the cylinder valve.
4. Test the scuba unit.

The sections that follow explain each step in detail.

Attaching Your Tank to the BCD

1. If the cylinder is equipped with a yoke valve, inspect the valve's o-ring for signs of wear
or cracks. Replace the o-ring if it's defective or missing.
2. Stand the cylinder in an upright position with the valve knob positioned to your right
side.
3. The tank strap will stretch when wet, so soak the strap in water to prevent it from
loosening during the dive.
4. Lower the BCD's tank strap over the cylinder, and rotate the cylinder until the valve knob
points to the BCD's right side.
5. Make sure the strap is correctly woven through the buckle, and close the buckle. Tighten
the strap if it's loose.
6. Pick up the BCD by its handle or shoulder straps and make sure the cylinder is securely
fastened and does not slip.
Attaching The Regulator

The following procedures are for attaching a yoke style regulator to a "J" or "K" cylinder valve.

1. Remove the dust cap by loosening the yoke screw.

2. Place the 1st stage over the cylinder valve. The 1st stage's filter should be positioned
against the valve's o-ring, and the 2nd stage hoses should be on the same side as the valve knob.
3. Tighten the yoke screw against the valve. The screw should only be tightened finger-
tight. Don't worry if the 1st stage rotates on the valve. It will tighten up when the air is opened.
4. Attach the low-pressure hose to the power inflator's air inlet.

Opening the Cylinder

1. Hold the submersible pressure gauge so that the face points towards the ground. An air
leak inside the gauge could cause the gauge's cover to pop off, and holding the gauge face-down
minimizes the risk of injury in the event this occurs.
2. Slowly turn the valve knob counter-clockwise to open the valve. Continue to open the
valve until it's completely open.

Testing the Scuba Unit

1. Make sure the valve knob is opened.

2. Listen carefully for air leaks near the valve or 1st stage. A hissing sound usually indicates
a worn or cracked valve o-ring, which should be replaced before diving.
3. Check the submersible pressure gauge to ensure the cylinder is full.
4. While looking at the submersible pressure gauge, breathe from your 2nd stage and
octopus. If the gauge's needle shifts, the valve is closed or there is an air restriction.
5. Check the air for oily taste or odor. If you suspect the air is contaminated, do not use the
cylinder. Return it to the shop that filled the cylinder so they can test their compressor.
6. Test the power inflator to make sure it inflates and deflates.
7. Over-inflate the BCD to ensure the over-pressure relief valves vent the excess pressure

Stowing the Scuba Unit

The scuba unit should be secured or stored to prevent damage to the gear or injury to a
diver.

Most dive boats have devices that secure the cylinder in an upright position. The boat's
divemaster will show you the proper way to use their system.

If a securing device is not available, lay the unit down with the cylinder at the bottom of the unit.
Make sure the 2nd stages are placed on top of the BCD to prevent damage from the cylinder or a
passing diver.

Special care must be taken when placing a scuba unit on a beach because sand can cause your
regulator or power inflator to malfunction. A towel or tarp underneath your equipment is very
useful for this purpose

Disassembling Your Scuba Unit

You disassemble the scuba unit in the opposite order the gear was assembled. However, a couple
steps are added to the process.

1. Turn the valve knob clockwise until it's completely closed.

2. Press the 2nd stage's purge button to release all the air pressure from the hoses.
3. Remove the low-pressure hose from the power inflator.
4. Remove the 1st stage from the cylinder valve.
5. Dry the dust cap with a towel, and tighten the dust cap in the 1st stage.
6. Remove the cylinder from the BCD
Regulator clearing and recovery and weight check

Regulator Skills

Your first experience breathing underwater will be one of the most memorable moments
of your life, and it only gets better from there. But before you take your first plunge into the
water, you need to know a few safety precautions regarding breathing compressed air
underwater.First and most important, never hold your breath while breathing from scuba
equipment. As you'll learn during the next two chapters, holding your breath underwater can
result in serious injury or death.Next, always exhale through the regulator before taking your first
breath. This clears water and sand out of the 2nd stage so that you don't accidentally inhale
it.Finally, breathe slightly slower and deeper while on scuba. This conserves air, increases your
breathing efficiency, and helps you relax.

Monitoring Your Air Supply

Monitoring your air supply is a habit you should develop during your first pool session.
At a minimum, check your air every 5 minutes. Check it more frequently when you are diving
deeper than 30 feet or when the cylinder's pressure is below 1000 psi.Your psychological
comfort in the water will have a significant impact on your air consumption. If you are anxious
or excited, you'll breathe faster and go through your air supply faster. Your air consumption rate
will improve with experience as you gain comfort and control your breathing rate.Another habit
to develop early is surfacing with at least 500 psi of pressure remaining in your cylinder. This
provides you with a reserve for use in the event of an incident during ascent or at the surface.
Keep in mind that you'll continue to consume air during ascent, so begin your ascent with 700
psi or more.

At a minimum, you should check your air supply every 5 minutes.

Clearing Your Regulator

Your 2nd stage will fill with water any time it's out of your mouth. Before you take a breath from
the flooded 2nd stage, you must clear it using one of two available methods.

The Blast Clear

To use the blast clear, all you have to do is exhale through the 2nd stage. This forces the water
out through the regulator's exhaust valve.

The Purge Clear

The purge clear is used whenever you do not have enough air left in your lungs to use the blast
clear. To use the blast clear, push your tongue against the mouthpiece and briefly press the
regulator's purge button.

Remember, you must never hold your breath when breathing underwater. Therefore, whenever
the 2nd stage is out of your mouth, you must maintain an open airway by exhaling a small stream
of bubbles.

Regulator and Snorkel Exchanges

Your instructor will have you practice switching between your snorkel and regulator at
the surface without lifting your face out of the water. When practicing this skill, remember to
clear the regulator or snorkel before taking your first breath.You should develop a habit of
switching to your snorkel as soon as you complete a water entry or surface from a dive. This
saves valuable air for the remainder of your class or dive.

The Sweep Regulator Recovery

Your regulator may be accidentally pulled out of your mouth by another diver, piece of kelp, or
your own arm. You can locate and retrieve your 2nd stage by using the sweep method. To use
the sweep method:

1. Remember to exhale a small stream of bubbles while the 2nd stage is out of your mouth.
2. Lean to your right side.
3. Place your right arm against your leg, then move it straight back towards your cylinder.
4. Bring your arm straight out, then forward. Your arm will catch the 2nd stage hose.
5. Grab the hose with your left hand, and return the 2nd stage to your mouth.
6. Clear the regulator using either the blast or purge method before taking your first breath.

The Reach Regulator Recovery

Another method for recovering the 2nd stage is the reach method. To use the reach method:

1. Remember to exhale a small stream of bubbles while the 2nd stage is out of your mouth.
2. Push the bottom of your cylinder up with your left hand.
3. With your right hand, reach over your right shoulder and locate the 1st stage.
4. Locate the 2nd stage hose with your right hand, and follow the hose to the 2nd stage.
5. Return the 2nd stage to your mouth, and clear the regulator using either the blast or purge
method before taking your first breath.
Mask Clearing and Removal

1. Flooding the Mask

The first step is to slowly introduce water into the mask. We suggest you do so by tilting
your head down slightly as you pull the lower part of the mask away from your face just a bit,
breaking the seal at the bottom and allowing water to enter. Some instructors recommend that
you gently blow air from the nose as you begin flooding the mask, to prevent water from rushing
into your nose. Whether or not you exhale through the nose while performing this skill,
remember to keep breathing normally, inhaling through the mouth as you allow water into the
mask. Never hold your breath.

2. Removing the Mask

When the mask is completely flooded, pull the mask up and over the top of the head to
completely remove the mask. Keep hold of the mask with both hands; do not let go of it.

Relax and take a few breaths in and out of the mouth before replacing the mask. While
doing so, whether you open your eyes underwater or keep them closed (if you are a contact lens
wearer, for instance) is a matter of personal preference. If you choose to open your eyes, keep in
mind that without an air space in front of your eyes, your eyes will not be able to focus to allow
you to see clearly underwater. Also, you may experience a slight tingling or stinging sensation
caused by chlorine or salt water. Once you replace the mask and clear it, you can alleviate this by
blinking several times. Your tears will act as a natural eye rinse.

3. Replacing and Clearing the Mask

Before replacing the mask, first get it positioned correctly. For instance, the nose pocket
should be at the bottom of the mask; otherwise you’ll be putting it back on upside down. Some
instructors recommend that you place your thumb inside the nose pocket to help with mask
positioning.
 Next, place the mask on your face. At this point, there are two different diver preferences.
Some like to clear the mask before replacing the mask strap, others prefer to have the mask strap
in place before clearing. Here, we will address clearing the mask before replacing the strap.

With the mask in place and sealed on your face (run a finger along the seal to make sure no hair,
mask strap or hood is preventing a good seal) it’s time to clear the mask of water.

To clear the mask, start by exhaling gently from the nose while tilting your head back.
While exhaling from the nose, keep the upper mask seal sealed to your face while allowing the
lower seal to separate from your face only slightly — just enough to allow the water inside the
mask to flow out the bottom of the mask. As you continue exhaling through your nose, the
exhaled air will displace the water, clearing the mask of water and filling it with air. You can use
one or both hands to seal the upper seal and break the lower seal. Some divers use the palm of
one hand to press in and down on the top of the mask. Other divers prefer to use two hands; use
the index fingers to press in on each side of the mask, while using both thumbs to slightly break
the bottom seal. With either technique, remember to exhale continuously through the nose while
tilting the head back. If you use both hands to break the bottom seal, be careful not to pull the
mask away from the face. We suggest you try both the one-handed and two-handed techniques to
find which one you prefer. Once the water is gone from the mask, press the mask to your face to
reset the lower seal.

4. Securing the Strap

Press the mask against the face with one hand. Using the other hand, grab the mask strap
and position it in place, feeling along the mask strap to make sure the strap and/or snorkel is not
tangled.

It’s easy to simulate the mask removal and replacement skill above water. When you feel
comfortable practicing this skill above water, try it in the shallow end of a pool. And remember,
even though the mask is not in place, your regulator will still deliver air. Just keep the regulator
in your mouth and continue to breathe normally. 
Fin pivot and hovering

What is Fin Pivot?

Fin pivot is a simple buoyancy control skill where a scuba diver lays on the bottom, and
elevates his/hers torso simply by controlling his/hers breathing. In a way, Fin Pivot is very
similar to push ups, replacing our arms with the power of our lungs.

Why Fin Pivot?

The goal of performing a proper fin pivot is to illustrate the effect our lungs’ volume has
on our buoyancy. Buy understanding how to breathe right we can later, while diving, get closer
or away from, critters and objects without needing to move our limbs. Proper breathing
technique is essential for us in order to save energy, dive longer and avoid damage to the reef,
marine life, or us and our scuba gear.

Where to practice Fin Pivot?

Regulator clearing must be conducted at any confined water, such as a swimming pool in
water shallow enough to be able to stand in, in case you don’t feel comfortable performing the
skill underwater.

How to perform a Fin Pivot?

1. Fully deflate your BCD.

2. Lay down on the bottom, facing down. Spread you legs and keep the knees straight. Some
female divers may struggle with keeping their ankles down due to excessively buoyant ankles. If
you’re one, consider the use of ankle weights, or ask for an assistant, and someone should
support your ankles during the skill.

3. Avoid using your arms. Remember, we only use our breath for elevation.

4. Inhale slowly and deeply. Full lungs are more buoyant. If weigh properly, you should elevate
your torso a bit. If you’re still not moving move to the next step:

5. Exhale fully and slowly.  With nearly empty lungs very gently add some air to the BCD. If
you inflate the BCD to much you risk in ascending to the surface.

6. Repeat steps 4-5 until you start elevating after full inhalation. On a slow deep inhalation you
ascend, while when slowly exhaling you should slowly descend and touch the bottom. That’s it.
You’re good to go.

The amount of air in your BCD is what you need for neutral buoyancy on that specific depth.
(You can add a tiny bit of air to compensate on the fin tips touching the bottom)

Hovering

Begin this scuba skill by emptying your BCD. Fold your legs under you (only if you are
comfortable doing so) then adjust for neutral buoyancy using your BCD's power inflator. When
you acheive neutral buoyancy,hover in midwater, and control your buoyancy by making little
changes in your lung volume as you breathe.
Underwater swimming and navigation.

Flutter kick

The flutter kick is perhaps the first finning style you’ll learn from your instructor during
your scuba diving lessons. Performing this kick involves moving your legs up and down in
opposing directions. Of course, flutter kicks require you to keep your legs relatively straight,
though you can bend them a little, too.
When you perform the kick properly, it’ll give you propulsion and a great forward thrust
on the downward stroke of each fin. But keep in mind that your hips and legs should align with
your torso while you’re doing flutter kicks. Also, your knees should bend slightly on the upward
stroke and straighten on the downward stroke while your fins stay pointed.

Frog kick

Frog kicks are one of the most popular scuba kicks among cave divers as these
techniques help them avoid kicking up silt or sand in confined spaces. The frog kick keeps your
body and upper legs in a straight, horizontal trim.
But unlike the flutter kick (where your knees are slightly bent), frog kicks allow you to fully
bend your knees so that your fin blades point upward on a steep diagonal. You’ll also need to
kick like how you would do a breaststroke kick, but you’ll have to twist your ankle or lower leg
at a right angle. This unique movement will help your fins achieve the correct position.

Navigation
 To begin with, confident underwater navigation techniques allow you to dive
independently with your buddy where and when appropriate. You’ll have freedom to plan the
dive around your wishes and needs. Good navigation techniques also increase your dive plan’s
effectiveness. You’ll go directly to what you wish to see without wasting no-stop time and gas
searching the site. Solid navigation techniques also help avoid the embarrassment and potential
hazards of buddy separation.

So, how can you improve your underwater navigation? Effective navigation begins before the
dive. Here are four things to bear in mind.

1. LISTEN TO THE BRIEFING

Be sure to listen to the briefing from the divemaster, instructor or guide. During those
five to 10 minutes, he or she will share all the crucial aspects of the dive with you. This will
allow you to make a plan. Take notes on a slate if you need to. Which way is the reef? Right
shoulder out, left shoulder back? Is the reef to the north, south, east or west? Where is the
boat moored? Or is it a drift with a zodiac pick up? Note depth details, landmarks, hazards or
points of interest on the route, such as a significant pinnacle, outcropping or swim-through.
And, of course, pay attention to any emergency procedures if anything goes wrong.

2. PLAN THE DIVE

With all the information you’ve gathered from the briefing, make your plan with your
buddy or dive team. This, of course, includes your designated navigator and whichever route
the team will take. But also consider your gas consumption (and your buddy’s) using the rule
of thirds, allowable no-stop time for the gas you’re using (i.e. air or nitrox) based on the
maximum planned depth, and points of interest. If, for example, you’re planning a wreck
dive, it may be impossible to see everything on one dive. Prioritize and make a conservative
route with agreed-upon turning points.

3. TAKE A BEARING

Get familiar with your compass. Always make it part of your standard set-up when
entering the water and, where appropriate, take a bearing before you descend. Alternatively,
 take a bearing before heading down the descent line. From the boat, identify the reef’s
location. That way, if you become disoriented, you will Note depth details, landmarks,
hazards or points of interest on the route, such as a significant pinnacle, outcropping or
swim-through. And, of course, pay attention to any emergency procedures if anything goes
wrong.

BCD removal and replace

Maintaining Neutral Buoyancy

You are neutrally buoyant when you neither sink to the bottom nor float to the surface. You'll
want to maintain neutral buoyancy throughout your dive so you don't stir sand off the bottom,
damage marine life, or exhaust yourself while swimming.

You can adjust and test your buoyancy using a skill called a fin pivot. To perform a fin pivot:

1. Lie face-down at the bottom.

2. Take a breath of air and add a burst of air to your BCD. Then exhale the breath.
3. Repeat this process until you rise up as you inhale, and sink as you exhale.

Your buoyancy will change as your depth changes. Add more air to your BCD as you descend,
and release air as you ascend. This will help you to maintain neutral buoyancy.

Using the BCD Oral Inflator

If your power inflator fails during a dive, you can continue the dive using the oral inflator to
adjust your buoyancy. You may also want to use the oral inflator to save air as you inflate the
BCD at the surface. To orally inflate the BCD:
1. Take a breath from your regulator, and remove it from your mouth. Remember to exhale
a small stream of bubbles any time the 2nd stage is out of your mouth.
2. Place the power inflator's mouthpiece in your mouth.
3. Press the deflate/oral inflator button, and exhale into the power inflator.
4. Replace and clear the 2nd stage, and continue the process until you are neutrally buoyant.

Removing Your BCD

You can remove your BCD at the surface or underwater to correct a minor equipment problem.
To remove your BCD:

1. Inflate the BCD if you are at the surface, or deflate the BCD if you are underwater.
2. Unfasten all clips that are secured across your waist and chest.
3. Slip your left arm out of the shoulder strap.
4. Bring the BCD around your right side until it's in front of you. Remove your right arm
from the shoulder strap.
5. Hold the BCD in front of you so it doesn't float or drift away from you. If you are at the
surface, use the inflated BCD as a flotation device.

Remember to remove your left arm first, then your right arm. This prevents the 2nd stage hose
from pulling away from your mouth as you bring the BCD forward.

Replacing Your BCD

There are several methods for donning your BCD while at the surface or underwater. Your
instructor will demonstrate these methods during your confined water sessions. The method
described below works both at the surface and underwater.

1. Place the 2nd stage in your mouth.

2. Hold the BCD in a tank-down position with the valve pointing towards you.
3. Position your arms down through the shoulder straps and place your hands on each side
of the cylinder. Make sure the 2nd stage hose is between your arms. This prevents it from being
caught underneath a shoulder strap.
4. Lift the BCD over your head and onto your back.
5. Fasten all straps and clips.

Weight belt removal

Removing Your Weight Belt

You'll need to remove your weight belt to hand it to someone on a boat, correct a gear problem,
or to establish positive buoyancy in the event of an emergency.

To remove your weight belt, undo the buckle and pull the belt out of the buckle. After removing
the belt, hold the belt by the end without the buckle. This leaves the buckle at the bottom of the
belt, which will catch any weights that slip down as you are holding it.

Replacing Your Weight Belt

You can don the weight belt at the surface or underwater using a procedure called a weight belt
roll. To perform a weight belt roll:

1. Deflate your BCD if you are underwater. Inflate it if you are at the surface.
2. If you are at the surface, place the 2nd stage in your mouth.
3. Hold the end without the buckle in your right hand, and lie on your back. Keep your body
straight and horizontal.
4. Place the belt against your right hip. Make sure the belt is positioned with the inside of
the belt is against your body.
5. While remaining horizontal, roll to your left until you face the bottom. Your body will
roll into the belt, and both ends will hang below you.
6. Continue lying on your stomach while you fasten the belt. Adjust if necessary.
Conclusion

Scuba diving is an underwater activity which can really open your eyes and minds to the
unseen part of the Earth that so many people don’t get to experience. When done right, scuba
diving can give you the same effects of what meditation or any other relaxation techniques can.

Remember, when scuba diving, make sure you always have a diving buddy with you on each
dive, to ensure the safety of you and of them. All you need to do is relax and dont panic.