Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1

Paper 10- Cost & Management Accounting and

Financial Management

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1

Cost and Management Accounting and Financial Management

Full Marks: 100 Time allowed: 3 hours

Part A (Cost and Management Accounting)

Section- I

1.Answer the following questions:

(a) Choose the correct answer from the given four alternatives: [1 ×6 = 6]

(i) Profit volume ratio establishes the relationship between…

(A) Contribution and profit
(B) Fixed cost and contribution
(C) Profit and sales
(D) Contribution and sales value

(ii) A desire to achieve a particular goal with pursuit of that goal is called:
(A) motivation
(B) goal congruence
(C ) effort
(D) autonomy

(iii) The scare factors is also known as

(A) Key factor
(B) Abnormal factor
(C) Linking factor
(D) None of the above

(iv) A budgeting process which demands each manager to justify his entire budget in detail
from beginning is:
(A) Functional budget
(B) Master budget
(C ) Zero base budgeting
(D) None of the above

(v) The sub-variance of material usage variance, known as Material mix variance is
measured as
(A) Total standard cost - Total actual cost
(B) Standard cost of revised standard mix - Standard cost of actual mix
(C) (Standard unit price - Actual unit price) * Actual quantity used
(D) (Standard quantity - Actual quantity) * Unit standard price

(vi) Another name for the learning curve is a(n)

(A) experience curve
(B) exponential curve
(C) growth curve
(D) production curve

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1

(b) Match the statement in Column I with the most appropriate statement in Column II: [1×4 = 4]

Column I Column II
(i)Differential Cost (A) Division of total cost into Fixed and Variable
(ii)Opportunity Cost (B)Future cost
(iii)Marginal Cost (C) Cost Cannot be controlled
(iv)Sunk Cost (D) Cost can be controlled

(c) State whether the following statements are True' or 'False': [1x4=4]
(i)Standard costs are used for external reporting.
(ii) A high P/V ratio for a business indicates that a slight decrease in sales volume results in
higher profits.
(iii)Zero based budgeting involves identification of decision units.
(iv) Learning curve is a cost reduction technique.

Answer:

1. (a) (i) - (D) (ii)-(A) (iii)-(A) (iv)-(C) (v)-(B) (vi)- (A)

(b) (i)-(B) (ii)-(D) (iii)-(A) (iv)-( C)
(c) (i) False (ii)False (iii)True (iv)False

Section II

Answer any three Question from Q. No 2, 3, 4 and 5. Each Question carries 12 Marks.

2(a) The following data relates to a manufacturing company:

Plant Capacity = 4,00,000 units per annum. Present Utilization = 40%
Actual for the year 2014 were:
Selling price = ` 50 per unit, Material cost = ` 20 per unit,
Variable Manufacturing costs = ` 15 per unit and Fixed cost = ` 27,00,000.
In order to improve capacity utilization, the following proposal is considered:
Reduce Selling price by 10% and spend additionally `3,00,000 in Sales Promotion.
How many units should be produced and sold in order to increase profit by ` 8,00,000 per
year?
2(b) A retail dealer in garments is currently selling 24,000 shirts annually. He supplies the
following details for the year ended 31st March 2017.
Selling price per shirt: `800
Variable cost per shirt: `600
Fixed Cost:
Staff salaries: `24,00,000
General Office Cost : ` 8,00,000
Advertising Cost: ` 8,00,000
Calculate Break Even Point and margin of safety in sales revenue and number of shirts
sold.
[8+4 Marks]

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1

Answer: 2(a)
A. Let the desired sales (in units) = x.
B. Revised SP (`50 less 10%) = (50 – 5) = `45/unit
C. Total Sales (A × B) = 45x
D. Less: Variable Cost:
Material cost @ `20 = 20x
Variable Mfg. cost @ `15 = 15x 35x
E. Revised Contribution (C) – (D) = 10x
F. Less: Total Fixed Costs:
Present Fixed cost `27,00,000
Addl. Promotion Exp. ` 3,00,000 30,00,000
G. Profit (E – F) = 10x – 30,00,000
10x – 30,00,000 = `5,00,000 (Desired Profit) See note ii below.
10x = `35,00,000 or x = 3,50,000 units.

Working Notes:
i. Existing Loss = Sales – Variable costs – Fixed Cost.
= (4,00,000 × 40% × 50) – (4,00,000 × 40% × 35) – `27,00,000
= `3,00,000
ii. Desired Profit = `8,00,000 – `3,00,000 = `5,00,000

2(b) Break Even Point: [units]= Fixed Cost / Contribution Per Unit
= `40, 00, 000/` 200
= 20 000 number of shirts
Note: Contribution per units is selling price – variable cost per unit
= ` 800 – ` 600 = ` 200
Break Even Point [sales value] = 20000 units - `800 = `1, 60, 00, 000
Margin of safety = Actual Sales – Break Even Sales
= (24, 000 shirts x `800) – ` 1,60,000
= `1, 92, 00, 000 – `1, 60, 00, 000
= `32, 00, 000
Margin of safety [units] = 24, 000 shirts – 20, 000 shirts = 4000 shirts

3(a) A manufacturing company operates a costing system and showed the following data in
respect of the month of November, 2017.
Budgeted Actual
Working days 20 Working days 22
Man hours 4,000 Man hours 4,200
Fixed Overhead Cost (`) 2,400 Fixed Overhead Cost (`) 2,500
Output (units) 800 Output (units) 900
You are required to calculate fixed overhead variances from the above data.

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1
3(b) Gemini chemicals Ltd. Provides the following information from its records:

Material Quantity (kgs) Rate/kg (`)

A 8 6
B 4 4
12
During April 2017, 1,000 kgs of GEMCO were produced. The actual consumption of material
was as under:
Material Quantity (kgs) Rate/kg (`)
A 760 7
B 500 5
1,260

Calculate: i. Material cost variance

ii. Material Price variance [6+(2+4) Marks]

Answer: 3(a)

WN 1:
Standard fixed overhead per unit = budgeted fixed overhead cost/ budgeted units of
output = 2400/800 = ` 3
Standard fixed overhead per man hour = budgeted fixed overhead cost/ budgeted man
hours = 2400/4000 = ` 0.6
Standard fixed overhead per day = budgeted fixed overhead cost/ budgeted days =
2400/20 = ` 120
WN 2:
A. Standard Fixed Overhead Cost = Standard fixed overhead per unit × Actual Output
(units) = ` 3 × 900 = ` 2700
B. Fixed Overhead absorbed in actual hours = Standard fixed overhead per hour ×
Actual hours = ` 0.6 × 4200 = ` 2520
C. Fixed Overhead Cost absorbed in actual days = Standard fixed overhead per days
× Actual days = ` 120 × 22 = ` 2640
D. Budgeted Fixed Overhead Cost = ` 2400
E. Actual Fixed Overhead Cost = ` 2500

Computation of Variances:
Fixed Overhead Efficiency Variance = A - B = ` 2700 - ` 2520 = ` 180 (Favourable)
Fixed Overhead Capacity Variance = B - C = ` 2520 - ` 2640 = ` 120 (Adverse)

Fixed Overhead Calendar Variance = C - D = ` 2640 - ` 2400 = ` 240 (Favourable)

Fixed Overhead Volume Variance = A - D = 12700 - ` 2400 = ` 300 (Favourable)
Fixed Overhead Expenditure Variance = D - E = ` 2400 - ` 2500 = ` 100 (Adverse)
Fixed Overhead Efficiency Variance = A - E = ` 2700 - ` 2500 = ` 200 (Favourable)

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1
3(b) Basic Calculations:
Calculation of standard input for actual production (1,000 kgs.)
Standard output Standard input
10 kgs 12 kgs
1,000 kgs ?
Standard input = 12/10 × 1,000 = 1,200 kgs.

1. Standard Quantity for actual production:

Material – A = 8/12 × 1,200 kgs = 800 kgs.
Material – B = 4/12 × 1,200 kgs = 400 kgs.

2. Calculation of Revised Standard Quantity Actual Quantity at Standard mix)

Material – A = 8/12 × 1,260 kgs = 840 kgs.
Material – B = 4/12 × 1,260 kgs = 420 kgs.

Relevant cost details for computation of Material variances:

Particulars Material – A Material – B
a. Actual Price (AP) `7/kg `5/kg
b. Actual Quantity (AQ) 760 kgs 500 kgs
c. Standard Price (SP) `6/kg `4/kg
d. Standard Quantity (See Note – 2) 800 kgs 400 kgs
e. Revised Standard Quantity (RSQ)
(See Note – 3) 840 kgs 420 kgs

Particulars M 1(AP × AQ) M2 (SP × AO) M3 (SP × RSQ) M4 (SP × SQ)

Material-A 7 × 760 = 5,320 6 × 760 = 4,560 6 × 840 = 5,040 6 × 800 = 4,800
Material- B 5 × 500 = 2,500 4 × 500 = 2,000 4× 420 =1,680 4 × 400 =1,600

i. Material Cost Variance = M4 – M1

Material – A = `4,800 – `5,320 = `520 (A)
Material – B = `1,600 – `2,500 = `900 (A)
`1,420 (A)

ii. Material Price variance = M2 – M1

Material – A = `4,560 – `5,320 = `760 (A)
Material – B = `2,000 – `2,500 = `500 (A)
`1,260 (A)

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1
4 (a) From the following data, prepare a Production Budget for ABC Co. Ltd., for the six
months period ending on 30th June, 2017.
Stocks for the budgeted period:
(in units)
Product As on 01 January, 2017 As on 30 June, 2017
A 6,000 10,000
B 9,000 8,000
C 12,000 17,500
Other relevant data:
Product Normal loss in production Requirement to fulfill sales
programme (units)
A 4% 60,000
B 2% 50,000
C 5% 80,000

(b) XYZ Ltd., which has a system of assessment of Divisional Performance on the basis of
residual income, has two Divisions, Alfa and Beta. Alfa has annual capacity to manufacture
15,00,000 units of a special component that it sells to outside customers but has idle
capacity. The budgeted residual income of Beta is ` 1,20,00,000 and that of Alfa is
` 1,00,00,000.

Other relevant details extracted from the budget for the current year are as follows:
Particulars of Alfa:
Sale (Outside customers) 12,00,000 units @ ` 180 per unit
Variable cost per unit ` 160
Divisional fixed cost ` 80,00,000
Capital employed ` 7,50,00,000
Cost of Capital 12%
Beta has received a special order for which it requires components similar to the ones
made by Alfa. Fully aware of the idle capacity of Alfa, Beta has asked Alfa to quote for
manufacture and supply of 3,00,000 units of the components with a slight modification
during final processing. Alfa and Beta agreed that this will involve an extra variable cost
to Alfa amounting to ` 5 per unit.
Calculate the transfer price, which Alfa should quote to Beta to achieve its budgeted
residual income. [6+6 Marks]

Answer:
4(a) Production budget for 6 months ending on 30 June 2017
Details Products (units)
A B C
Budgeted sales 60000 50000 80000
Add: Closing stock 10000 8000 17500
Total required stock 70000 58000 97500
Less: Opening stock 6000 9000 12000
Net production 64000 49000 85500
Add: Normal loss in production = Net production (4%) (2%) (5%)
× Normal Loss %/(100 - Normal Loss %) 2666.67 1000.00 4500.00
Gross production 66666.67 50000.00 90000.00

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1

4(b) Contribution required for budgeted Residual Income of Alfa:

`
Fixed Cost 8000000
Capital Charge on 75000000 ×12% 9000000
Residual Income 10000000
Total Contribution required 27000000

` `
Contribution required from existing units 1200000 × 20 24000000
Contribution required on 300000 units 27000000 - 24000000 3000000
Required contribution per unit 3000000/300000 10
Variable cost per unit (existing) 160
Increase in variable cost per unit 5
Transfer Price per unit 10 + 160 + 5 175

5. Write short note on any three of the following: [4x3=12 marks]

(a) Key Factor
(b)Steps involved in Zero Based Budgeting
(c) State the general principles of Standard Costing.
(d)Profit Variance

Answer:

5(a) Key factor is nothing but a limiting factor or deterring factor on sales volume,
production, labour, materials and so on. The limiting factor normally differs from one to
another
Volume of sales- the limiting factor is that production of required number of articles
Volume of production- the limiting factors are as follows in adequate supply of raw
materials, labor, inability to sell the produced articles and so on
The limiting factors are studied in the lights of the contribution. The limiting factor is
bearing the inverse relationship with the volume of contribution. To study the worth of
the business proposals among the limiting factors, the contribution is considered as a
parameter to rank them one after another. Prfitability= Contribution/Key Factor

(b) The process of Zero-Base Budgeting involves the following steps:

(i). Identification of 'Decision units‘. Decision unit refers to a tangible activity or group of
activities for which a single manager has the responsibility for successful performance
(ii). Preparation and development of decision packages. Preparation of decision
packages is a set of documents which identify and describe activities of the unit in
such a way that the management can evaluate and rank them against others
competing for resources (limited) and decide whether to approve or disapprove.
(iii). Ranking of priority included in decision packages for various decision units or of
various decision packages for the same decision unit.
(iv). Approval and Funding. Funding involves the allocation of available resources of
the organisation to various decision units keeping in mind the alternative which has
been selected and approved through ranking process.

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1

(c) General Principles of Standard Costing.

1. Predetermination of technical data related to production. i.e., details of materials and
labour operations required for each product, the quantum of inevitable losses,
efficiencies expected, level of activity, etc.
2. Predetermination of standard costs in full details under each element of cost, viz.,
labour, material and overhead.
3. Comparison of the actual performance and costs with the standards and working out
the variances, i.e., the differences between the actuals and the standards.
4. Analysis of the variances in order to determine the reasons for deviations of actuals
from the standards.
5. Presentation of information to the appropriate level of management to enable
suitable action (remedial measures or revision of the standards) being taken

(d) Profit Variance

This represents the difference between budgeted profit and actual profit.
The formula is: Profit Variance = Budgeted Profit – Actual Profit
(i) Price Variance: It shall be equal to the price variance calculated with reference to
turnover. It represents the difference of standard and actual profit on actual
volume of sales.
The formula is: Price Variance = Standard Profit – Actual Profit or = Actual Quantity
Sold × (Standard Profit per unit - Actual Profit per unit)
(ii) Volume Variance: The profit at the standard rate on the difference between the
standard and the actual volume of sales would be the amount of volume
variance.
The formula is: Volume Variance = Budgeted Profit – Standard profit or = Standard
Rate of Profit × (Budgeted Quantity - Actual Quantity)

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1

Part B (Financial Management)

Section III

(6 )Answer the following questions:

(a) Choose the correct answer from the given four alternatives: [1x 6=6 marks]

(i)In a Balance Sheet, equity and fixed assets are expressed in terms of their
(A) Market Value
(B) Cost
(C) Book Value
(D) Replacement Value

(ii)The measure of leverage is :

(A) PAT/Equity
(B) Equity/Debt
(C) Total Assets/Equity
(D) Total Debt/Equity

(iii)If the RBI intends to reduce the supply of money as part of an anti-inflation policy, it
might
(A) Lower Bank rate
(B) Increase Cash Reserve Ratio
(C) Buy Govt. securities in open market
(D) Decrease Statutory Liquidy Ratio

(iv) Purchase of Machinery by issue of shares should be_________ from Cash Flow
statement.
(A) included
(B) excluded
(C) included with value 0
(D) of the above.

(v) In mutually exclusive projects, project which is selected for comparison with others
must have
(A) higher net present value
(B) lower net present value
(C) zero net present value
(D) none of above

(vi) The dividend-payout ratio is equal to

(A) the dividend yield plus the capital gains yield.
(B) dividends per share divided by earnings per share.
(C) dividends per share divided by par value per share.
(D) dividends per share divided by current price per share.

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1

(b)Match the statement in Column I with appropriate statement in Column II [1x4=4 marks]

Column I Column II
(i) Common size analysis (A)Earnings Yield

(ii)Earnings/Stock Price (B) A technique uses in comparative analysis of

financial statement
(iii)DOL (C)Explains irrelevance of Dividend Policy
(iv)MM Model (D)Contribution/EBIT

(c)State whether the following statements are True or False: [1x4=4 marks]

(i) A goal or objective is a necessary first step for effective financial management.
(ii) An aggressive working capital policy would have low liquidity, higher risk, and higher
profitability potential.
(iii) If a company has no fixed costs, its DOL equals 1.
(iv) According to the NOI approach to valuation, the total value of the firm is affected by
changes in its capital structure.

Answer:

6(a) (i) (C) Book Value (ii) (C) Total Assets/Equity

(iii) (B)Increase Cash Reserve Ratio (iv) (B)excluded
(v) (A)higher net present value
(vi) (B) dividends per share divided by earnings per share.

6(b) (i)-(B) (ii)- (A) (iii)-(D) (iv)-(C )

6(c) (i) True (ii)True (iii)True (iv)False.

Section IV

Answer any three Question from Q. No 7, 8, 9 and 10. Each Question carries 12 Marks.

7 (a) From the following Balance Sheet and additional information, you are required to
calculate:
(i) Return on Total Resources
(ii) Return on Capital Employed
(iii) Return on Shareholders’ Fund
Particulars ` Particulars `
Share Capital(`10) 800000 Fixed Assets 1000000
Reserves 200000 Current Assets 360000
8% Debentures 200000
Creditors 160000
1360000 1360000
Net operating profit before tax is `280000. Assume tax rate at 50%. Dividend declared
amounts to `120000/-

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1
7(b) ABC Ltd. Company’s Comparative Balance Sheet for 2017 and the Company’s Income
Statement for the year are as follows:
XYZ Ltd.
Comparative Balance Sheet March 31, 2017 and 2016
(Rs. in crores) 2017 2016
Sources of funds:
Shareholder’s funds
Share Capital 140 140
Retained earnings 110 250 92 232
Loan funds
Bonus payable 135 40
385 272
Application of funds
Fixed Assets
Plant and Equipment 430 309
Less: Accumulated (218) 212 (194) 115
depreciation
Investments 60 75
Current Assets
Inventory 205 160
Accounts receivable 180 270
Pre-paid expenses 17 20
Cash 26 428 10 460
Less : Current liabilities and
provisions
Accounts payable 230 310
Accrued liabilities 70 60
Deferred income-tax 15 315 113 8 378 82
provision
385 272

ABC Ltd.
Income Statement for the year ended March 31, 2017
(Rs. in crores)
Sales Rs.1,000
Less : Cost of goods sold 530
Gross margin 470
Less : Operating expenses 352
Net operating income 118
Non-operating items:
Loss on sale of equipment (4)
Income before taxes 114
Less : Income-taxes 48
Net income 66
Additional information:
(i) Dividends of `48 crores were paid in 2017.
(ii) The loss on sale of equipment of `.4 crore reflects a transaction in which equipment with
an original cost of `12 crore and accumulated depreciation of `5 crore were sold for `3
crore in cash.
Required:
Using the indirect method, determine the net cash provided by operating activities
for 2017 and construct a statement of cash flows. [4+8 marks]

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1
Answer:
7(a)(i) Return on Total resources=Profit after Tax/Total Assets*100
=`140000/`1360000*100 =10.29%
(ii) Return on Capital Employed=Profit before Tax and Interest/Capital Employed
=`(280000+16000)/`(12,00,000)*100
=`296000/`1200000*100 =24.7%
(iii)Return on Shareholders’ Fund= Profit after Tax/Shareholders’ Fund
=`140000/`1000000*100 =14%

7 (b) Statement of net cash flows provided by operating activities by using indirect method for
the year ended March 31, 2017
(` in crores)
Operating Activities
Net Income 66
Adjustment to convert net income to a cash basis
Depreciation and amortization charges 29
Decrease in accounts receivable 90
Increase in inventory (45)
Decrease in pre-paid expenses 3
Decrease in accounts payable (80)
Increase in accrued liabilities 10
Increase in deferred income tax 7
Loss on sale of equipment 4
Net cash provided by operating activities 84
Cash Flow from Investing Activities
Additions to property, building & equipment (133)
Decrease in long term investments 15
Proceeds from sale of equipment 3
Net cash used in investing activities (115)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Increase in bonds payable 95
Cash dividends paid (48)
Net cash used in financing activities 47

Net increase in cash & cash equivalents 16

Cash & cash equivalents at the beginning of year 10
Cash & cash equivalents at the end of year 26

8 (a) A proforma cost sheet of a Company provides the following data:

`
Raw material cost per unit 117
Direct Labour cost per unit 49
Factory overheads cost per unit
(includes depreciation of ` 18 per unit at budgeted level of 98
activity)
Total cost per unit 264
Profit 36
Selling price per unit 300

Following additional information is available:

Average raw material in stock : 4 weeks
Average work-in-process stock : 2 weeks
(% completion with respect to

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1
Materials : 80% ;
Labour and Overheads : 60%)
Finished goods in stock : 3 weeks
Credit period allowed to debtors : 6 weeks
Credit period availed from suppliers : 8 weeks
Time lag in payment of wages : 1 week
Time lag in payment of overheads : 2 weeks
The company sells one-fifth of the output against cash and maintains cash balance of `
2,50,000.
Required:
Prepare a statement showing estimate of working capital needed to finance a budgeted
activity level of 87,000 units of production. You may assume that production is carried on
evenly throughout the year and wages and overheads accrue similarly.
8 (b)Find out Financial Leverage from the following data:
Net Worth `50,00,000
Debt/Equity 3:1
Interest Rate 12%
Operating Profit `40,00,000
[9+3 marks]
Answer: 8(a)
Estimation of Working Capital Needs
I. Investment in Inventory `
(i) Raw material Inventory = 87,000 × 4 × ` 117 7,83,000
52
(ii) Work-in-Process Inventory
Material = 87,000 × 2 × 0.80 × 117 = 3,13,200
52
Labour and Overheads Cost (other than
depreciation)
5,72,192
= 87,000 × 2 × 0.60 × 129 = 2,58,992
52
(iii) Finished Goods Inventory (Cash Cost)
3
= 87,000 × × 246 12,34,731
52
II Investment in Debtors (Cash Cost)
= 87,000 × 6 × 0.8 × 246 19,75,569
52
III Cash Balance 2,50,000
Total Investment in Current Assets 48,15,492
Current Liabilities and Deferred Payment
(i) 15,66,000
Creditors = 87,000 × 8 × 117
52
(ii) Wages outstanding = 87,000 × 1 × 49 81,981
52
(iii) Overheads outstanding (cash cost) 2,67,692
= 87,000 × 2 × 80
52
Total Deferred Payments
9,15,673

Net Working Capital (Current assets – Non-interest bearing current liabilities)

= `(48,15,492 – 19,15,673) = `28,99,819

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1
8(b)
Net Worth= `50,00,000
Debt /Equity= 3:1
Hence Debt= `150,00,000
EBIT `40,00,000
Less: Interest @ 12% on `15000000 `1800000
PBT `2200000

Financial Leverage=EBIT/PBT=4000000/2200000=1.82

9(a)ABC Ltd is considering raising of funds of `100 lacs by one of the alternative method. (I)
14 % Institutional Loan.(II)13% Non Convertible Debentures. The term loan option would
attract no separate incidental cost. The debentures would have to be issued at discount
of 2.5% and cost of issue is `100000.
Advise ABC Ltd as to which is is better option. Assume tax rate 50%
9(b) Annu Ltd. is examining two mutually exclusive investment proposals. The management
uses Net Present Value Method to evaluate new investment proposals. Depreciation is charged
using Straight-line Method. Other details relating to these proposals are:

Particulars Proposal X Proposal Y

Annual Profit before tax (`) 13,00,000 24,50,000
Cost of the Project (`) 90,00,000 180,00,000
Salvage Value (`) 1,20,000 1,50,000
Working Life 4 years 5 Years
Cost of capital 10% 10%
Corporate Tax Rate 30% 30%

The present value of `1 at 10% discount rates at the end of first, second, third, fourth and fifth
year are 0.9091; 0.8264; 0.7513; and 0.6209 respectively.
You are required to advise the company on which proposal should be taken up by it.
[4+8 marks]
Answer: 9(a)
Option (I)
Institutional Loan @14%
Tax 50%
Effective interest rate after Tax=7%

Otion II
13% NCD
Annual interest, =`13
SV=100-2.5-1.00=96.5

kd =13(1-0.5)/96.50*100=6.74%
The effective cost of capital is less or in case of 13% NCD.

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1

9(b) Calculation of Annual Cash Inflow and Present Values:

Particulars Proposal X Proposal Y

` `
Annual Profit Before Tax 13,00,000 24,50,000
Less: tax @ 30% 3,90,000 7,35,000
Annual Profit After Tax 9,10,000 17,15,000
Add: Depreciation (Annual)
90, 00, 000 −120
, , 000
Proposal X : 22,20,000 -
4
, , 00, 000 −150
180 , , 000
Proposal Y: - 35,70,000
5
Annual Cash inflow 31,30,000 52,85,000
P. V. of `1 for 1 to 4 year 31,698 -
P. V. of `1 for 1 to 5 year - 37,907
Present value of Annual Cash Inflows 99,21,474 2,00,33,850
Add: Present value of salvage value:
Proposal X: 1,20,000 × 0.683 81,960 -
Proposal Y: 1,50,000 × 0.6209 - 93,135
Total Present value 1,00,03,434 2,01,26,985
Less: Initial outflow 90,00,000 1,80,00,000
Net Present Value 10,03,434 21,26,985

Advice: Proposal Y should be accepted as it gives higher net present value.

10) Write short note on any three of the following: [3x4 marks]
(a) Issue of Commercial Papers in India
(b) Danger of too high amount of Working Capital
(c) CAPM
(d) NPV

Answer:
(a) Issue of Commercial Papers in India
CP was introduced as a money market instruments in India in January, 1990 with a view to
enable the companies to borrow for short term. Since the CP represents an unsecured
borrowing in the money market, the regulation of CP comes under the purview of the
Reserve Bank of India:
(i)CP can be issued in multiples of `5 lakhs.
(ii)CP can be issued for a minimum duration of 15 days and maximum period of 12 months.
(iii)For issuing CP the company’s net worth should be more than `4 crores.
(iv)CP can neither be redeemed before maturity nor can be extended the beyond the
maturity period.
(v)CP issue requires a credit rating of P2 from CRISIL or A2 from ICRA.

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 Answer to MTP_Intermediate_Syl2016_June2018_Set 1

(b) Danger of too high amount of Working Capital

(i) It results in unnecessary accumulation of inventories and gives chance to inventory
mishandling, wastage, pilferage, theft, etc., and losses increase.
(ii) Excess working capital means idle funds which earns no profits for the business.
(iii) It shows a defective credit policy of the company resulting in higher incidence of
bad debts and adversely affects Profitability.
(iv) It results in overall inefficiency

(c) CAPM
The capital asset pricing model explains the behaviour of security prices and provides a
mechanism whereby investors could assess the impact of a proposed security
investment on their over – all portfolio risk and return. In other words, CAPM formally
describes the risk –required return trade off for securities. The assumptions for CAPM
approach are:
i) The efficiency of the security
ii) Investor preferences.
The capital asset pricing model describes the relationship between the required rate of
return, or the cost of equity capital and the non-diversifiable or relevant risk of the firm
as reflected in its index of non-diversifiable risk.
Symbolically, Ke = Rf + β (Rm– Rf)
Where Ke = Cost of equity capital
Rf = Risk – free rate of return
Rm = Return on market portfolio
β = Beta of Security

(d) NPV
The net present value method is a classic method of evaluating the investment
proposals. It is one of the methods of discounted cash flow techniques, which
recognizes the importance of time value of money.
It is a method of calculating the present value of cash flows (inflows and outflows) of
an investment proposal using the cost of capital as an appropriate discounting rate.
The net present value will be arrived at by subtracting the present value of cash
outflows from the present value of cash inflows If the NPV is positive or atleast equal to
zero, the project can be accepted. If it is negative, the proposal can be rejected.
Among the various alternatives, the project which gives the highest positive NPV
should be selected.
This Method is particularly useful for the selection of mutually exclusive projects. It
serves as the best decision criteria for mutually exclusive choice proposals.
However, it does not give solutions when the comparable projects are involved in
different amounts of investment.

DoS, The Institute of Cost Accountants of India (Statutory Body under an Act of Parliament) Page 17