ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

10(04), 490-502

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Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/14573

DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/14573

RESEARCH ARTICLE
HERBAL REMEDIAL PRACTICES FOR VIRAL DISEASES AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
TINSUKIA DISTRICT OF UPPER ASSAM (INDIA)

T.C. Dutta1, S.M. Das2, R.S. Choudhury3 and A.J Saikia4

1. Department of Botany, Digboi College, Digboi, Tinsukia, Assam,India,786171.
2. Department of Biology, Guru Teg Bahadur Academy, Tinsukia, Assam, India, 786126.
3. Veterinary Consultant, Tinsukia, Assam, India, 786125.
4. Consultant Surgeon, Tinsukia, Assam, India, 786125.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History Among infectious diseases, particularly viral infections sometimes
Received: 20 February 2022 become epidemic leading cause of death of man and animals. To
Final Accepted: 24 March 2022 prevent, cure and treatment of commonly occurring viral infections,
Published: April 2022 indigenous rural population of Tinsukia district rely on traditional
medicinal practitioners who have not only the knowledge of plants but
Key words:-
Indigenous, Viral Disease, Herbal also have the knowledge of disease diagnosis based on symptoms. They
Medicine, Traditional Use have been using phytoconstituents of the plant parts like leaves, roots,
stem, barks, fruits, flowers, seeds, and animal products as medicines
traditionally for the treatment of various viral diseases. In this study an
attempt has been made to assess the traditional practices for common
viral diseases of human and domestic animals among indigenous
communities of Tinsukia district of Upper Assam. Forty different
species of plants procured from the district identified which have been
using traditionally as herbal medicine to treat eleven viral diseases of
human and domestic animals. Further study in this field will uncover
the traditional knowledge of herbal remedies for viral infections.

Copy Right, IJAR, 2022,. All rights reserved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:-
Traditional herbal practices have been in use globally among all the ethnic communities since time immemorial.
Primitive people were initially developed these herbal remedies through trial-and-error method and the information
have been mainly passed verbally from generation to generation (Puspangadan, et al., 1984). The present world is
getting the benefit of modern health care facilities. But it is mainly confined in urban and semi- urban areas. So, the
people from rural and under developed areas still prefer traditional herbal medication as best alternative to cope with
human and animal diseases. These medicines are considered to be safe, effective and inexpensive, for which there
is a global trend for the revival of traditional herbal medicine. Screening of medicinal herbs used by different ethnic
communities has now become a potential source for isolation of bioactive compound (Buragohain, 2011). Hence,
World Health Organization (WHO) has shown great interest in documenting the use of medicinal plants from tribes
in different parts of the world (Dev, 1997). Several researches on traditional herbal medicines of different
communities have been conducted in Assam. Very few studies on plants based folk medicines such as Kalita & Deb
(2004), Buragohain (2008), Dutta, et al. (2008), Das, et al. (2009), Barpujari & Dutta (2015), Borah (2017), etc., are
from Tinsukia district. But, to the best knowledge of the authors, no significant work on traditional herbal practices
in viral diseases has been carried out in Tinsukia district till date. Human health is directly or indirectly related with

Corresponding Author:- T.C. Dutta 490

Address:- Department of Botany, Digboi College, Digboi, Tinsukia, Assam,India, 786171.
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 10(04), 490-502

the health status of domestic animals. That‟s why the main objective of the present study was to document the
traditional herbal remedies of common viral diseases among human and domestic animals in Tinsukia district.

Tinsukia district is located between 95°22' to 95°38'E longitude and 27°23' to 27°48'N latitude; elevation ranges
from 143 to 124 meter. Total geographical area of the district is about 3790 sq.km. Total population is about 13,
16,948 (Census, 2011). The district is bounded from north by Dhemaji District and Arunachal Pradesh, from south
and east by Arunachal Pradesh and west by Dibrugarh district. Tinsukia district has four revenue circles (i.e.,
Tinsukia circle, Doomdoma circle, Sadiya Circle & Margherita circle) which are divided into three subdivisions;
viz, Tinsukia, Sadiya and Margherita. The soil of the study area is mainly alluvial. The district is characterized by
humid subtropical climate with summer, winter and monsoon forming the seasonal cycle. The maximum average
temperature of about 350C and minimum of about 130C with average annual relative humidity of the district is about
75%. The vegetation of the district comprises grassland, swamp growth with an admixture of deciduous, semi
evergreen and evergreen forests. (Das, et al., 2018). The major ethnic inhabitants in the district are Moran, Motok,
Sonowal-Kasari, Ahum, Chutia, Singphoo, Deori, Mising, Tea Tribes, etc. Most of the villages inhabited by ethnic
communities are situated in the remote areas of the district.

Methodology:-
Random field trips were conducted during the period March, 2021 to February, 2022 in various parts of Tinsukia
district. The study was carried out in the areas, where the population distribution of different ethnic communities is
dense. Information was gathered from the local herbal practitioners, and the elderly men and women of the
respective communities through interview with semi structured questionnaire and discussion. With their
collaboration medicinal plants were collected and preserved in herbarium. The information was also gathered from
some village markets, where some medicinal plants were sold. Repeated cross verification of data from the
informants located in different places was made during the field works. Only the specific and reliable information
were incorporated in the present study. The collected plant species were identified with the help of standard
literatures (Kanjilal et. al. 1935 – 1940, Chopra 1958 & Hooker 1872 - 1897). Botanical names of the plants were
cross checked in International Plant Name Index (IPNI) database. A list of diseases and medicinal plant uses was
complied. The number of plants used against each disease was estimated.

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Result and Discussion:-

In this study 39 plant species belonging to 28 families are recorded which have been used in the treatment of 10
commonly occurring viral diseases in Tinsukia district (Table- 1). Out of 39 plant species 25 species are
dicotyledons and 14 species are monocotyledons. Herb is the dominant category of the medicinal plants revealed
during our study. The most cited families are Euphorbeaceae, Zingiberaceae and Liliaceae. In maximum medicines
aerial parts of the plant body like leaf, bark, twig, flower, fruits, seeds, etc. are used; but in some cases whole plant is
used. Underground plant parts such as bulb, rhizomes, roots, etc. are also used in some preparations. Leaf is the most
widely used plant part (Fig. 2). Most common mood of administration the medicine is „oral application‟. From the
data presented in Table-1, we observe that remedies can be divided into three classes: those that use a single plant,
two plants and three plants. There are 26 medicines prepared from single plant species; 12 medicines are prepared
by combining two plants and 3 medicines are prepared by combining three plants. The remedies, which involve the
use of single plant, could be of special interest for the development of effective drugs.

Whole plant
7%

Flower
7%
Root
7%

Stem
Leaf
29%
43%

Bark
7%

Fig. 2:- Plant's Parts used in preparation of medicines

In addition to pure herbal preparations, in some cases, the drugs are administered with the animal products such as
honey, cow milk, curd, etc. Sugar, jaggery, sugar candy, palm candy, etc. are also used in some preparations. Most
probably, these supplement ingredients may enhance the effectiveness of the herbal preparations or it makes the
preparation palatable to the patient. But, the exact role of these materials in curing the diseases is not clearly
understood. It is also found that bird‟s feathers (particularly duck‟s feather) are used in some medicines for their
topical application. Probably, feather is helping in smooth and uniform spreading of the medicines over the infected
portion of the patient body. The herbal practitioners usually collect the medicinal plants from wild when there is a
need. A very few are preserved in their homestead gardens. They normally prefer to keep those plants in their
natural habitat. Some of the medicinal plant species were observed to sell in village markets, which were also
collected from wild. Total number of medicinal plants identified against the viral diseases is expressed graphically in
Fig. 3.

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16
Number of plants identified
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Diseases →

Fig.3: Total number of medicinal plants identified against viral diseases .

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Table 1:- Herbal remedial practices for viral diseases among indigenous people of Tinsukia district of upper Assam
Sl. Diseases Local Scientific Name of Vernacular Part Preparation & Administration
No. Name Plants with Family Name Use For For Cure
Prevention
1(a) Chicken pox Haru Ai Azadirachta indica Maha Neem Leaves Leaves are i. One fresh
A. Juss. kept under the leaf is
(Meliaceae) mattress of soaked in
bed. half glass of
water for
whole night;
that water is
administered
orally twice
a day until
cure.
ii. Decoction
of leaves
mixed with
normal
clean water
and take
bath.
iii. Fresh leaves
are used to
rub on
itching.
1(b) Chicken pox Haru Ai Dillenia indica L. Owtenga Sepals Sepals are
( Dilleniaceae) kept
under the
mattress of
bed.
1(c) Chicken pox Haru Ai Moringa oleifera Sajina Young Young leaves
Lam. leaves are used as
(Moringaceae) vegetable
during spring
season.
1(d) Chicken Pox Haru Ai Trigonella Methi Seeds Two
foenum – graecum Guti teaspoons of
L. clean dry
(Papilionaceae) seeds soaked
in a glass of
water for
whole night
and the water
is
administered
orally early in
the morning
at empty
stomach (It
helps to
express the
pox symptoms
distinctly).

1(e) Chicken pox Haru Ai Ocimum sanctum L. Tulsi Leaf Leaf extract is
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(Lamiaceae) applied over the

skin to remove
the spots.
1(f) Chicken pox Haru Ai i. Cinnamomum i. Karpur Leaves A paste of
camphora & powdered
(L.) J.Presl. Barks camphor (little
(Lauraceae) amount) and
ii. Narikol Seed coconut oil is
ii. Cocos nucifera applied
L. externally with
(Arecaceae) the help birds
feather over the
infected regions.
1(g) Chicken pox Haru Ai i. Phyllanthus i. Amlakhi Fruit Two teaspoons
emblica L. of P. emblica
(Euphorbeaceae) fruit juice
ii. Halodhi Rhizome mixed with
ii. Curcuma longa L. equal amount
(Zingiberaceae) of C. longa
rhizome extract
and
administered
orally once
daily for 5 to 7
days.
1(h) Chicken pox Haru Ai Nyctanthes Sewali Phool Flower One tea spoon
arbortristis L. dry flower
(Oleaceae) powder mixed
with equal
amount of
honey and
administered
orally once
daily for 7
days.
2(a) Common Pani- i. Allium sativum i. Naharu Bulb Three clove of
Cold loga L. A. sativum are
Jar (Liliaceae) fried in little
amount
ii. Hariyah Seed mustered (B.
ii. Brassica campestris) oil
campestris L. and the warm
(Fabaceae) mixture is
used to
massage the
body. The
mixture is also
applied as
drops in the
nostrils to
clear nasal
congestion.
2(b) Common Pani- Nyctanthes Sewali Phool Leaf Two
Cold loga arbortristis L. teaspoons of
Jar (Oleaceae) leaf extract
mixed with

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one teaspoon
of honey and
administered
orally twice
daily for 3 to 5
days.
3(a) Conjunctivitis Chaku Ricinus communis Era Goss Leaf Juice is
utha L. squished out
(Euphorbeaceae) from young
leaves after
heating and
applied 2
drops on the
infected eye
twice in a day
until cure.

3(b) Conjunctivitis Chakuutha Heliotropium Hatihuria Leaf One drop of

indicum L. young leaf
(Boraginaceae) extract is
applied in the
infected eye
once in a day
until cure.
4(a) Hepatitis Kamala Asparagus racemosus Satamul Root Extracted
Rug Willd. juice of three
(Liliaceae) roots is mixed
with a cup of
cow milk;
administered
orally in the
morning at
empty
stomach for 5
to7 days.
4(b) Hepatitis Kamala Saccharum Pura Kunhiar Stem About 1 feet
Rug officinarum L. long stem is
(Poaceae) roosted at
night and the
extracted juice
of roosted
stem is
administered
orally early in
the morning at
empty
stomach. The
process is
continued for
7 days.
4(c) Hepatitis Kamala Averrhoa caramboa Kardoi Fruit Ripen fruit
Rug L. allow to eat
(Oxalidaceae) thrice in a day
until cure.
4(d) Hepatitis Kamala Alpinia allughas Tara Gos Rhizom Rhizome
Rug Rose. extract of about

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(Zingiberaceae) three teaspoon

is administered
orally early in
the morning at
empty stomach
for 3 days.
4(e) Hepatitis Kamala i. Hydrocotyle i. Haru Whole ½ cup of
Rug sibthorpioides Manimuni plant extract of both
Lam. the plants is
(Apiaceae) mixed with
ii. Bar Manimuni Whole little amount of
ii. Centella asiatica plant sugar candy
(L.)Urb and administer
(Apiaceae) orally at empty
stomach early
in the morning;
alternately for
three days.
4(f) Hepatitis Kamala Phyllanthus niruri Bhui Twig Three
Rug L. Amlokhi teaspoons twig
(Euphorbeaceae) extract mixed
with curd (of
cow milk) and
administered
orally in empty
stomach, early
in the morning
for 7 days.
4(g) Hepatitis Kamala Costus speciosus Jam Lakhuti Stem ½ cup of stem
Rug (J.Koenig) Sm. extract is mixed
(Costaceae) with one
marble size
piece of palm
candy and
administered
orally early in
the morning at
empty stomach
for 5 days.
4(h) Hepatitis Kamala Justicia adhatoda Boga Bahek Leaf Two teaspoons
Rug L. of leaf extract
(Acanthaceae) mixed with ½
teaspoon sugar
and
administered
orally twice
daily for 3
days.
4(i) Hepatitis Kamala Ananas comosus Anarash Fruit Ripen fruit is
Rug (L.)Merr. eaten with
(Bromaliaceae) sugar candy
until cure.
4(j) Hepatitis Kamala Carica papaya L. Amita Fruit Young fruit is
Rug (Caricaceae) boiled and
eaten with little
table salt.

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4(k) Hepatitis Kamala Erythrina stricta Madar Bark A piece of palm

Rug Roxb. sized bark half
(Papilionaceae) ground ; then
soaked it in a
glass of water
for whole night.
The water is
administered
orally in the
morning at
empty stomach
for 3 days.
5(a) Influenza i. Piper betle L. i. Pan Leaf Two
(Piperaceae) teaspoons of
leaf extract of
P. betle and
ii. Zingiber ii. Ada Rhizome two teaspoons
officinale Rosc. of rhizome
(Zingiberaceae) extract of Z
.officinale
mixed with
equal amount
of honey and
administered
orally twice
daily for 5
days.
5(b) Influenza i. Allium sativum L. i. Naharu Bulb Three clove of
(Liliaceae) A. sativum are
fried in little
amount
ii. Brassica ii. Hariyah Seed mustered (B.
campestris L. campestris) oil
(Fabaceae) and the warm
mixture is
used to
massage the
body. The
mixture is also
applied as
drops in the
nostrils to
clear nasal
congestion.
6(a) Measles Maju Azadirachta indica Maha Neem Leaf Fresh leaves i. Decoction
Ai A. Juss. are kept of leaves
(Meliaceae) under the mixed with
mattress of normal clean
the bed. warm water
and take
bath.
ii. Fresh
leaves are
used to rub
on itching.
iii. Roosted

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leaves are
allowed to
eat.
6(b) Measles Maju Dillenia indica L. Owtenga Sepals Dry sepals
Ai (Dilleniaceae) are kept
under the
mattress of
bed.
6(c) Measles Maju Moringa oleifera Sajina Young Young
Ai Lam. leaves leaves are
(Moringaceae) used as
vegetable
during
spring
season.
6(d) Measles Maju Areca catechu L. Tamul Fruit Little amount
Ai (Arecaceae) of dry fruit
powder
thoroughly
mixed with
half glass of
water &
filtered with a
clean cloth.
Filtrate is
administered
orally, 5 times
daily for three
days to get
express the
pimples
quickly and
get relief from
the pain.
6(e) Measles Maju i. Mormordica i. Tita Kerela Leaf One tea spoon
Ai charantia L. of M.
(Cucurbitaceae) charantia leaf
ii. Halodhi juice warmed
Rhizome and mixed
ii. Curcuma longa L. with pinch of
(Zingiberaceae) C. longa
powder and
administered
orally 2 to 3
times daily to
get express the
pimples and
remove the
spots on the
skin.
6(f) Measles Maju i. Azadirachta i. Maha Neem Leaf Fresh leaves of
Ai indica A. indica and
A. Juss. rhizome of C.
(Meliaceae) ii. Halodhi longa are
Rhizome ground to
i. Curcuma longa L. make paste

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(Zingiberaceae) and apply

externally over
the pimples.
6(g) Measles Maju i. Solanum i. Hati Root Three seeds
Ai torvum Schltdl. Vekuri of P. nigrum
(Solanaceae) are ground
to fine
ii. Jaluk Seed powder and
ii. Piper nigrum L. mixed with
(Piperaceae) two tea
spoon
root juice of
S. torvum;
administered
orally once
daily.
6(h) Measles Maju Terminalia chebula Shilikha seed Two tea spoon
Ai Retz. fruit juice
(Combretaceae) administered
orally once
daily
6(i) Measles Maju i. Cinnamomum i. Karpur Leaf & Little amount
Ai camphora Bark of camphor is
(L.) J.Presl. mixed with
(Lauraceae) about 30 ml C.
ii. Narikol Seed nucifera oil and
ii.Cocos nuciferaL. applied
(Arecaceae) externally over
the infected
regions with
bird‟s feather.
6(j) Measles Maju i. Tamarindus indic iii. Teteli Leaf One teaspoon
Ai L. leaf juice if T.
(Caesalpiniaceae) indica and
iv. Halodhi Rhizome one teaspoon
ii. Curcuma longa L. of C. longa
(Zingiberaceae) rhizome juice
mixed with
half cup of
lukewarm
water;
administered
orally once
daily for three
days.
7(a) Mumps Pitha Oryza sativa L. Dhan Grain Rice flour
Khowa (Poaceae) pastes is
prepared by
mixing with
water; then
heated and
apply the
warm paste
externally
twice daily
over the

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infected
region for 3 to
5 days.
7(b) Mumps Pitha Azadirachta Maha Neem Leaf Roosted
Khowa indicaA. Juss. leaves are
(Meliaceae) allowed to eat.

7(c) Mumps Pitha i. Musa acuminata i. Cheni Kol Fruit On the fifth
Khowa Colla day, patient is
(Musaceae) ii. Dhan Grain allowed to eat
ii. Oryza sativa L. a meal
(Poaceae) containing
ripen banana
of M.
acuminata,
rice flour,
fresh cow
milk and
sugar.

[A] Viral diseases in Human

[B]Viral diseases in Animals

Conclusion:-
The paper is the outcome of a field work conducted in various places of Tinsukia district and reflects the folk
medicine used by the rural ethnic communities for the treatment of various viral diseases. Needless to say that the
information provided in the paper is limited and there is always a scope to initiate more information through
intensive study. The information documented in the present study can be extended for future scientific investigation
to discover and formulate more safer and effective drugs against viral diseases of human and domestic animals.

Sl. Diseases Local Scientific Name of Vernacular Part Preparation & Administration
No. Name Plants with Family Name Use
1 New Ranikhet i. Azadirachta i. Maha Leaf Leaves of A. indica, shoots of P.
Castle indica Neem niruriand bulb of A. cepa are ground
Disease A. Juss. together to make a paste; Then the paste
(Meliaceae) ii. Bhui Shoot is mixed with little amount of jaggery
ii. Phyllanthus and administered orally, 1/3 teaspoon,
niruri L. Amlokhi Bulb 3 times daily per bird until cure.
(Euphorbeaceae) iii. Pinaj
iii. Alliam cepaL.
(Liliaceae)
2 Foot Chabaka i. Prunus persica i. Ahom Leaf Two bulbs of A. sativum are ground and
and (L.) Batsch Bagori mixed with about 1 liter water. The
Mouth (Rosaceae) ulcers of foot washed with that water
Disease ii. Curcuma longa ii. Halodh Rhizome and paste of P. persica leaves is applied
L. i twice daily for 12- 15 days in the
(Zingiberaceae) Bulb ulcerated areas. Honey is applied in the
iii. Alliam iii. Naharu mouth 3 times daily until cure and the
sativumL. paste of C. longa is also administered in
(Liliaceae) the ulcerated areas.
3 Orf i. Azadirachta i. Maha Leaf Three leaves of A. indica and a piece of
disease indica Neem C. longa rhizome are ground together;
in Goats A. Juss. then one teaspoon juice of C.
(Meliaceae) ii. Halodh Rhizome aurantiifolia and a pinch of table salt is
ii. Curcuma longa L. i added and mixed thoroughly. The paste
(Zingiberaceae) Fruit is applied over the wound in lips, gums
iii. Citrus iii. Gul 501
and ears twice daily after cleaning with
aurantiifolia Nemu warm water thoroughly.
(Christen)Swing
(Rutaceae)
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