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DC Motor Brake

1. There are three main types of electrical braking for DC motors: regenerative, dynamic, and plugging. 2. Regenerative braking returns kinetic energy to the power supply and is only effective above the no-load speed. Dynamic braking dissipates energy through a braking resistor. Plugging produces high braking torque by reversing supply polarity. 3. Each braking method is discussed in terms of how it is applied to shunt and series DC motors. Regenerative braking requires additional arrangements for series motors.

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Afkir Al-Husaine
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184 views

DC Motor Brake

1. There are three main types of electrical braking for DC motors: regenerative, dynamic, and plugging. 2. Regenerative braking returns kinetic energy to the power supply and is only effective above the no-load speed. Dynamic braking dissipates energy through a braking resistor. Plugging produces high braking torque by reversing supply polarity. 3. Each braking method is discussed in terms of how it is applied to shunt and series DC motors. Regenerative braking requires additional arrangements for series motors.

Uploaded by

Afkir Al-Husaine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DC motor brake

N. Mohammed Mushtaq Talip


T. Adnan Al-Amili
INTRODUCTION

Braking system is one of the major factors of speed control of DC


motor . Generally, three types of electric braking systems are used to
control the speed as well as brake the DC motor. These are-Plugging or
Reverse Current Braking, Rheostatic or Dynamic Braking,
Regenerative Braking Till now, various methods are available for DC
motor braking using different ways but Electro-magnetic contactor or
Time Delay Relay arrangement is investigated in this paper DC
injection braking is a method of slowing AC electric motors. A DC
voltage is injected into the winding of the AC motor after the AC
voltage is disconnected, providing braking force to the rotor

types of electrical braking done in a DC Motor.- :

Regenerative Braking
It is a form of braking in which the kinetic energy of the motor is
returned to the power supply system. This type of braking is possible
when the driven load forces the motor to run at a speed higher than its
no-load speed with a constant excitation.
The motor back emf Eb is greater than the supply voltage V, which
reverses the direction of the motor armature current. The motor begins
to operate as an electric generator.
It is very interesting to note that regenerative braking cannot be used to
stop a motor but to control its speed above the no-load speed of the
motor driving the descending loads.
Dynamic Braking
It is also known as Rheostatic braking. In this type of braking, the DC
motor is disconnected from the supply and a braking resistor Rb is
immediately connected across the armature. The motor will now work
as a generator and produces the braking torque.
During electric braking when the motor works as a generator, the
kinetic energy stored in the rotating parts of the motor and a connected
load is converted into electrical energy. It is dissipated as heat in the
braking resistance Rb and armature circuit resistance Ra.
Dynamic Braking is an inefficient method of braking as all the
generated energy is dissipated as heat in resistances
Plugging
It is also known as reverse current braking. The armature terminals or
supply polarity of a separately excited DC motor or shunt DC motor
when running are reversed. Therefore, the supply voltage V and the
induced voltage Eb i.e. back emf will act in the same direction. The
effective voltage across the armature will be V + Eb which is almost
twice the supply voltage.
Thus, the armature current is reversed and a high braking torque is
produced. Plugging is a highly inefficient method of braking because,
in addition to the power supplied by the load, the power supplied by the
source is wasted in resistances
Advantages of electrical braking over mechanical braking:

1. Electrical braking is fast and effective than mechanical braking


2. Electrical braking doesn’t involve high maintenance cost unlike
mechanical braking. In mechanical braking we need to replace break
shoes periodically which involves high maintenance cost.
3. Amount of heat generated in electrical braking is very much less than
that of heat produced due to mechanical braking. This heat produced in
mechanical braking at brake shoes leads to failure of brakes.
4. In electrical braking a part of electrical energy is returned to supply
which helps in reducing the running cost.
5. Using electric braking the capacity of the system like higher speeds,
heavy loads can be increased which cannot be obtained through
mechanical braking.

Disadvantages of Mechanical Braking


The main disadvantages of Mechanical Braking are as follows:
• It requires frequent maintenance and replacement of brake shoes.
• Braking power is wasted in the form of heat.
In spite of having some disadvantages of mechanical braking, it is also
used along with the electric braking to ensure reliable operation of the
drive. It is also used to hold the drive at the standstill because many
braking methods do not produce torque at standstill condition.

Because of the above advantages we use electrical braking to stop dc


motor instead of using mechanical braking.
Electrical braking of dc shunt motor:
Each of the three electrical braking methods to stop dc shunt motor are
discussed clearly below.
Regenerative braking of dc shunt motor:
In this type of braking if the load on the dc shunt motor increases the
speed of motor above the no load speed at constant excitation then the
back emf (Eb)produced will be greater than the supply voltage at this
stage dc shunt motor acts as generator since the motor armature current
reverses its direction. So now it supplies power to the line. Due to
reversal of direction of armature current as Eb > V, armature torque is
reversed and speed falls until Eb becomes less than V so the motor
doesn’t completely stop in regenerative braking only speeds above no
load speeds are decreased and controlled. Regenerative braking is
clearly shown in the following figure.

Dynamic braking or rheostatic braking of dc shunt motor:


In dynamic braking we disconnect the armature of dc motor from the
supply and connect a resistor to it while the field is connected to the
supply as shown in the following figure. As the armature is
disconnected from the supply and connected as shown above now it
acts as generator and kinetic energy stored in rotating parts and
connected load is converted into electrical energy and is dissipated
through rheostat as heat energy and dc shunt motor stops. This is not
an efficient method because all the generated energy is dissipated as
heat energy.
Plugging of dc shunt motor:
In this method the terminals of the armature of dc motor or supply
polarity is reversed. So the torque direction gets reversed and hence
back emf Eb and supply voltage V will be in the same direction. So
now voltage will 2V which involves high inrush current to prevent this
we add a resistance as shown in the following figure. Now the motor
speed decreases slowly and stops, at this point an external device is
required to cut off supply as soon as motor comes to rest. Plugging
gives greater braking torque as compared to rheostatic braking or
dynamic braking.

Electrical braking of dc series motor:


Each of the three electrical braking methods to stop dc series motor are
discussed clearly below.

Dynamic braking or rheostatic braking of dc series motor:


In this the armature is disconnected from the supply and current
through the armature reverses its direction and field remains connected
to the supply. Care should be taken such that current direction through
field doesn’t changes for this purpose we reverse the field .Now dc
series motor acts as dc series generator. This can be shown in the
following figure.
Now the kinetic energy stored in rotating parts and connected load is
converted to electrical energy and dissipated through rheostat as heat
and dc series motor stops.
Plugging of dc series motor:
In this method terminals of the armature or supply voltage are reversed
and a resistance is added to control magnitude of braking torque. By
this dc series motor stops. The figure is shown in the following
diagram. Plugging gives greater braking torque as compared to
rheostatic braking or dynamic braking.
Regenerative braking of dc series motor:
Regenerative braking with dc series motor is not possible because
increasing in excitation causes decrease in speed. Back e.m.f Eb cannot
be greater than supply voltage. So regenerative braking is not possible
with dc series motor to make it possible we need to connect dc series
as shunt motor. For traction motors regenerative braking is done by
special arrangement as shown in the following figure. Using series
motors for regenerative braking the fields must be excited separately
and use stabilizing circuits. The figure shown below gives connections
for regenerative braking on dc series motor.
By connecting in this way back e.m.f Eb can be made greater than V
and can be run as generator and torque gets reversed and speed falls till
Eb becomes less than V. Hence in this way regenerative braking is done
on dc series motor.
References
1- Technical Books
2- Brake Motors General catalogue
3- Motor Handbook
4-In addition to the information found

Thanks for reading

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