Learning Module in GE Rizal 1- Life and Works of Rizal

1. Title: THE WORLD IN THE 19TH CENTURY

2. Topic:
2.1 Instability of colonial administration
2.2 Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes
2.3 Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
2.4 No Equality before the Law
2.5 Maladministration of Justice
2.6 Racial Discrimination
2.7 Frailocracy
2.8 Haciendas Owned by the Friars
2.9 The Industrial Revolution
2.10 How Spain governed the Philippines

3. Time Frame: 6 hours

4. Introduction:

By the late 18th century, political and economic changes in Europe were finally
beginning to affect Spain and, thus, the Philippines. Important as a stimulus to trade was the
gradual elimination of the monopoly enjoyed by the galleon to Acapulco. The last galleon
arrived in Manila in 1815, and by the mid-1830s Manila was open to foreign merchants almost
without restriction. The demand for Philippine sugar and abaca (hemp) grew quickly, and the
volume of exports to Europe expanded even further after the completion of the Suez Canal in
1869 (Britannica 2020).

With this, learners are able to engage into the situation of the 19 th century Philippines
especially in the area of politics and economics. In this chapter also, the early Filipinos
emerged their sense of nationhood

5. Objectives:

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. Analyze critically the social, political, economic and cultural changes that occurred in
the 19th century;
2. Cite the significance of the participation of the Philippines to the World Trade; and
3. Make a critical analysis on how the colonial government governed/imposed its colonial
dominance to her colony.

6. Pre-Test: Write the correct answer on the space provided.

_C_1.Rizal’s parents belonged to the;

A. Peninsular B. Insular C. Principalia D. all of the

above

_D_2.It was a century of ferment caused by the blowing winds of history;

A. 18th C B. 19 th C C.20 th C D. all of the

above

GE Rizal- Life and Works of Rizal 6

_A_3. In the 19th Century this European country emerged as the world’s leading imperialism
power;
A. England B. Russia C. America D. none of
the above
_B_4.The imperialist powers were enjoying the fruits of their colonial ventures and achieving
global prestige this country once a upon a time the “Mistress of the World” was stagnating as
a world power;

A Germany B. Spain C. Portugal D. none of the above

_C_5.He was the most respected man on earth in those times;

A. King B. Queen C. Holy Pope D. all of the

above

7. Learning Activities

The times of
Rizal saw the boom of
Western imperialism,
England emerged as the
world’s leading imperialism
power. On account of her
invincible nave and
magnificent army, and was
able to conquer many
countries through the world
and to establish a global colonial empire. Other imperialists, following Britain’s example,
grabbed the weak countries in Southeast Asia and colonized them. In 1858-1863, France,
with the help of Filipino troops under Spanish officers conquered Vietnam. Czarist Russia,
unable to expand westward to Europe, turned eastward to Asia, conquering Siberia and later
occupied Kamchatka, Kuriles and Alaska. On July 8, 1853, An American squadron under the
command of Commodore Matthew C. Perry Century re-opened Japan to the world. After this
event, which ended Japan’s 214-year isolation (1639-1853), Emperor Meijie (Musuhito)
modernized the country by freely accepting Western influences, including imperialism.

Germany became a sovereign state in January 1871, and was late in the scramble for
colonies in Asia and Africa. In search for colonial stakes, she turned to the island
archipelagoes of the mid-Pacific world. The German seizure of Yap Island engaged Spain,
who claimed sovereignty over the Carolines and Palaus by right of discovery. It should be
noted that the island of Yap was discovered by the Manila galleon pilot, Francisco Lezcano
who named it Spain, which name was applied to the other islands. Spanish German relations
grew critical. In Madrid, the Spanish populace rose in violent riots, demanding war against
Germany. To avert actual clash of arms, Spain and Germany submitted the Caroline’s.

The Holy Father, after careful study of the pertinent documents submitted by both
parties, issued his decision on October 22, 1885 favoring Spain-recognizing Spain’s
sovereignty over the Carolines and Palaus, but granting two concessions to Germany (1) the
right to trade in the disputed archipelagos and (2) the right to establish a coaling station in Yap
for the German navy. Both Spain and Germany accepted the Papal decision so that the
Hispano-German War was aborted. While the imperialist powers were enjoying the fruits of
their colonial ventures and achieving global prestige, Spain, once upon a time the “Mistress of
the world” was stagnating as a world power.

GE Rizal- Life and Works of Rizal 7

 During the times of Rizal, the sinister shadows of Spain’s decadence darkened
Philippine skies. The Filipino people agonized beneath the yoke of Spanish, misrule, for they
were unfortunate victims of the evils of an unjust, bigoted, and deteriorating colonial power.
Among these evils were; (1) Instability of colonial administration; (2) corrupt officialdom; (3)
No Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes (4) Human rights denied to Filipinos, (5)
no equality before the law , (6) maladjustment of justice , (7) racial discrimination (8)
frailocracy (9) forced labor, (10) haciendas owned by the friars, (11) the Guardia civil.

2.1Instability of Colonial Administration

The turbulent reign of King

Ferdinand V11 (1808-1833)
marked the beginning of political
chaos in Spain. The Spanish
government underwent frequent
changes owing to biter struggles
between the forces of despotism
and liberalism and the explosions
of the Carlist Wars. This political
instability in Spain adversely
affected Philippine affairs
because it brought about frequent
periodic shifts in colonial policies
and periodic rigodon of colonial
officials.

Spanish War

2.2 Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes

To win the support of her overseas colonies during Napoleonic invasion, Spain
granted the representation in the Spanish Cortes (Spanish Parliament). Spain’s first
democratic constitution, and was one of the 184 signers from 1810- 1813.this constitution was
extended to the Philippines. Another achievement of Delegate Delos Reyes was the abolition
of the galleon trade. The first period of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes was
thus fruitful with beneficent results for the welfare of the colony. However, in the second and
third representation from 1829-1837 were less fruitful because the Philippine delegates were
not as energetic and devoted in parliamentary work as Delos Reyes.

2.3 Human Rights Denied to Filipinos

Since the adoption of the Spanish

Constitution of 1812 and other constitutions in
succeeding years, the people of Spain enjoyed
freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom
of association, and other human rights (except
freedom of religion). The Spaniards ardently
guarded these rights so that no Spanish monarch
dared abolish them.

2.4 No Equality before the Law

It is true that the Leyes de Indias (Laws of

Indies) were promulgated by the Christian monarchs
of Spain to protect the rights of the natives in Spain’s overseas colonial laws, infused as they
were with Christian charity and justice, were rarely enforced by the officials in the distant

GE Rizal- Life and Works of Rizal 8

colonies, particularly the Philippines. Consequently, the Filipinos were abused, brutalized,
persecuted, and slandered by the Spanish masters, being dispensed by Spaniards, was only
for the white Spaniards.

2.5 Maladministration of Justice

The courts of justice in the Philippines during Rizal’s time were notoriously corrupt. They
were courts of “injustice”, as far as the brown Filipinos were concerned. The Spanish judges,
fiscals (prosecuting attorneys), and other court officials were inept, venal, and oftentimes
ignorant of laws. Justice was costly, partial, and slow. Poor Filipinos had no access to the
courts because they could not afford the heavy expenses of litigation. Wealth, social prestige,
and other color of skin were preponderant factors in winning a case in court.

2.6 Racial Discrimination

Spain introduced Christianity into the Philippines

with its beautiful egalitarian concept of the
brotherhood of all men under god the father. The
Spanish authorities, civil as well as ecclesiastical,
zealously propagated the Christian faith, but
seldom practiced in its sublime tenets. They
regarded the converted Filipinos not as brother
Christians, but as inferior beings who were infinitely
undeserving of the rights and privileges that the
white Spaniards enjoyed.

2.7 Frailocracy- Owing to the

Spanish political philosophy of union
of Church and State, there arouse a
unique form of government in
Hispanic Philippines called”
Frailocracy” (frailocracia) , so named
because it was a “government by
friars”. History discloses that since
the days of the Spanish conquest,
the friars (Augustinians, Dominicans,
and Franciscans) controlled the
religious and educational life of the
Philippines, and later in the 19th
century they came to acquire
tremendous political power,
influence, and richness. The Philippines under Frailocracy

GE Rizal- Life and Works of Rizal 9

 Known as the Polo, it wascompulsory
labor imposed by the Spanish colonial
authorities on adult Filipino males in the
construction of churches, schools, hospitals;
buildings and repair of roads and bridges, the
building of ships and other public works. Filipino
males from 16 to 60 years old were obliged to
render forced labor for 40 days a year. Later,
the Royal Decree of July 1883, implemented by
the New Regulations promulgated by the
Council of State of February 3, 1885, increased
the minimum age of the polistas(those who
performed the forced labor) from 16 to 60 and
reduced the days of labor from 40 to 45.

2.8 Haciendas Owned by the Friars-Spanish friars belonging to different religious orders
were the richest landlords, for they owned the best haciendas (agricultural lands) in the
Philippines.

Guardia Civil-The last hated symbol of Spanish

tyranny was the Guardia Civil (constabulary),
which was created by the Royal Decree of
February 12, 1852, as amended by the Royal
Decree of March 24, 1888, for the purpose of
maintaining internal peace and order in the
Philippines. It was patterned after the famous
and well-disciplined Guardia Civil in Spain.

Guardia Civil

2.9 The Industrial Revolution- It

refers to the transformation of
manufacturing brought about by
the invention and use of
machines. This started in
England and later on spread into
Belgium, France, Germany, and
even the United States. The
invention of machines and their
use in manufacturing brought
about by this development
include the following:

INDUSTRIALIZATION

GE Rizal- Life and Works of Rizal 10

 The rise of the factory system;
 Mass production of essential and non-essential goods;
 Improvement of people’s standard of living;
 Greater Urbanization of Society;
 Beginnings of specialization or division of labor;
 Invention of labor-saving devices;
 The beginnings of industrial capitalism;
 Fostering of liberalism and nationalism; and
 Encouragement of people’s mobility.

The Advance of Science-The rapid expansion of scientificknowledge profoundly

influenced Western thought on the 19th century (Hunt et al, 1995).Breakthroughs in industrial
technology enormously stimulated scientific discoveries from 1830’s onward. These
theoretical discoveries were increasingly transformed into material improvements fir the
population. The translation of better scientific knowledge into practical benefits was evident in
biology, medical sciences, and chemistry.

Science was not given emphasis in the Philippines in the 19th century. Rizal stressed
this point in his novel, El Filibusterismo. University students in their Physics were not given
the opportunity to undertake experiments to prove or disprove scientific hypotheses.

Activity No.2 Online research on the technologies in the 19 th Century

Provide the advantages/disadvantages on the use of technologies in the 19th Century

THE STEAM ENGINE

With so many ways to power industry and transportation today, steam engines seem like
ancient technology. But in the 19th Century, the steam engine revolutionized the speed at
which people traveled, and fundamentally changed how work was done and even led to the
STEAM
growth ofLOCOMOTIVE
urban life. In many ways, the modern era of the machine was born once the power of
The
steamcreation of steam locomotives began with the development of the steam engine,
was harnessed.
whose origins date back into the late 17th century. In 1698, Thomas Savery, an
English inventor,
ELECTRICAL patented a device that allowed for the use of steam to pump water.
COMMUNICATION
Technological and
Britain was a major engineering
force inbreakthroughs occurring
the development of inthe
thesteam
19th Century
engine revolutionized
and steam
even commonAlthough
locomotives. aspects prototypes
of life. For had
instance, a person
previously beenliving 2,000the
created, years
first ago would
full scale
steam locomotive was built in Britain by British engineer Richard Trevithick in 1804.ago.
communicate with others in virtually the same way as a person living 200 years
Communication was achieved either by directly speaking with someone, or by the act of
physically writing down whatever was needed. On rare occasion a horn, drum, mirror, or
ELECTRIC LIGHT
smoke signal would facilitate communication. Still, modes of communication did not
Pioneered in the early
significantly change 19th century
for millennia. by Humphry
This too changed duringDavy and
the 19th his carbon arc lamp,
Century.
electric lights developed throughout the 1800s thanks to the efforts of inventors like
Warren de la Rue, Joseph Wilson Swan and Thomas Alva Edison. It was Edison and
MASS PRODUCTION
Swan
Today, who patented
the term “mass the first long-lasting
production” lighta bulbs
often conveys in sentiment,
negative 1879 andevoking
1880, feelings
liberatingof
society fromand
commonality a near-total reliance on daylight
generic indistinguishability. to make
While this things
may often visible.
be true, mass Electric lights
production in
the modern
went on to beera used
also greatly benefited
in everything humanity
from home in a variety
lighting andofstreet
ways. lamps
This process greatly
to flashlights
reduced the price
and car headlights. of common goods, allowing even the poorest people access to a wide variety
of goods and services only the wealthy could afford in
the generations prior to its implementation. By lowering the cost of production and increasing
BRAILLE
the availability of a wide variety of items, access to higher standards of living were not far
Braille alphabet is a writing system which enables blind and partially sighted people to
behind.
read and write through touch. Braille consists of patterns of raised dots arranged in
cells
PROOF of OF
up GERM
to six dots
THEORYin a 3x2 configuration. Officially, it is reported that the Braille
alphabet was invented
So far, all of the advancementsin France in 1924
discussed wereby Louis Braille.
technologies However,
related thePerhaps
to industry. history the
of
Braille goes that
development all the way back
benefited to thetheearly
humanity most1800’s.
was notAa man named
technology at Charles Barbier
all, but the who
acceptance
served in Napoleon
of a concept. Bonaparte’s
The acceptance French
of germ army
theory developed
changed the waya unique
medicalsystem knownview
professionals as
GE Rizal-writing”
disease
“night Life ushered
and andsoWorks
soldiersofmodern
in the Rizal communicate
could era of curative after
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darkAlthough numerous
by running philosophers
their fingers over 11
and physicians
raised bumps on from the ancient
paper and the
(and before medieval
the adventperiods speculated that “seeds” could travel
of flashlights).
from one person to another, spreading epidemic disease, such concepts were not widely
accepted.
PHOTOGRAPHY
The Galleon Trade is the only major
economic activity during Spanish time. This
was the annual trade between Manila and
Acapulco in Mexico, a Spanish colony in
America. Spanish traders in Manila would
export these products to Mexico where they
would be sold for a big profit.

Obras Pias – a trust funds set up by the rich

to be used for charitable purposes, lending
money to those who needed capital for the
goods that they wanted to ship to Mexico.

Confradiasis a religious organization that

managed the funds.

Spanish Efforts at Economic Development- the first organized and systematic approach
to the economic development of the Philippines was made during the administration of
Governor-general Jose Basco y Vargas. The chief executive from 1778 to 1789, the first to
devote much attention to improving the economy of the Philippines

Some of these steps were the following:

1. Development of Agriculture
2. Establishment of the Economic Society of Friends of the Country

3. Establishment of the Tobacco Monopoly

4. Establishment of the Royal Company of the Philippines-similar to the big

trading companies

5. Opening of Manila to Foreign Trade

6.Improvement of Transportation and Communication

The Opening of the Philippines to

World Commerce-The opening of the country to
world commerce was a consequent Spain’s
adoption of the laissez-faire policy. With the
entry of foreign products and businessmen, the
economic isolation of the Philippines was ended.
From their contact with peninsular Spaniards,
Filipino intellectuals were able to learn Locke’s
Theory of Revolution and Rousseau’s Social
Contract Theory. They learned that people could
overthrow a government that is not working for
the good of the governed. They also realized
that a government is an agreement between
the ruler and the ruled to govern for the welfare.

The Rise of the Middle Class -The rise of the anew middle class or class media, can
be traced to the prosperity of a relatively small class of mestizos and the principalia or ruling
elite who benefitted from the opening of the country to foreign commerce and trade. Families,
which prospered during this time, were able to send their sons for an education in Europe.

GE Rizal- Life and Works of Rizal 12

Being educated in the difference of European and Filipino societies and being able to witness
the more progressive state other countries in the continent, these European-educated
Filipinos became disillusioned with Spain. From their ranks emerged Filipino propagandists
clamoring for change in the Philippines.

2.10 How Spain Governed the Philippines

The king of Spain ruled the Philippines. He was aided by the Council of the Indies, which
was created in 1524. The Council relayed all the king’s decrees and instructions to the
Viceroy of Mexico, then, relayed them to the governor-general in the Philippines.

1565-1821, Spain ruled the Philippines through Mexico. From Mexico also came the
financial aid or subsidy (real Situado), that the colony needed for salaries of the civil and
religious officials. This arrangement ended when the Mexican rose in revolt and overthrew
Spanish rue in 1821, from then, Spain ruled the Philippines directly. The Philippines was
placed under the Ministry of the Colonies, the office that replaced the abolished Council of
the Indies. The Ministry was assisted by a Council of the Philippines whose members
were knowledgeable about the Philippines

Laws of the Indies (Recopilacion de los LeyesReynos de lasIndias)-the general

law for Spain’s overseas colonies, including the Philippines. It was not the intention of Spain
to abuse and oppress the native Filipinos; in fact most of the laws issued by the King of
Spain were aimed at improving the condition of the natives.

Cumplaseisa veto power to the governor-general on the legislative power of the

king. The reason for giving the unusual power to the governor-general was that he was in a
better position than the king in Spain to know what was good or bad for the colony. Thus, if
the governor-general felt that a royal decree would not be good for the colony, he could
choose not to enforce the decree. This power was often abused by the governor-general for
selfish reasons.

The Governor-General is the highest colonial

official in the Philippines, who was appointed by the
king. He exercised executive, legislative and judicial
powers. As the chief executive in the colony, the
governor-general appointed all the subordinate
officials of the colonial government, including the
provincial governors (Alcaldes mayors), his duty was
to enforce Spanish laws in the colony.

The Governor-General: An Appraisal- A total of

122 governors-general governed the Philippines
from 1565 to 1898. The first was Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi from 1565 to 1572. The last was General
Diego de Los Rios, who served as the colony’s chief
executive during the closing days of Spanish rule in
the Philippines in 1898.
Gov. Gen. Dela Torre

The Royal Audiencia- was the highest court in the Philippines during the Spanish
era. Just as the Supreme Court is the highest court in our country to date. The Audiencia
was composed of the governor-general as the presiding officer, three Oidoresor judges and
a fiscal or prosecutor.

GE Rizal- Life and Works of Rizal 13

 The Encomienda System- was an
old practice in Spain designed to reward
those who had served the king especially
in wars and other military missions. The
encomienderowould receive the income
from the land with the right to receive the
income from the land and to govern the
people living in it.

The encomienda system that Spain

adopted in the Philippines was different
from the practiced in Spain. In the
Philippines what the encomiendero
received was not the land but the right to
collect tribute or taxes from the inhabitants
of a definite territory.

Three classes of encomienda system in the Philippines

1. Royal encomienda- those set aside for the crown

2. Ecclesiastical encomienda- those assigned to the different religious

Orders

3. Private encomienda- were those given to the Spaniards who helped in the
conquest and colonization of the Philippines

The encomienda system caused much hardship among the natives because most of
the encomienderos abused their power. The abuses were noted by the priests and
missionaries. Some of whom shocked by the injustices committed by the encomienderos,
event went to the extent of denouncing the abuses of the system to the king of Spain.

Christianization of the Filipinos is one significant consequence of the Spanish

colonization of the Philippines. Christianity is Spain’s enduring legacy top the Filipinos. The
seeds of Christianity were first planted in the Philippines by the Magellan expedition in 1521.
But it was Legazpi expedition that began to pursue in earnest in 1565 the Christianization of
the archipelago.

In the Legazpi expedition were five Augustinian friars from Mexico headed by FR.
Andres de Urdaneta, they were the first missionaries in the Philippines. The Augustinians
were followed in subsequent years by other religious orders- the Franciscan in 1581, the
Recollects in 1606 and the Benedictines in 1895 first century of the Spanish rule.

8. Self-evaluation: Answer the following questions below

1. How did the opening of the Philippines to world commerce and trade affect the country and
its people?

GE Rizal- Life and Works of Rizal 14

 In the absence of an integrated approach in trade and employment policies, a
country is unlikely to achieve inclusive growth; sustainable and equitable development;
and decent, gainful, and productive employment for all. As one of the fastest-growing
economies in the world today, the Philippines needs to sustain its upward economic
momentum while also capitalizing on its current growth gains to finally resolve serious and
long-standing socio-economic issues, such as worsening poverty, high unemployment, low
wages, increasing prices and costs, and widening social inequalities, among others.
Reviewing its trade and employment strategies and policies thus, becomes necessary for
the country.

Countries that are open to international trade tend to grow faster, innovate, improve
productivity and provide higher income and more opportunities to their people. Open trade
also benefits lower-income households by offering consumers more affordable goods and
services. Integrating with the world economy through trade and global value chains helps
drive economic growth and reduce poverty—locally and globally. Although globalization
and trade present new opportunities, it is not without challenges. Developing countries
may struggle to compete on a global scale for many reasons.

* Inefficient or inadequate systems of transportation, logistics, or customs;

* Poor connectivity in telecommunications, financial markets or information technology;

* Complicated regulatory environments that discourage new investments;

* Anticompetitive behavior by major market players or cartels that stifle innovation,

productivity, or market growth.

2. Define Imperialism in your own words.

For me, Imperialism is a state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending

power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining
political and economic control of other areas. Because it always involves the
use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form,
imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible, and the term
is frequently employed in international propaganda to denounce and
discredit an opponent’s foreign policy.

GE Rizal- Life and Works of Rizal 15

9. Review of Concepts

Imperialism is a policy or practice by which country increases its power by gaining control
over other areas of the world. The effect that a powerful country or group of countries has in
changing or influencing the way people live in other poorer countries.

Nationalism is a sense of loyalty of psychological attachment members of a nation share,

based on common language, history, culture, and desire for independence (Jackson
&Jackson, 2000). It is a feeling that drives a people together as a nation. It is love of country
expressed in devotion to the advocacy of national interest and independence.

10. Post Test: With your knowledge in this chapter, answer these following questions.

1. Create a narrative analysis on the changes occurred in the Philippines based on social,
political, economic and cultural in the 19th century.

During the 19th century, social structure of the Filipinos had suffered from feudalistic and master slave
relationship by the Spaniards. Their social structure is ranked into three groups:

 Highest class – the people that belong in this class include the Spaniards, peninsulares and the friars.
They have the power and authority to rule over the Filipinos. They enjoyed their positions and do what
they want.

→The Spanish officials are Spanish luxury in old days 1899 book Lala.

→The Peninsulares (Spaniards who were born in Spain). They held the most important government
jobs, and made up the smallest number of the population.

→The Friars are members of any of certain religious orders of men, especially the four mendicant
orders (Augustinians, Carmelites, Dominicans, and Franciscans).

 Middle Class – the people that belongs into this class includes the natives, mestizos and the criollos.

→ Natives – the pure Filipinos

→The Mestizos are the Filipinos of mixed indigenous Filipino or European or Chinese ancestry.

 Lowest class – this class includes the Filipinos only.

→The Indios are the poor people having pure blood Filipin which ruled by the Spaniards.

In terms of Political System in the 19th century, the Spaniards ruled the Filipinos in the 19th century.
The Filipinos became the Spaniard’s slave. The Spaniards claimed their taxes and they worked under the
power of the Spaniards. There was an appointment of officials with inferior qualifications, without dedication of
duty and moral strength to resist corruption for material advancement. Through the power and authority the
Spaniards possess, they collected and wasted the money of the Filipinos.

GE Rizal- Life and Works of Rizal 16

There were too complicated functions to the unions of the church and the state.
Manner of obtaining the position. Through the power that the Spaniards possess,
they had the right to appoint the different positions. The appointment of positions is
obtained by the highest bidder which is the Governor-general of the country.

Educational System of Philippines there are lots of criticisms received in the

educational system of the Philippines in the late 19th century. Overemphasis on
religious matters which is the power of religious orders remained one of the great
constants, over the centuries, of Spanish colonial rule. The friars of the Augustinian,
Dominican, and Franciscan orders conducted many of the executive and control
functions of government on the local level. They were responsible for education and
health measures. These missionaries emphasized the teachings of the Catholic
religion starting from the primary level to the tertiary level of education.

Obsolete teaching methods their methods are outdated. Limited curriculum

because the students in the primary level were taught the Christian Doctrines, the
reading of Spanish books and a little of the natives’ language. Science and
Mathematics were not very much taught to the students even in the universities.
Aside from the Christian Doctrines taught, Latin was also taught to the students
instead of Spanish. There are also poor classroom facilities, absence of teaching
materials, primary education was neglected and absence of academic freedom.
The absence of academic freedom in Spain’s educational system was extended to
the schools that Spaniards established in the Philippines. Learning in every level
was largely by rote. Students memorized and repeated the contents of book which
they did not understand. In most cases knowledge was measured in the ability of
the students to memorize, largely hampering intellectual progress.

Economic Development in 19th century, the country was opened to foreign

trade at the end of the 18th century which resulted in the rapid rise of foreign firms
in Manila. This stimulated agricultural production and export of sugar, rice hemp
and tobacco. The number of families which prospered from foreign commerce and
trade were able to send their sons for an education in Europe. Filipinos who were
educated abroad were able to absorb the intellectual development in Europe.

GE Rizal- Life and Works of Rizal 17

2.Industrial Revolution was a boom of technology; explain its impact in the world of
imperialism/colonialism.

New inventions and technologies played an important role in the

Industrial Revolution. They changed the way things were powered,
how goods were manufactured, how people communicated, and the
way goods were transported. The industrial revolution was the force
behind this New Imperialism, as it created not only the need for Europe
to expand, but the power to successfully take and profitably maintain
so many colonies overseas. The industrial revolution created the need
for Europe to take over colonies around the world.

3. Create a narrative analysis on how the colonial government governed/imposed its colonial
dominance to the Philippines in the 19th Century.

Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was

composed of a national government and the local governments that administered
provinces, cities, towns and municipalities. With the cooperation of the local governments
the national government maintained peace and order, collected taxes and built schools and
other public works.

The Spaniards created local government units to facilitate the country’s

administration. There were two types of local government units – the alcadia and the
corregimiento. The alcadia, led by the alcalde mayor, governed the provinces that had
been fully subjugated: the corregimiento, headed by corregidor, governed the provinces
that were not yet entirely under Spanish control. The alcalde mayors represented the
Spanish king and the governor general in their respective provinces. They managed the
day-to-day operations of the provincial government, implemented laws and supervised the
collection of taxes. Through they were paid a small salary, they enjoyed privileges such as
the indulto de comercio, or the right to participate in the galleon trade.

Each province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by

Gobernadordcillos, whose main concerns were efficient governance and tax collection.
Four lieutenants aided the Governardorcillo: the Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant), the
GE Rizal-de
Teniente LifePolicia
and Works of Rizal
(police 18
lieutenant), the Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of the
fields) and the Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the livestock).

Spain owed the colonization of the Philippines to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who
 11. References:

Ocampo, A. R. Rizal without the Overcoat. Metro Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc.

Romero, Ma. C. S. et al. Rizal and the Development of National Consciousness.Quezon

City: JMC Press, Inc.

Habulan, Avi V.(2011). The Anvil Jose Rizal Reader.On the Occasion of the
Sesquicentennial of his Birth ((1861-2011).Manila: Anvil Publishing Inc.

Borinaga, Rolando O. et al. (2013). The Journal of History. Manila: Philippine National
Historical Society. Vol. LIX,

Santos, delos Santos et.al. (2013). A Review on the Life & Works of the First
Filipino.Malabon City: Jimczcyville Publications.

Peraz, A. (2011, February 1). The Philippines Under the Frailocracy. Retrieved from
https://scribblingblues.wordpress.com/2011/02/01/the-philippines-under-the-frailocracy/

GE Rizal- Life and Works of Rizal 19