10 Science Quarter 3 - Module 1 Hormones in Human Reproduction Cia C. Cruz DefED Derarrseer For EDUCATIONIntroduction Why are humans called organisms? Because it’s the organization and integrated activity of all organs in our bodies that make us alive. Continuity of life is assured by human reproduction. The body of an individual of reproductive age undergoes physical changes, manifested through the hormones of the body. You have read that the body has organizational levels, starting from cells to tissues, then organs and organ systems. This is also true with the reproductive system. The Author dillTable of Contents Introduction ...... Objectives eayeesueaysaegiganeasesareennonsrenseenias Pre-test seed Our Lessons o.......sseesee 4 Human Sexual Reproduction ..............0...-. Reproduction Mechanism in Males..... External Genitals... Internal Sex Organs...... The Roles of Hormones in the Male Reproductive System... Reproduction Mechanism in Females... External Genitals... Internal Sex Organs... The Roles of Hormones Involved in the Female Reproductive System Feedback Mechanism... Fertilization Exercises ..........., Performance Task: Artificial Reproduction ...cssscssssoves Post-test ... Summary ., References... ivMELC: Explain the role of hormones involved in the female and male reproductive systems, (S10LT-IlIb-34] OBJECTIVES After going through the module, you are expected to: + Describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. + Explain the roles of hormones involved in the male and female reproductive systems. PRE-TEST L Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1, When does menstruation in girls occur? a. puberty c. puberty to menopause b. adolescence d, menopause 2. Hormones secreted by endocrine glands are _____. a. passed through ducts b. cireulated in the blood c. produced in large amounts d. cause damage to the body 3, Ina male, the primary reproductive organ/s is/are the a, penis c, testes b, epididymis d. scrotum* 10. During fertilization, how many sperm cells are needed to unite with the ovum? a. only one ¢, lower than 400 million b, an excess of 400 million d, maybe two The membrane that partially blocks the vaginal opening is called the a, labia c. hymen b. glans clitoris d. vulva . Which hormone is produced by the corpus luteum? a. estrogen c. follicle sthnalating hormone b. progesterone d. both estrogen and progesterone . From which part of the male reproductive system does urine and sperm exit from? a. vas deferens . urethra b, epididymis d. testes Why are sperm cells housed in the scrotum? Because ___. a, they require a temperature lower than the body temperature b. they are produced in the testes, requiring a cooler temperature c, there are millions of them d, they are expelled during ejaculation . Where is an egg cell produced? a. ovary c. uterine lining b. fallopian tube d. oviduct What do you call the sac surrounding the testicles? a. semen c. testes b. scrotum d. penisIL Define the functions of the following male and female reproductive organs, ll. 12 13, 14. 15. Vas deferens Fallopian tubes Prostate Cervix ‘Ovary How should you use this module? If you got: RECOMMENDATION Study the module carefully. If you need help understanding the ideas presented here, don't hesitate to ask or do extra research. You know quite a bit but you will benefit from using this module to ensure that you master the lessons presented here. Well done! You demonstrated great understanding of the topics but you will still benefit from familiarizing yourself more with the contents ahead.OUR LESSONS HUMAN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ‘The male and female reproductive systems are regulated by hormones and hormonal interaction. In order to repraduce, hormonal changes happen in the body. These hormones pass through the endocrine glands, into blood circulation, and target the organ(s) involved in the reproductive system. Leonardo da Vinci did many drawings and studies of the human body in the 1400s, such as this one called the ‘Vitravian Man’,REPRODUCTION MECHANISM IN MALES External Genitals Urinary bladder Vas deferens — In human males, the reproductive system is mostly outside. The parts outside include the penis, scrotum, and testicles, The penis is the male organ used for sexual reproduction and urination. It reaches its full size during puberty. Its root is attached to the wall of the abdomen, while its tube-shaped body or shaft are comprised of erectile tissues. The erectile tissues fill with blood during sexual arousal. This causes the penis to become erect and rigid, and prepared for coitus. The penis is made up of several parts. The glans penis, which in uncircumcised males is partially covered by the foreskin or prepuce, is at the head of the penis. The urethra is the tip of the glans penis. When the penis is erect, urine will not be able to come out of the urethra as only semen will be ejaculated from the body.‘The seratum is located behind the penis. It is loose and pouoh:sikee; and it holds the testicles/testes inside it. The scrotum is located outside the body in order to provide a cooler temperature for the testes, which has seminiferous tubules inside it and produce sperm. Along the Back of each testes is the epididymis, where the sperm cells mature, are carried, and stored. During sexual arousal, the sperm pass into the vas deferens to the urethra. The testes is also where testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, is produced. vas deferens fete testis, epididymis tunica albuginea seminiferous tubule tunica vaginalis lobule Sine Parts of a testis Activity Check: Write the correct sequence for the path of sperm using the words below as @ reference and write your answers on a Separate sheet of paper, Vas deferens Seminiferous tubules Urethra Epididymis PenisInternal Sex Organs Vas deferens s. Colon Penis Urethra Epididymis The vas deferens, as mentioned earlier, transports mature sperm to the urethra, It is a part of the internal organs in the reproductive system. Attached to the vas deferens are the seminal vesicles, smal! pouches that make seminal fluid, which nourishes and helps sperm travel. Additional fluid from the prostate gland, which is located under the urinary bladder, is added to the sperm cells and seminal fluid combination, known as semen. Semen is ejaculated from the penis at the time of the male orgasm. The bulbourethral glands, located on each side of the urethra and just below the prostate gland, produce clear fluid that helps lubricate and neutralizes the acidity of urine that are left in the urethra. How much sperm is in 3.5 ml of semen expelled during ejaculation? Is around 400 million. But the sperm count may vary in different circumstances, When a sperm cell then encounters an egg cell through coitus, fertilization can happen.THE ROLES OF HORMONES IN THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Hormones in both males and females are controlled by feedback mechanisms. Feedback mechanisms or feedback loops enable the body to maintain homeostasis or a normal, steady State. These bring the body toward or away from homeostasis. In males, a negative feedback system (which causes a decrease in function) controls sperm production. This means that negative feedback inhibits the release of GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone, FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone}, and LH (luteinizing hormone). Why do these hormones need to be controlled or decreased? When males enter puberty, the hypothalamus in the brain starts secreting GnRH, which makes the pituitary gland (also in the brain) start releasing FSH and LH for the first time. FSH goes to the testes to stimulate Sertoli cells, special cells that nourish the sperm cells that the testes produce. Thus spermatogenesis is started. LH also goes to the testes to stimulate another group of cells called Leydig cells, in order to make and release testosterone into the testes and the bloodstream. Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone. It helps in sperm production, and is also responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics: development of a more angular facial structure, growth of facial and body hair, a deepening of the voice, and an increase in bone mass, fat distribution, and muscle size and strength. The negative feedback mechanism is in Place to ensure that there is no excess in hormones, The Sertoli cells produce a hormone called inhibin, which inhibits the release of GnRH and FSH (thus controlling spermatogenesis). Inhibin is released into the blood when the sperm count is too high. If sperm cell numbers are not enough, inhibin is not released.REPRODUCTION MECHANISM IN FEMALES External Genitals ‘The external genital organs of the female are known collectively as the vulva. The vulva includes two skin folds covered in hair called the labia majora, The labia majora extend backward to the mons pubis, a fatty prominence underlying the pubic hair. The labia minora are two small folds lying just inside the labia majora. They extend forward from the vaginal opening to encircle and form a foreskin for the glans clitoris. The glans clitoris is the most sensitive part of the female genitalia, and like the penis, contains a shaft of erectile tissue that becomes engorged with blood during sexual stimulation. mons pubis glans labia majora labia minora At birth, the opening of the vagina is partially blocked by a membrane called the hymen. It is a thin piece of tissue, a part of the vulva, and can be disrupted by physical activities and coitus. Females have two orifices, the urethra and the vagina. The urethra, located above the vagina, is connected to the urinary bladder and is responsible for the removal of urine from the body. The vagina on the other hand, allows for menstrual flow, reproduction, and birth. The vagina receives the penis during coitus between a man and a woman. The clitoris, vagina, and other external genital parts actively participate in the sexual response of the female as these areas contain many nerves and are very sensitive. During coitus, the Bartholin glands, which are two small alveolar glands on the left and right of the opening of the vagina secrete liquid for lubrication. The moisture thus makes it easier for the penis to enter during sexual intercourseInternal Sex Organs Endometrium The ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs and contain egg cells. The ovaries are important as they contain and protect the egg cells. A mature ovum or egg cell is alternately released by each ovary each month for possible fertilization by a sperm cell. The ovaries also secrete the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Both hormones help regulate the menstrual cycle, and are important during pregnancy. Attached to the ovaries are fallopian tubes, also known as oviducts. These tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus. Earlier we talked about the ovaries releasing one mature egg cell — these are released into the fallopian tubes so that they can travel to the uterus. After the reproductive act, sperm can reach the mature egg cell in the fallopian tubes to unite and become a zygote that will reside in the uterus. ‘The two fallopian tubes are connected on the upper left and right of the uterus, which is a hollow, pear-shaped organ. In case fertilization happens, the zygote (or the fertilized ovum) will divide rapidly and become an embryo after. The embryo then goes and implants itself on the lining of the uterus (where it will develop into a fetus later on). This lining is called the endometrium, It thickens in preparation for the Possibility of a fertilized ovum. If fertilization does not take place, the endometrium is shed and becomes part of the menstrual period blood every month. Incase pregnancy occurs, the uterus stretches in size to accommodate the growing fetus. 10The uterus narrows down into a section called the cervix, The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina contract and the cervix will dilate vagina. During childbirth, the uterus will in order for the baby (o exit through the The vagina is the canal leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus. It connects the uterus to the outside world, allowing for menstruation, reproduction, and childbirth, THE ROLES OF HORMONES INVOLVED IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Female Growth spurt Breast development Changes in body composition Growth of pubic hair on menarche Increase in fat mass wes found un the ovanss, During childhood follicles, or small fuid-filled begin to develop. When a girl reaches the age of puberty, her pituitary gland sceretes hormones. Her ovaries b egin to produce the female sex hormone ~ estrogen ~ which causes the uterine lining to grow, her body to undergo physioal changes, controls the menstrual cycle, and helps during pregnaney: 11Enough estrogen in the blood induces one follicle to absorb liquid rapidly, expand, rupture, and release an ovum (mature egg cell). This process ts called ovulation, After ovulation, the follicle shrinks and the layers that surr ound the ovum now form the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum produces the other female sex hormone - progesterone, which together with estrogen calises the uterine lining to become a soft, blood-rich bed to receive a fertilized ovum. FEEDBACK MECHANISM GnRH from the hypothalamus causes the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH. Follicles in the ovaries also release estrogen and progesterone. FSH stimulates egg cell production, When egg cell preduction needs to be controlled, the follicles produce inhibin to inhibit FSH. LH on the other hand helps in egg cell development, ovulation, and stimulates estradiol and progesterone production in the ovaries. Estradiol is one form of estrogen, Estrogen, as discussed above, helps in endometrium or uterine lining growth, the menstrual cycle, and pregnancy. It is also responsible for female secondary sex characteristics like breast development, changes in body composition and fat mass, and growth of pubic hair. Progesterone maintains the endometrium, and also inhibits FSH and LH to be released These hormones need to be carefully controlled by feedback mechanisms. During the ovarian cycle, or the preparation of the release of egg cells, FSH and LH levels rise in order to grow follicles for egg ovulation, or having an egg cell be released from the ovary into the fallopian tube, As follicles prow, estrogen and progesterone are released, Around the middle of the cycle, a high level of estrogen causes FSH and LH to quickly rise, and then abruptly fall, This spike causes ovulation. If egg cell fertilization does not occur, estrogen and progesterone levels will decrease, and the whole process will start again with the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH fer another cycle, 12Fertilization The first sperm cell to reach the ovum's cell membrane goes inside, At the Same time, a change in the cell membrane occurs so that the next sperm cannot enter. Only one sperm is needed to unite with the ovum. But in special cases like multiple births, multiple sperm can fertilize egg cells. In the case of twins for example, two egg cells were fertilized by two sperm cells independently, causing fraternal twins. Or a single sperm that fertilized a single egg cell could have split at a later stage, causing identical twins, ovum ‘The first sperm cell and the ovum unite, with the other sperm cells unable to enter anymore. In the male reproductive system, billions of sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules, coiled tubes that constitute a large part of the testes and considered the site of spermatogenesis (the process of production. and development of sperm cells). 13ituitary gland secretes Sperm cells multiply at the onset of puberty: ate pi ea hae the blood growth hormones and sex gland athinlating * soe teabbaté eine stream. These then activate the testicles to produ testicular duct Down in the reproductive system, the sperm ‘at i system and flow to the epididymis for storage and mi Sperm Cell Anatomy Neck Middle piece Plasma membrane Tail Mitochondrion (spiral shape) Nucleus Acrosome Each sperm cell is divided into three parts: a head, middle, and tail. The head of human sperm cells are flat and pointed, and covered by a cap called an acrosome. The acrosome contains enzymes that help the sperm enter an egg cell, The head of a sperm cell also contains a nucleus that has genetic material called chromosomes. Chromosomes carry the genetic information or specific characteristics of an individual like hair or eye color, Humans have 46 chromosomes. Sperm only have 23 chromosomes, or half the usual number. It is only when a sperm and ovum (which also has 23 chromosomes) unite that the 46 chromosomes are complete and define the offspring’s characteristics and sex, The middle part of the sperm cell is small and contains mitochondria, producing energy needed by the sperm for movement, 14The tail (or flagellum) is responsible for movement and enables the sperm to travel in search of an egg cell, After sperm are deposited in the female reproductive tract, tail movement is limited until the sperm are relatively near the egg so as not to deplete the energy supply of the sperm. Once a sperm cell reaches the egg, the acrosomal enzymes enable the sperm to push through the egg cell’s thick covering. The sperm then fuses with the egg. Sperm are extremely resilient and can swim lang distances. They need to travel around 15 to 18 cm from the cervix to reach the fallopian tubes. The sperm cells that do not merge with the egg cell die. Sperm cells can survive inside a woman’s reproductive system for up to five days. One ovum in different stages of development in the fallopian tube. Inside the ovary, follicles develop and a corpus Inside the uterus, a tiny luteum secretes “human” is embedded in the progesterone. uterine lining for shelter and nourishment. Ifo sperm fertilizes the ovum, the ovum shrinks and is swept away out of the body in a cycle called menstruation. 15‘The tail (or flagellum) is responsible for movement and enables the sperm to travel in search of an egg cell. After sperm are deposited in the female reproductive tract, tail movement is limited until the sperm are relatively hear the egg so as not to deplete the energy supply of the sperm. Once @ sperm cell reaches the egg, the acrosomal enzymes enable the sperm to push through the egg cell's thick covering. The sperm then fuses with the egg. ‘Sperm are extremely resilient and can swim long distances. They need to travel around 15 to 18 cm irom the cervix to reach the fallopian tubes. The sperm cells that do not merge with the egg cell die. Sperm cells can survive inside a woman's reproductive system for up to five days. One ovum in different stages of development in the fallopian tube. Inside the ovary, follicles develop and a corpus Inside the uterus, 4 tiny luteum secretes “puman* is embedded in the progesterone. uterine lining for shelter and nourishment. fathinan the nonm the ovum shrinks and is awent away cut of EXERCISES Answer the following questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Having now learned about the male and reproductive systems, compare and contrast the two. In what ways are they similar? Different? 2. How do the male and female reproductive systems work with each other for human reproduction? 3. Differentiate the egg cell from the sperm cell by researching further. Complete the chart below. Use a separate sheet of paper,» Males have ‘testostero) ne while females have estrogen and progesterone. Compare the functioy ns of the three hormones. » Describe/draw the male body, Include cells need to pass journey that the sperm cells go through to exit the the parts of the male Teproductive system that sperm through, Use a Separate sheet of paper, . Describe /draw the jourmey that the mature egg cell goes through while waiting for fertilization, Include the parts of the female reproductive system that it passes through, Use a separate sheet of paper. - How are the structures of the following organs important to the jobs they do? a. Penis b. Testes ¢. Scrotum d. Ovaries e . Fallopian tubes f. Uterus g. Vagina 17Performance Task: Artificial Reproduction Living things need to reproduce in order to propagate the species and survive. Males and females are set up in such a way that reproduction is possible, but sometimes humans do not have the ability to reproduce. Science has advanced technologies tremendously for the past few decades that artificial reproduction is now an option. For this performance task, research and define the 4 Artificial Reproductive Technologies. After gathering information, reflect on the following questions. Write your answers based on your research on a separate sheet of paper. a, What are the ethical implications of these technologies? b. Should humans be allowed the ability to artificially reproduce? What is your opinion on this and why? ¢. Should these technologies not exist, what would be the impact on others should one person not be able to reproduce? 18Rubrio Foours Content and for Performance Task elew, and how stron StI ppor details and evidence present. A Meaningful clear explaining were the ethical | presented. implications and opinions of the student were uned, The Shows logical progression | progression of Ideas and with some Organization] thoughts is | consistency strong and | on thoughts, consistent aL L 19 3 Content is Content in | Content ia complete, clear and | included bu foctised, vonsistent, | inconsistent. and specific | Supporting ‘upporting | details and) | evidence a evidence are | present bul conchisions | conehision/s details and Reneratized, vague, There is an attempt ata progression and consistency, but overall is al little unclear, Conclusion is Lacks clarity ft) and focus, Missing or Inadequate supporting details and evidence, No conclusion, Lacks consistency, progression and order,ee Excellently [Identified and | Sources used | Weak or no identified and| used reliable |are somewhat attempt to used reliable | andvalid | reliable and | use valid and valid sources to valid. sources. Sources sources to | strengthen strengthen research position in the} paper. research, Lo Reflections | Reflections | Reflections Reflections and answers | and answers and answers | and answers to the were clearly | area little were Reflection/ questions stated and unclear, lacks} insufficient, Answers were clearly | adequate but | focus, only lacks clarity stated, could have | somewhat | and focus, appropriately | Used more thorough and| and has no focused, + focus. has little relevance. thorough and relevance. relevant.POST-TEST Complete the following statements by writing the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper, . Reproducti ion is possible among girls who have attained their a. menstrual cycle . ovulation cycle b. physical changes in the body d. hormonal feedback mechanism . An ovum is discharged alternately between the two ovaries. a. Yes, the ovaries take turns in releasing the egg cell. b. No, this is not stated or explained, c. Yes but only sometimes, d. No, no one can tell if the ovum is discharged by the right or left ovary of the girl, In men, the seminal fluid added to the sperm to form semen is secreted by the __ a. testes c. prostate gland b. vas deferens d, epididymis . The glans penis of men gets engorged with blood and expands upwards due to a. blood vessels with connective tissue b. erectile tissue c. foreskin or prepuce d. urethra . The external genital organ of the female is known as the i labia minora, a. vagina cr b. labia majora ihe During coitus, the Bartholin glands along the vagina release liquid for f inserted penis ¢, stimulation of clitoris b. Pieri d, hormonal control7. The reproductive system of male and female human beings are controlled by hormones produced in the: a, pituitary gland, c, adrenal gland. b. mammary gland. d. prostate gland, 8, The convoluted tubules in the germinal epithelium are found in the a. vaginal canal ¢, prepuce b, testicles d. epididymis 9. Which part in the male reproductive system is the equivalent of the Bartholin glands in the female reproductive system? a, Cowper's gland c. bulbourethral glands b. pituitary gland a. seminal glands 10. The two male reproductive organs that produce fluid that help sperm be nourished and travel are the: @ scrotum and penis c. urethra and testes b. testes and epididymis d. prostate gland and seminal vesicles SUMMARY ¥ The male and female reproductive systems are controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and reproductive organs. Gonadotropin releasing hormone comes from the hypothalamus; FSH and LH from the pituitary gland; the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone; and the testes produce testosterone. In females, FSH and LH cause the production of estrogen and progesterone, These hormones are present to help with egg cell production, fertilization, pregnancy, childbirth, and puberty, In males, FSH and LH help facilitate the Sertoli and Leydig cells for spermatogenesis. Testosterone also helps with sperm cell production, and is for the creation of new life. 22