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Intro To Genetic Engineering

This document discusses genetic engineering and its processes. It defines genetic engineering and explains techniques like selective breeding, recombinant DNA technology, transgenic organisms, polymerase chain reaction, and gel electrophoresis. It also provides examples of genetically modified plants, animals, and microorganisms. The document considers the ethical issues around genetic modification.

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Mhimi Viduya
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
109 views

Intro To Genetic Engineering

This document discusses genetic engineering and its processes. It defines genetic engineering and explains techniques like selective breeding, recombinant DNA technology, transgenic organisms, polymerase chain reaction, and gel electrophoresis. It also provides examples of genetically modified plants, animals, and microorganisms. The document considers the ethical issues around genetic modification.

Uploaded by

Mhimi Viduya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO

GENETIC ENGINEERING

Lorie Mae Viduya-Viloria, PhD


• The learners outline the steps in
Content
Standard
Recombinant DNA

• Explains how genes may be modified


Performance
Standard
and/or inserted in host cells/organisms

• The learners should be able to outline


Learning
Competency
the steps involved in genetic engineering
IDENTIFY WHETHER THE PLANTS/ANIMALS HAVE A
DESIRABLE OR ENHANCED TRAITS.
ENHANCED TRAIT MODIFYING TECHNIQUE
Kobe/Wagyu Beef (Beef with good fat Classical Breeding
distribution)
Classical Breeding
Guapple (Larged sized guava)
Recombinant DNA Technology
Human Insulin-Producing bacteria
Flavr-Savr (Delayed Ripening Tomatoes) Recombinant DNA Technology
Macapuno Trait in coconut Classical Breeding
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE MICE IN THESE TWO GROUPS?
BANANA VACCINES
MODIFIED VIRUS INJECTED IN
SAPLING TREE CAUSES THE
BANANAS TO CONTAIN VIRUS
PROTEINS

Venomous
Cabbage
Scorpion genes added to the
cabbage prevent insects
from eating it
WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING?

GENETIC ENGINEERING IS THE DIRECT MODIFICATION OF AN ORGANISM’S


GENOME, WHICH IS THE LIST OF SPECIFIC TRAITS (GENES) STORED IN THE
DNA.

CHANGING THE GENOME


ENABLES ENGINEERS TO GIVE
DESIRABLE PROPERTIES TO
DIFFERENT ORGANISMS.

ORGANISMS CREATED BY
GENETIC ENGINEERING
ARE CALLED GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOS).
BIOLUMINESCENT ANIMALS

USES:
• PROTEIN TRACKING
• DISEASE DETECTION USING BIOLUMINESCENT
IMAGING (BLI) TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENT TYPES
OF CELLS
• NOVELTY PETS (GLOFISH ARE AVAILABLE NOW)
FAST-GROWING
SALMON
GENES FROM TWO OTHER
FISH CAUSE THIS SALMON TO
CONTINUALLY PRODUCE
GROWTH HORMONES

Less Smelly Cows


Modifying bacteria
responsible for methane
production in cattle results
in 25% less-flatulent cows
COULD SPIDERMAN BE REAL?

WEB-PRODUCING
GOATS
SPIDER GENES IN GOATS ENABLE THE
PRODUCTION OF SPIDER SILK IN GOAT MILK
QUESTIONS:

• 1. FOR THE PAST DECADES HOW DO PEOPLE DEVELOP AND GET THE VARIETIES OF CROPS
AND ANIMALS?
• 2. WHAT IS A BREEDING PROCESS?
• 3. HOW BREEDING OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS AFFECTS THE LIVES OF MOST PEOPLE FROM
THEN TILL NOW
• 4. WHAT ARE THE MODERN PROCESSES USE TO IMPROVE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ONE
ORGANISM TO THE OTHER?
• 5. WHAT ARE THE PROS & CONS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
RUBRICS

• CONTENT- 30 %
• COLLABORATION-20 %
• ORGANIZATION-20 %
• PRESENTATION-30 %
• MENDEL’S LAWS OF INHERITANCE
• SEX LINKAGE
• CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
• RECOMBINANT DNA
By: Dr. Lorie Mae Viduya-Viloria
General Biology Teacher
IV. Recombinant DNA

LEARNING COMPETENCY AND OBJECTIVES:


• OUTLINE THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN GENETIC ENGINEERING
STEM_BIO11/12IIIA-B-6
• DISCUSS THE APPLICATIONS OF RECOMBINANT DNA
STEM_BIO11/12IIIA-B-7
a. ENUMERATE AND DISCUSS SOME OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
PROCESSES;
b. EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF RECOMBINANT DNA; AND
c. FAMILIARIZE WITH THE ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON GENETIC
ENGINEERING.
IV. Recombinant DNA

RECALL
Lesson Proper
Activity Proper
Summary
Add-On Activity
References
Recall
Fish-Bowl Recitation
1. YOUR TEACHER WILL CALL THE NAME OF THE
FIRST STUDENT TO PICK A QUESTION
REGARDING THE PREVIOUS LESSON.
2. IF YOU GOT THE CORRECT ANSWER, YOU
WILL BE GRADED BY YOUR TEACHER.
3. IF NOT, WAIT UNTIL ALL YOUR CLASSMATES
HAVE ANSWERED.
4.AFTER YOU ANSWER, CHOOSE ONE OF YOUR
CLASSMATE TO BE THE NEXT.
Lesson Proper

What can you


say about the
picture?
Will you define
genetic
engineering
based on the
picture shown?
• HAVE YOU EVER HEARD OF
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS?
•
• GENETIC ENGINEERING: CHANGING THE DNA IN
LIVING ORGANISMS TO CREATE SOMETHING NEW.
Genetic Engineering
Processes:
1. Selective Breeding
2. Recombinant DNA
3. Transgenic Organisms
4. PCR
5. Gel Electrophoresis
• BREED ONLY THOSE
PLANTS OR ANIMALS
WITH DESIRABLE
TRAITS

• PEOPLE HAVE BEEN


USING SELECTIVE
BREEDING FOR
THOUSANDS OF
YEARS WITH FARM
CROPS AND
DOMESTICATED
ANIMALS.
HOW DOES SELECTIVE BREEDING WORK?
• AN ORGANISM’S CHARACTERISTICS ARE
PARTLY DETERMINED BY THE COMBINATION
OF GENE VARIANTS? THAT ARE PASSED ON
FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.

• WE CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS TO


SELECTIVELY BREED ANIMALS OR PLANTS,
CHOOSING PARENTS WITH PARTICULAR
CHARACTERISTICS TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING
THAT HAVE THOSE CHARACTERISTICS.

• ONE OF THE OFFSPRING MAY EVEN BE TALLER


THAN BOTH OF THEIR PARENTS, BECAUSE
THEY MAY INHERIT A COMBINATION OF
DIFFERENT “TALL” GENE VARIANTS FROM
EACH PARENT AND TOGETHER THESE MAKE
THE OFFSPRING TALLER.
• ANGUS COWS ARE BRED TO
INCREASE MUSCLE MASS SO
THAT WE GET MORE MEAT.

• EGG-LAYING HEN-PRODUCES
MORE EGGS THAN THE
AVERAGE HEN.
• GENETIC ENGINEERING: CHANGING THE DNA IN
LIVING ORGANISMS TO CREATE SOMETHING NEW.
Genetic Engineering
Processes:
1. Selective Breeding
2. Transgenic Organisms
3. Recombinant DNA
4. PCR
5. Gel Electrophoresis
-ALSO CALLED GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
(GMO)
A. TRANSGENIC (GMO) ANIMALS: GENES INSERTED
INTO ANIMALS SO THEY PRODUCE WHAT HUMANS
NEED.
• WHY?: A WAY TO IMPROVE THE FOOD SUPPLY:
TRANSGENIC COWS: GENE INSERTED TO INCREASE
MILK PRODUCTION AND PRODUCE HUMAN MILK.
TRANSGENIC
ORGANISM
SPIDER GOAT: GENE FROM SPIDER INSERTED INTO
GOAT.
• GOATS MAKES SILK OF THE SPIDER WEB IN THEIR
MILK.
• FLEXIBLE, STRONGER THAN STEEL. USED IN BULLET
PROOF JACKETS.
GLOW-IN-THE-DARK CATS
• SCIENTIST USED A VIRUS TO INSERT DNA FROM
JELLYFISH (FIV)
• THE GENE MADE THE CAT PRODUCE A FLUORESCENT
PROTEIN IN ITS FUR.
B. TRANSGENIC BACTERIA: GENE INSERTED INTO
BACTERIA SO THEY PRODUCE THINGS HUMANS
NEED.
• FOR EXAMPLE: INSULIN AND CLOTTING FACTORS IN
BLOOD ARE NOW MADE BY BACTERIA.
C. TRANSGENIC PLANTS: PLANTS ARE GIVEN GENES
SO THEY MEET HUMAN NEEDS.

TRANSGENIC CORN: GIVEN A GENE SO CORN


PRODUCES A NATURAL PESTICIDE.
NOW THEY DON’T HAVE TO BE SPRAYED WITH
CANCER CAUSING PESTICIDES.
• 25% OF ALL CORN IS LIKE THIS.
• EXAMPLE IS BT (BACILLUS
THURINGIENSIS) CORN
VENOMOUS CABBAGE
• GENE FROM A SCORPION TAILS
INSERTED INTO CABBAGE.
• CABBAGE NOW PRODUCES THAT
CHEMICAL.
• WHY? LIMIT PESTICIDE USE WHILE
STILL PREVENTING INSECTS FROM
DAMAGING CROPS. Will it be safe for human
. consumption?
• GOLDEN RICE HAS BEEN GENETICALLY MODIFIED TO
CONTAIN BETA-CAROTENE
This rice could help prevent vitamin A deficiency
Activity Proper

• AFTER YOU LEARNED SOME OF THE TRANSGENIC


ORGANISMS, YOU REALIZE HOW PRIVILEGED YOU ARE
BECAUSE THESE ORGANISMS ARE VERY BENEFICIAL.
• NOW, BRING OUT THE MATERIALS NEEDED AND DRAW
YOUR OWN VERSION OF TRANSGENIC ORGANISM
(TRANSGENIC ANIMAL, PLANT OR MICROORGANISM) AND
EXPLAIN IT’S CHARACTERISTICS, MODIFICATION ETC.
Genetic Engineering
Processes:

3. THE ROLE OF 1. Selective Breeding


2. Transgenic Organisms
ENZYMES IN GENETIC 3. Recombinant DNA
ENGINEERING 4. PCR
5. Gel Electrophoresis
1. BACTERIA CAN MAKE HUMAN INSULIN OR
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE.

2. BACTERIA CAN BE ENGINEERED TO “EAT” OIL


SPILLS.
• PCR ALLOWS
SCIENTISTS TO MAKE
MANY COPIES OF A
PIECE OF DNA.
1. HEAT THE DNA SO IT
“UNZIPS”.
2. ADD THE
COMPLEMENTARY
NITROGENOUS BASES.
3. ALLOW DNA TO COOL
SO THE
COMPLEMENTARY
STRANDS CAN “ZIP”
TOGETHER.
-A TECHNIQUE USED TO
COMPARE DNA FROM
TWO OR MORE
ORGANISMS.
WHY COMPARE DNA:
1. FIND YOUR BABY’S DADDY
2. WHO COMMITTED A CRIME.
3. HOW CLOSELY SPECIES ARE
RELATED.
HOW IS ELECTROPHORESIS
DONE?
A. THE DNA IS CUT INTO
FRAGMENTS WITH A
RESTRICTION ENZYME.
B. THE CUT DNA IS THEN
PUT INTO THE WELLS OF
A MACHINE FILLED WITH
GEL.
• THE GEL IS SPONGY AND
THE DNA SQUEEZES
C. THE MACHINE IS PLUGGED IN AND THE FRAGMENTS
GET SEPARATED BASED ON THEIR SIZE.
• THE SMALLER FRAGMENTS MOVE FURTHER THAN THE
LARGE.
Separation of DNA based on
size of fragments.

• ELECTROPHORESIS RESULTS

Final result of electrophoresis


• ELECTRICITY PROVIDES THE ENERGY
• WHY DOES DNA MOVE?
• DNA HAS A NEGATIVE CHARGE.
• WHEN THE MACHINE IS PLUGGED IN, ITS MOVES
TOWARDS THE POSITIVE POLE CREATED BY THE
ELECTRICITY
Summary

• GENETIC ENGINEERING IS CHANGING THE DNA IN LIVING


ORGANISMS TO CREATE SOMETHING NEW.
• GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES INCLUDES SELECTIVE
BREEDING, RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY,
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS, POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
AND GEL ELECTROPHORESIS.
• THERE ARE ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE USE
AND CONSUMPTION OF GM PRODUCTS.
Add-On Activity

• YOUR TEACHER WILL GROUP YOU INTO


TWO BASED ON YOUR STAND ON GM
PRODUCTS.
A. PRO-GMO GROUP
B. ANTI-GMO GROUP
• YOUR PERFORMANCE WILL BE GRADED BY
YOUR TEACHER ACCORDINGLY.
References

• BASCO-TIAMZON M, ET.AL., GENERAL


BIOLOGY 2, ©2016 BY VIBAL GROUP, INC.
• HTTP://WWW.TEACHERSDOMAIN.ORG/ASSET
/TDC02_INT_CREATEDNAFP2/

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