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21 Century Literature

This document provides an overview of world literature and 21st century literature course objectives and topics. It outlines the goals of understanding world literature, appreciating various literary works, and expressing ideas about them. World literature is defined as the sum of national literatures that circulates between cultures. The document then lists topics that will be covered by different student groups, including literary elements, Latin American literature, European literature, Asian literature, and African literature. It provides instructions for two assignments - the first involves students composing a song and music video relating to various periods of literary history, while the second asks students to create an online travelogue discussing famous world literature locations and works. Finally, it provides an introduction to analyzing Asian literature, examining narrative
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
818 views30 pages

21 Century Literature

This document provides an overview of world literature and 21st century literature course objectives and topics. It outlines the goals of understanding world literature, appreciating various literary works, and expressing ideas about them. World literature is defined as the sum of national literatures that circulates between cultures. The document then lists topics that will be covered by different student groups, including literary elements, Latin American literature, European literature, Asian literature, and African literature. It provides instructions for two assignments - the first involves students composing a song and music video relating to various periods of literary history, while the second asks students to create an online travelogue discussing famous world literature locations and works. Finally, it provides an introduction to analyzing Asian literature, examining narrative
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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21st CENTURY LITERATURE

World Literature

Objectives:
• Understand what world literature is
• appreciate the world literature
• Express idea/s about the different literary works under world literature

What is World Literature?


• It refer to the sum of the world's national literatures and usually refers to the circulation of
works into the wider world.
• Is a broad network of literature that interacts spaces between cultures and must be read
outside its cultural context.

TOPICS
GROUP 1: LITERARY ELEMENTS, TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES (BOHEMIAN RHAPSODY)
GROUP 2: LITERATURE AND CULTURE: LATIN AMERICA (DIVINE COMEDY)
GROUP 3: EUROPIAN LITERATURE (THIRTEEN REASONS WHY)
GROUP 4: ASIAN LITERATURE (ONE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS)
GROUP 5: AFRICAN LITERATURE (EPIC OF GILGAMESH)

PETA 1:
HELE NG LITERATURA AND MY MUSIC VIDEO
1. Compose a song (Tagalog) that will show the inner message of the situations happened from
different period of literary history and that holds the truth within us.
2. Songs must be in the amalgamation of diverse elements such as ethnic, folk and soul.
3. Songs should embrace the individuality of history either Philippine or World Literature.
4. Music video must be 20-30 minutes.

RUBRIC:
50% - the songs must hold firmly the message from different period of literary history
50% - visibly seen and heard the amalgamation of diverse elements such:
ETHNIC — that expresses the life of the people during different period of literary history
FOLK-SONG — should be in a traditional tune and it should reflect the social reflect the social change
taking place from one period to another.
SOUL-SONG- should express a deep feelings and emotions.

PETA 1 GROUP
DEADLINE: MARCH 28, 2022 (MONDAY)
PETA 2:
ONLINE TRAVELOGUE
1. Students will provide pictures of the different famous places in the world, from Asia, North America,
Europe, Latin America, and Africa.
2. They are free to choose what places they wanted to include on their online travel and must show
elements of world literature such as culture, tradition, and famous literary works.
3. Students must discuss the different places and content of their travelogue.
(As tour guide)
3. Students will present a five-minute video in their online travel.
NOTE: The students are free to use digital backgrounds, images, subtitles, and others to suffice the
presentation. The editing styles that the students use will depend to them. (Their choice)

RUBRICS:
50% RESOURCEFULNESS — recycled materials/ props have been innovatively used/ created
25% ORIGINALITY — the costume is unique and imaginative
25% PRESENTATION — the student is able to represent and convinces the audience.

PETA 2 INDIVIDUAL
DEADLINE: APRIL 1, 2022 (FRIDAY)
21st CENTURY LITERATURE
ANGLO-AMERICAN LITERATURE

OBJECTIVES:
 Analyze and Understand Anglo-American Literature
 Determine the Literary Periods in American Literature
 Write a journal Entry a Specific Point of View

WORLD LITERATURE
ANGLO-AMERICAN LITERATURE

Anglo-American Literature
is the literature written or produced in the area of the United States and its preceding colonies.
 
An initiation story - show its young protagonist experiencing a significant change of knowledge about
the world or himself.

A. Colonial Period
Puritanism was a religious movement within the church of England. Main purpose was to eradicate the
doctrines of the Roman Catholic church.
Theocracy- refers to a government ruled by religious leaders.

Nathaniel Ward- a puritan minister, wrote The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America (1647)

B. Revolutionary Period
1775-1783
a poetry became a weapon of protest.
Philip Freneau – was a notable poet during this period.
 •The Wild Honey Suckle
 •The Indian Burying Ground
Literary Periods in Anglo Literature
Old English Literature (450-1100)
Encompasses literature written in Old English in Anglo-Saxon England
Genre/ Style: Epic poetry;
Hagiography; Sermons; Bible
Translations; Chronicles
Sample Literary Masterpiece:
BEOWULF
AN ANGLO-SAXON EPIC POEM

Middle English Literature: 1100-1500


in this period religious literature continued to enjoy popularity and Hagiographies were written, adapted
and translated
Genre/ Style: Romance; Bible Translations
Hagiography - is a biography of a saint of an ecclesiastical leader.

SAMPLE LITERARY MASTERPIECE:


THE CANTERBURY TALES

AMERICAN RENAISSANCE
Romanticism
1800-1860
 Value feeling and intuition over reasoning; helped instill proper gender behavior for uniqueness,
heightened imagination, deepened appreciation of nature
 Genre/ Style: Character sketches; Slave narratives; poetry; Short stories

BRAHMINS
 It refers to the Europe-educated aristocrats then became professors at Harvard University;
namely Oliver Wendell Holmes, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and James Russesll Lowell
 They were interested in producing refined American literature based on foreign models.
 Breakfast Table by Holmes's (1888-1891)
 The Biglow Papers by Lowell's (1848-1867)

TRANSCENDENTALISM:
1840-1860
Emerged from Unitarianism, an ideal that emphasized the "unity" of God, contrary to the "trinity".
Genre/Style: Poetry; Short Stories; Novel
Some notable literary works:
Ralph Waldo Emerson
 Nature (1836)
 "Self-Reliance (1841)
 "Divinity School Address' (1838)
 "The Over-soul" (1841)
Henry David Thoreau
 Walden or Life in the Wood (1854)
 A Week in the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849)
 Civil Disobedience (1849)

AMERICAN ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT


William Lloyd Garrison founded the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833-1970).
He also founded "The Liberator" in 1831
Some of the important persons who joined the movement were:
Theodore Dwight Weld, Theodore John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Lydia Maria Child,
Frederick Doug as, and William Wells Brown
Uncle Tom's Cabin - Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852)
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave - Frederick Douglass (1894)
The Scarlet Letter - Nathaniel Hawthorne (1850)
Leaves of Grass - Walt Whitman (1819-1892)

Realism: 1855-1900
Realism is an attempt to depict people and events as they are in real life.
Mark Twain - The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin (1885)
Some notable works during this period:
 The American (1877) Henry James
 The Awakening (1899) Kate Chopin
 Life on the Mississippi (1883) Mark Twain
 The Wedding Journey (1872) William Dean Howell

Naturalism
is a dark and scientific form of realism.
Works that illustrates naturalism are usually characterized by the following:
 pessimism
 determinism
 objectivity
 survival of the fittest

Modern Period
Modernist literature is characterized by the character's stream of consciousness, and it also incorporates
fragments of thought.
Some notable works during this period are:
 The Great Gatsby (1925). Scott Fitzgerald
 A Rose for Emily (1930) William Faulkner O
 The Garden (1916) Ezra Pound
Postmodernism: 1950 to present
Mixing of fantasy with nonfiction; blurs lines of reality for reader.
Characterized by intertextuality, antinarrative, hyperrealism, and metafiction.
Genre/ Style: Narratives, Metafiction and Magic realism
Intertextuality - in which a text is obviously drawn from or influenced by different source texts.
Hyperreality - dissolves the demarcation between the real and the imaginary.
Antinarrative - refers to a narrative that questions or avoids the normative concepts of a narrative
 
The Great Depression - is a worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted 1939.
It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world,
sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, macroeconomic policy, and economic. theory.

1929-1933
America Loses Its Way

1929:
The stock market crash in October devastated the United States.
The next three years
changed America and Americans forever.
From 1929 to 1933:
6,000banks went out of business.
9 million savings accounts vanished.
85,000 businesses went bankrupt.
13 million people were unemployed
400,000 family farms were repossessed by the bank.
2,600 schools were closed.
Admissions to state mental hospitals went up 300%.
2 million men became homeless, wandering the country.
Suicides went up by 30%.
The Great Depression had begun.
Drought in the Great Plains caused crops to die.
Huge dust storms buried farms, choked towns and caused farmers to look for jobs somewhere else.
As bad as things were in the country, they were worse in the cities.
Millions of Americans became migrant farmworkers, moving from one place to another to pick crops.
Homeless Americans built houses out of whatever they could find, beg, borrow or steal in shantytowns.
"The Negro was born in depression. It didn't mean much to him, the Great American Depression...
“The best he could be is a janitor or a porter or shoeshine boy."
"It only became official when it hit the white man."
It wouldn't be until December 7th, 1941 that the Great Depression unofficially ended with the United
States' entry into World War II. Factories that made cars, clothes and other consumer goods changed to
war production. 15 million Americans joined the armed forces and new job armed forces and new job
opportunities for women and minorities in the new war economy virtually eliminated unemployment.

Activity
Diary Writing
Write a diary recalling from the point of view of your ten-year old experience up to present age
21st CENTURY LITERATURE
World Literature: Asian Literature

Objectives
 Understand the different Chinese literature
 Examine the craftmanship of narrative poem
 Analyze the impacts of author's choices regarding how to develop and relates elements a story

World Literature: Asian Literature

History of Chinese Literature


ZHOU DYNASTY:
1046 - 256 BC
the classic written language was standardized, a writing system that would be used from then on in the
Chinese territory and that would give origin to the modern Chinese writing system.

Qin Dynasty
The works written in this dynasty were framed in the philosophical current of legalism. This doctrine
justified the authoritarian behavior of the emperor and argued that the people should obey the ruler.

Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty was developed between 206 BC. C and 220 d. During this dynasty, the Confucianism
was resumed, which was mixed with the philosophy of legalism.

Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty occurred between 618 and 907 AD. This dynasty was of great importance for his
contributions in poetry.
Two of the most important Chinese poets
Li Bai
Li Bai was born in the year 701 and died in the year 762. His poems dealt with various topics, among
which stood out politics, the art of war and nature.
Du Fu
Du Fu was born in 712 and died in 770. He wrote more than a thousand poems. His work can be
considered as part of the movement of realism

Song Dynasty
During this period the literature of the travelers was popularized. In this type of texts, the authors wrote
about the places they had visited.
Two of the most important poets
Lu, who wrote about 10,000 poems
Sun Tungpo, who is considered the greatest poet of the period.

Yuan Dynasty
occurred between 1279 and 1368
a form of theater was popularized in which the actors were the shadows projected by puppets.
Qing Dynasty
occurred between the years 1644 and 1911
In this period, the Chinese people came into contact with foreign literary texts.

Modern Period
began in 1912 and continues to this day
Modern Chinese literature is characterized by:
1. To have a much more western character, due to the influence of foreign literary texts.
2. The use of the vernacular language, instead of the classical language.
3. Freedom of expression.
4. Gender equality.
Modern Period
Outstanding works
“Summer snow”
"The romance of the three kingdoms "
"Dream of the red camera”

Three Major Chinese Philosophies


Confucianism
also known as Ruism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. Variously
described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing,
or simply a way of life.

Taoism or Daoism
is a philosophical and spiritual tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the
Tao (Chinese)

LEGALISM or Fajia
Chinese political philosophy based on the idea that a highly efficient and powerful government is the key
to social order.
* House of administrative methods

Four Books and Five Classics


Great Learning or Daxue
 is to understand how to "investigate things".
 building on what is already "known of "principle".

Doctrine of the Mean or Zhongyong or Zhong Yong


 is a text rich with symbolism and guidance to perfecting oneself.
 Zhong means bent neither one way or another, and yong represents unchanging
 the goal of the mean is to maintain balance and harmony from directing the mind to a state of
constant equilibrium
Doctrine of the Mean is divided into three parts:
1. The Axis - Confucian Metaphysics
2. The Process - Politics
3. The Perfect Word/Sincerity - Ethics (The Great Digest and Unwobbling Pivot, 1951).
Analects
 meaning "Selected Sayings"
 Also known as the Analects of Confucius
 is an ancient Chinese book composed of a large collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the
Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been
compiled and written by Confucius's followers

Mencius (book)
is a collection of conversations, anecdotes, and series of genuine and imagined interviews by the
Confucian philosopher, Mencius

Five Classics
Classic of Poetry
A collection of 305 poems divided into 160 folk songs, 105 festal songs sung at court ceremonies, and 40
hymns and eulogies sung at sacrifices to heroes and ancestral spirits of the royal house.

Book of Documents
A collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early
Zhou period and before. It is possibly the oldest Chinese narrative and may date from the 6th century
BC. It includes examples of early Chinese prose.

Book of Rites
Describes ancient rites, social form and court ceremonies.

I Ching
(Book of Changes)
The book contains a divination system comparable to Western geomancy or the West African system.

Spring and Autumn Annals


A historical record of the State of Lu, Confucius's native state, 722-481 BC.
The Annals records main events such. as the accessions, marriages, deaths, and funerals of rulers,
battles fought, sacrificial rituals observed, celestial phenomena considered ritually important, and
natural disasters.

Famous poet
Confucius
was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who was traditionally
considered the paragon of Chinese sages
The word Confucius is the westernized form of his name, which is Kung Fu-tze, Kung being his proper
name, Fu signifying revered, and tze signifying teacher.

Li tai po: 701-762


Also known as Li Bai, one of the leading Chinese poets of the eighth century. His writings deal with the
good things of life and with the pathos of human destiny. With a striking vividness they treat of love,
friendship, wine, nature, and simple village living.
 
Po Chu-i: (772-846)
was a Chinese poet best known for his ballads and satirical poems. He held the view that good poetry
should be readily understood by the common people and exemplified it in poems noted for simple
diction, natural style, and social content.
21st CENTURY LITERATURE
Literary Approaches

Objectives:
 Distinguish the texts and authors from Latin American and North American Literature
 Identify representative texts and authors from African literature and Middle Eastern literature
 Analyze a 21st century literary texts from Latin America through the application of common
themes, critical and literary approaches

LITERARY APPROACHES
1. Formalistic Approach
- all the basics necessary for understanding the work are limited within the work by itself. The
key for formalist critics is to determine how much elements work together with the text’s
subject to shape its effects upon readers.
2. Moral or Humanistic Approach
- literature is viewed to discuss man and its nature. It presents man as essentially rational,
endowed with intellect and free will.
3. Historical Approach
- This approach seeks to understand a literary work by investing the social, cultural, and
intellectual context that produced it – a context that necessarily includes the artist’s
biography and milieu
4. Sociological Approach
- Literature is viewed as the expression of man within a given social situation which is reduced
to discussion on economics
5. Cultural Approach
- Literature is seen as one of the manifestations and vehicles of a nations or race’s culture and
tradition.
6. Psychological Approach
- Literature is viewed as the expression of “personality” of “inner drives” of “neurosis”. It
includes the psychology of the author, of the characters, and even, the psychology of
creation.
7. Impressionistic Approach
- Literature is viewed to elucidate “reaction-response” which is considered as something very
personal, relative, and faithful.
CRITICAL APPROACH
1. BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM
It views literature as a reflection on author's life and time or of the characters life and time.
2. Feminism criticism
Literature may be interpreted as a bottle of the sexes or a reaction or result of oppressive
patriarchy.
3. Reader-Response Criticism
This approach takes as a fundamental tenet that "literature" exists not as an artifact upon a
printed page but as a transaction between the physical text and the mind of a reader. It
attempts "to describe what happens in the reader's mind while interpreting a text" and reflects
that reading, like writing, is a creative process.
4. Deconstructionist Criticism
Texts must be read many times to be able to get the real idea meaning of a text.
This approach rejects the traditional assumption that language can accurately represent reality.
5. Mythological Criticism
This approach emphasizes "the recurrent universal patterns underlying most literary works."
Combining the insights from anthropology, psychology, history, and comparative religion,
mythological criticism "explores the artist's common humanity by tracing how the individual
imagination uses myths and symbols common to different cultures

World Literature: Latin American and Norm American Literature


Latin American Literature
What Is Latin American Literature?
The literature focuses on the personal, social, or political struggles of the average citizen.

MAJOR THEMES
The Fantastic — odd, remarkable or bizarre; grotesque and highly unbelievable or unrealistic events
occur in fiction. The Fantastic tests and often bends the limits of reality.
Authors most often associated with the "Fantastic" are Borges and Cortazar.

Magical Realism
is a genre of art, literature, and performance in which elements of the fantastic are presented within the
context of very real scenes and events, typically without comment.
Authors associated with magical realism include Garcia Marquez, Carpentier, and Esquivel (especially
Like Water for Chocolate).

Social realism
dark and often depressing depictions of life in Latin America; sometime the literature reflects the violent
history of the region
Authors associated w/social realism are Novas Calvo, Rulfo, and Arias.

Female discourse
fiction that makes its main theme gender role as it critiques marianismo and machismo in Latin
American society.
Authors associated w/female discourse or feminist themes include Allende, Castellanos. and Ferré.
Latin American Boom
What was the Latin American Boom?
means a literary and editorial phenomenon that took place between the 1960s and 1970s , when the
literary works of a group of young Latin American writers was widely distributed and appreciated in
Europe and much of the world.

Authors and works of the Latin American Boom


Julio Cortazar
(Argentina, 1914-1984)
enthusiast of the Cuban and Sandinista Revolutions
Argentine novelist and short-story writer who combined existential questioning with
experimental writing techniques in his works.

Gabriel Garcia Marquez


(Colombia, 1927-2014)
was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter, and journalist, known
affectionately as Gabo or Gabito throughout Latin America.
The colonel has no one to write to him ( 1962)
One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967)
The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975)

Carlos Fuentes
(Mexico, 1928-2012)
was a Mexican short-story writer, novelist, essayist, and political writer whose works
are a mixture of social protest, realism, psychological insight, and fantasy.
The Death of Artemio Cruz (1962)
Aura (1962)
Terra nostra (1975).

Mario Vargas Llosa


(Peru, 1936-)
One of the greatest Latin American novelists of the twentieth century, winner of the
Nobel Prize for Literature in 2010, is a lawyer by profession
La ciudad y los perros (1962)
La casa verde (1965)
Conversation in La Catedral (1969)
Authors of other Nationalities
 Juan Rulfo (Mexico, 1917-1986)
Pedro Paramo (1955)
El llano en llamas (1953)
 Augusto Roa Bastos (Paraguay, 1917-2005)
Yo, El Supremo (1974).
• Manuel Puig (Argentina, 1932-1990)
Boquitas painted ( 1969)
The Kiss of the Spider Woman (1976).
• Miguel Angel Asturias (Guatemala, 1899-1974)
Mr. President (1967).
• Jose Donoso (Chile, 1924-1996)
The Obscene Bird of the Night (1970)

North American Literature


The Colonial Period (1607-1775)
This period encompasses the founding of Jamestown up to a decade before the Revolutionary War.
Some writers not to miss from this period include:
• Phillis Wheatley
• Cotton Mather
• William Bradford
• Anne Bradstreet
• John Winthrop
Slave Narrative
1760 Boston

The Revolutionary Age (1765-1790)


Important works include the "Declaration of Independence," "The Federalist Papers," and the poetry of
Joel B low and Philip Freneau.
this period includes the writings of
• Thomas Jefferson
• Thomas Paine
• James Madison
• Alexander Hamilton

The Early National Period (1775-1828)


first works
"The Contrast" by Royall Tyler, written in 1787 American Novel—"The Power of Sympathy" by William
Hill, written in 1789
credited American fiction
• Washington Irving
• James Fenimore Cooper
• Charles Brown
• writing poetry
• Edgar Allan poe
• William Cullen Bryant
The American Renaissance (1828-1865)
Also known as the Romantic period in America and the Age of Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism was an American literary movement that emphasized the importance and equality of
the individual.
Transcendentalists espoused four main philosophical ponts
• Self Reliance
• Individual Conscience
• Intuition Over Reason
• Unity of All Things in Nature

The Realistic Period (1865-1900)


this period also gave rise to regional writing
• Sarah Orne Jewett
• Kate Chopin
• Bret Harte
• Mary Wilkins Freeman
• George W. Cable.

The Naturalist Period (1900-1914)


This relatively short period is defined by its insistence on recreating life as life really is
Most powerfully raw novels in American literary history
• Frank Norris
• Theodore
• Dreiser
• Jack London

The Modern Period (1914-1939)


is the second most influential and artistically rich age of American writing.
Major Writers
E.E. Cummings, Robert Frost, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, Marianne Moore, Langston Hughes,
Carl Sandburg, T.S. Eliot, Wallace Stevens, and Edna St. Vincent Millay

The Beat Generation (1944—1962)


This time period saw a rise in confessional poetry and sexuality in literature
two writers whose works faced censorship challenges
William S. Burroughs and Henry Miller

The Contemporary Period (1939—Present)


American literature has become broad and varied in terms of theme, mode, and purpose.
Important Writers
Kurt Vonnegut, Amy Tan, John Updike, Eudora Welty, James Baldwin, Sylvia Plath, Arthur Miller, Toni
Morrison, Ralph Ellison, Joan Didion, Thomas Pynchon, Elizabeth Bishop, Tennessee Williams, Philip
Roth, Sandra Cisneros, Richard Wright, Tony Kushner, Adrienne Rich, Bernard Malamud, Saul Bellow,
Joyce Carol Oates; Thornton Wilder, Alice Walker, Edward Albee, Norman Mailer, John Barth, Maya
Angelou, and Robert Penn Warren. 's
Major Themes in 21st Century North American Literature
• identity
• history and memory

Marilynne Summers Robinson


Marilynne Summers Robinson is an American novelist and essayist. During her writing career Robinson
has received numerous awards, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2005, the 2012 National
Humanities Medal, and the 2016 Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction. In 2016 Robinson was
named in Time magazine's list of 100 most influential people.

Essay
The word essay derives from the French infinitive essayer, 'to try' or 'to attempt'
essay is a piece of writing, usually from an author's personal point of view
 
Three Parts of an Essay
An introduction that gives the reader an idea of what they are about to learn and presents an argument
in the form of a thesis statement
A body or middle section, that provides evidence used to prove and persuade the reader to accept the
writer's particular point of view.
A conclusion that summarizes the content and findings of the essay

Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or
political significance.

Middle Eastern Literature


Saudi Arabia
it is found in the middle east between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea
95% of their land is dessert

Mesopotamia—mainly modern-day Iraq and Kuwait


Its modern name comes from the Greek
for middle—mesos—and river—potamos—and literally means a "country between two rivers."
Those two rivers are the Tigris and Euphrates.

Arabic Literature
refers to the body of written works produced in the Arabic language.
Adab is the Arabic word for literature

What is ISLAM?
means to achieve peace - peace with God, peace within oneself, and peace with the creations of God -
through wholly submitting oneself to God and accepting His guidance
Two holy pilgrimage cities:
Mecca — the blessed
Medina — the radiant

HAJI
(Pilgrimage to Makkah)
Is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca

Muhammad
He is known as Holy Prophet to Muslims

Jihad
means “struggle” or "exertion" and refers to any spiritual, moral or physical struggle

The Quran
The holy book of Islam
It contains injunctions, narratives, homilies, and parables.
It has 1 14 suras which contain 6,236 ayat
The word Qur'an literally means "the reading" or "the recitation" and refers to the divinely revealed
scripture given to Muhammad.

Notable Poets in 21st Century Arab Literature


Syrian: Muhammad al- Maghut
Moroccan: Muhammad Bannis
Iraqi: Sa di Yusuf
Egyptians: Muhammad AfififMatar and Amal Dunqul
Word Puzzle Meaning: Happiness by Marilynne Robinson
Instructions:
Copy the puzzle and search the words given below, encircle and look for its meaning in the dictionary.
Write it in the space after the word
Activity
1. Chimera
2. Malaise
3. Elusive
4. Enormities
5. Lament
6. Cloister
7. Affliction
8. Evanescent
9. Potent
10. Melancholy
11. Metaphysics
12. Maxi

b m a s c q g e v a n e s c e n t e u r
f l a m e n t d g l k j a s d f g x y p
h o e p m e i a t r e i e l u s i v e j
s i x e j r m f b n x c x s w w t x w l
u u a r d t m f c p r o v i s i o n s k
s h s n h y e l o r m o u s d f g z w n
m m p a g c h i m e r a t y u o p m w g
l e e t f i e c g h j w e r t y y a f c
s d r u d o d t f i m p e d e d f g a l
r d e r s q a i d f g h j h m n b n z o
t i n a a w m o j f d s s t a h f a s i
r b o l d e g n b c a f g h l d e n r e
p d r c g r w e r t y u i o a t r i i s
o s m v h h m a x i m s f s i h g m k t
t b i b c o t j e c t u r e s r w o g e
e h t n k m i e e t u w s d e h m u m r
n d i m i a r y u i r t e r j h d s n t
t s e k u g m e t a p h y s i c s u s d
e a s l i e e e r t y u i o p o u t x e
r e c r o b r m e l a n c h o l y r u r
Meaning of the words:
1. Chimera
- a thing that is hoped or wished for but in fact is illusory or impossible to achieve
2. Malaise
- Uneasiness; discomfort; specifically, an indefinite feeling of uneasiness, often a
preliminary symptom of a serious malady.
3. Elusive
- Tending to elude capture, perception, comprehension, or memory.
4. Enormities
- The quality of passing all moral bounds; excessive wickedness or outrageousness.
5. Lament
- to express sorrow, mourning, or regret for often demonstratively
6. Cloister
- A place, especially a monastery or convent, devoted to religious seclusion.
7. Affliction
- a cause of persistent pain or distress
8. Evanescent
- Vanishing or likely to vanish like vapor.
9. Potent
- Possessing inner or physical strength; powerful.
10. Melancholy
- depression of spirits
11. Metaphysics
- abstract philosophical studies : a study of what is outside objective experience
12. Maxi
- extra long
21st CENTURY LITERATURE
Class, Ideology, and Cultural Forms

Objectives
 Explain the literary, biographical, linguistic, and sociocultural contexts
 Discuss how biographical, linguistic, and sociocultural enhance the text’s and enrich
the reader’s understanding

What is Context in Literature


 refers to the occasion, or situation, that informs the reader about why a document was
written and how it was written.
 is the background, environment, setting, framework, or surroundings of events or
occurrences.

VARIOUS CONTEXTS OF A LITERARY WORK ENHANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING


AND APPRECIATION OF THE TEXT
 Literary Contexts
 Biographical Context
 Historical Context
 Geographical Context

VARIOUS CONTEXTS OF A LITERARY WORK ENHANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING


AND APPRECIATION OF THE TEXT
 Political Context
 Philosophical/Religious Context
 Sociological Context
 Psychological Context

Class, Ideology, and Cultural Forms

INDIVIDUALITY
Pertains to our “natural selves”, a set of qualities that distinguish us from other people.

A.
“To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest
accomplishment.”

B.
“Never be bullied into silence. Never allow yourself to be made a victim. Accept no one’s
definition of your life but define yourself.”

Ideology – is a set of beliefs attributed to a person or group of persons


Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of
historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations
and social conflict as well as a dialectical perspective to view social transformation.

Capitalism definition is a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make
and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people
and companies rather than by the government.
21st CENTURY LITERATURE
European and Asian Literatures

Objectives
 Identify representative texts and authors from Asia, North America, Latin
America and Africa.
 Situate the texts in the context of the region, nation, and the world
 Appreciate the cultural and aesthetic diversity of literature of the world.

What are the three major Chinese Philosophies?


Confucianism/Ruism, Taoism/ Daoism, Legalism/Fajia

The Four Books in Confucianism


Great Learning or Daxue, Doctrine of the Mean, Analects, Mencius book

“Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength, while loving someone deeply gives you
courage.”
-Lao Tzu

EUROPEAN LITERATURE
also known as Western literature and can also be defined as the literature written in the context
of Western culture in the languages of Europe, as several geographically or historically
related languages. 

TIMELINE OF EUROPEAN LITERATURE


ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD (449-1066)
Stories in this time period were often told orally.
Examples of work: Boewulf

MEDIEVAL PERIOD (1066-1485)


Time of knights and the “damsels in distress”.
Examples of work: The Canterbury Tales

THE RENAISSANCE (1485-1660)


This period was a shift in literature from a focus on religion and the afterlife to human life
on earth.
Examples of work: Sonnet 75

ROMANTICISM (1798-1832)
This was a time of lyrical ballas, a form of narrative verse set to music.

THE VICTORIAN PERIOD (1832-1900)


In this time period the novel began to make its peak.
 
Eavan Boland was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1944. She is one of Ireland’s preeminent
contemporary poets and the author of A Poet’s Dublin and A Women Without a Country, among
others. Boland is currently working as a professor of English at Stanford University, where she
directs the creative writing program. She lives in California with her husband, the author Kevin
Casey, and their two daughters.

Atlantis—A Lost Sonnet 


Eavan Boland/ Ireland 

How on earth did it happen, I used to wonder that a whole city—arches, pillars, colonnades, not
to mention vehicles and animals—had all one fine day gone under?

I mean, I said to myself, the world was small then. Surely a great city must have been missed? I
miss our old city white pepper, white pudding, you and I meeting under fanlights and low skies
to go home in it. Maybe what really happened is this: the old fable-makers searched hard for a
word to convey that what is gone is gone forever and never found it. 

And so, in the best traditions of where we come from, they gave their sorrow a name and
drowned it
21st CENTURY LITERATURE
Literary Elements, Techniques and Devices

Freddie Mercury is best known as one of the rock world's most versatile and


engaging performers and for his mock operatic masterpiece, "Bohemian Rhapsody."

Literary techniques and devices


IRONY- The irony is a contradiction between words and expressions. It confuses the other
person about what you said and what you meant. 
 VERBAL IRONY
 SITUATIONAL IRONY
 DRAMATIC IRONY

IMAGERY - is a literary device that refers to the use of figurative language to evoke a
sensory experience or create a picture with words for a reader. 
SYMBOLISM - can be defined as the practice or art of using an object or a word to
represent an abstract idea.
METAPHOR -  is a figure of speech that makes an implicit, implied, or
hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated, but which share some
common characteristics.
ALLEGORY- is a story that is used to represent a more general message about real-
life (historical) issues and/or events. 

COLLOQUIALISM- is the use of informal language and slang. It's often used
by authors to lend a sense of realism to their characters and dialogue. 
FLASHBACK-is an interruption in a narrative that depicts events that have
already occurred, either before the present time or before the time at which the narration
takes place. 
EPIGRAPH - is when an author inserts a famous quotation, poem, song, or
other short passage or text at the beginning of a larger text.
21st CENTURY LITERATURE
Literary Elements, Techniques and Devices

What is Magic Realism?


• Is a genre of art, literature, and performance in which elements of the fantastic are
presented within the context of very real scenes and events typically without comment.
3. Define Impressionistic Approach
• Literature is viewed to elucidate “reaction-response” which is considered as something
very personal, relative and fruitful.
4. What are the different Critical Approaches?
• Biographical Criticism
• Feminism Criticism
• Reader-response Criticism
• Deconstructionist Criticism
• Mythological Criticism
Cultural and Aesthetic Diversity of the Literature in the World
AESTHETICS
in literature, is the inclusion of references to artistic elements or expressions within a textual
work. It's a method used to promote or educate readers about important artistic expression in
society.

Literature > CULTURAL NORMS


What is Context in Literature
refers to the occasion, or situation, that informs the reader about why a document was written
and how it was written. 
is the background, environment, setting, framework, or surroundings of events or occurrences.–

How can knowledge of the various contexts of a literary work enhance our understanding
and appreciation of the text?
Literary Contexts
• To understand and appreciate a literary selection, a reader must understand the significant
contexts in which it was written.

Biographical Context
• What biographical facts has the author used in the text?
• What insights do readers acquire about the author’s life by reading the text?
Historical Context 
• What specific historical events were happening when the work was being composed? •
What historical events does this work deal with? • In what ways did history influence the
writer’s outlook?

Geographical Context 
• Is this author a regionalist writer? 
• How does dialect influence the text?

Political Context 
• What political events are significant to the text? 
• What political events were occurring at the time the work was written? 
• What political beliefs does the author seem to have?

Philosophical/Religious Context 
• Are any religions or philosophies mentioned specifically in the text? 
• What religious/ethical/philosophical beliefs does the author seem to favor? 
• What behavior do the characters display that the author wants us to think is “right”?
• What behavior is “wrong”? How can one tell?

Sociological Context 
• What sort of society does the writer describe? 
• What does the writer seem to like/dislike about this society? 
• What changes do you think the writer would like to make in the society? Evidence? 
• What sorts of pressures does the society put on its members? How do members respond?

Psychological Context 
• What theories of human behavior does the writer seem to believe? 
• What theories of human behavior does the writer seem to reject? 
• How do people’s minds work in the text? 
• In what ways does the structure & organization of the story indicate the writer’s beliefs
about the workings of the mind.

Factors of social, historical and cultural contexts:


 the life or biography of the poet
 other works that the poet has written
 the historical period in which that poem was written
 the place or event that gave rise to the poem
 the ways in which the language used in the poem reflects the period in which it
was written
 the particular culture within which the poem was written
 the social background of the poet or the theme or setting of the poem
21st CENTURY LITERATURE
Media, Technology; and POP Culture

OBJECTIVES:
• Understand the definition of gender and sexuality
• Situate the text in the context of the region and the nation
• Present a parody that media technologies influenced

Media, Technology; and POP Culture


Media
refers to various means of communication. For example, television, radio, and the newspaper are
different types of media.

Technology
• Technology is contributing to the wellbeing of humans.
• plays an important role in enhancing business operations around the world.
• is also playing an important role in the educational area.

Popular culture
• comprises of an entirety of attitudes, ideas, perceptions, and perspectives that have been
brought into existence by an informal consensus.
• it refers to music, visual and performing arts, literature, festivals, poetry, artistic and designer
creations that are promoted through the efforts of the mass media.

Mass Culture
• produces unified content, designed to reach as many recipients as possible. It comprises of all
forms of culture, encompassing the counter-culture and underground sub-cultures as well.
• is a culture that is widely disseminated via mass media, that utilizes technologies for mass
production and seeks to maximize profit by using mass forms of communication such as film, tv,
and most recently the internet for everyday enculturation.

Gender and Sexuality


Gender
• refers to the values and norms assigned by social convention to those bodies, "womanhood" for
females and "manhood" for males
Sexuality
• refers to the anatomical structure of our bodies, whether male or female

Feminism
What is Feminism?
• is an interdisciplinary approach to issues of equality and equity based on gender, gender
expression, gender identity, sex, and sexuality as understood through social the political
activism.

LGBT
stands for lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transsexuals
LGBTQIA+
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, queer, intersex, asexual, and more
 
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
• Postcolonial critic reworked the common word "subaltern" to show how certain groups of
people c be marginalized along the lines of not just gender an sexuality, but also race, ethnicity,
class, location. neo/ post/colonial relations, religion, etc., as intersecting hierarchical systems of
values.

Edward Said
postcolonial critic who coined the word, Orientalism names the discourse (or belief system) that
ushered and sustained western conquest of the "orient," an imagined construct that views the east and
its people as the west's negative opposite or other.

Popular Cultural Text


Kalyeserye
Developed as a parody of the teleserye, was born from the longest running noontime show Eat Bulaga
as part of a typical segment involving some its hosts travelling to a barangay to select a lucky resident to
receive sponsored prizes.

Group Activity: Role Play


Choose one of the episodes and articles in the Kalyeserye. Using smart phones, students would record
as portraying Aldub and other character in the episode.
April 20 morning STEM HE ICT 8 am – 11 am
April 21 afternoon 1-4 PM
April 22 10 am bacaluriat mass STA KRUS PARISH
Dry run April 26 3 pm

WW 3&4
Namias - 41
Tuazon - 44
Velasquez - 44
Hermusura - none

White t shirt
Black shoes or rubber shoes
Face mask (white)

Graduation fee

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