Verification Examples

AxisVM X6

2021
 Verification Examples 2

Linear static ........................................................................................................... 4

Supported bar with concentrated loads. ....................................................................................................................... 5
Thermally loaded bar structure. .................................................................................................................................... 6
Continously supported beam with point loads. ............................................................................................................. 7
External prestressed beam. ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Periodically supported infinite membrane wall with constant distributed load. ........................................................... 12
Clamped beam examination with plane stress elements. ........................................................................................... 14
Spatial frame structure from Basaglia et al.(7 DOF frame) ......................................................................................... 16
Clamped thin square plate.......................................................................................................................................... 18
Simply supported XLAM plate. ................................................................................................................................... 20
Plate with fixed support and constant distributed load. ............................................................................................... 23
Annular plate. ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
All edges simply supported plate with partial distributed load. ................................................................................... 26
Clamped plate with linear distributed load. ................................................................................................................. 28
Hemisphere displacement. ......................................................................................................................................... 30
Nonlinear static ................................................................................................... 32
3D beam structure. ..................................................................................................................................................... 33
Plate with fixed end and bending moment. ................................................................................................................. 35
Plastic material ........................................................................................................................................................... 37
Clamped beam with plastic material under cyclic loading .......................................................................................... 38
Clamped beam with symmetric nonlinear material model .......................................................................................... 41
Clamped beam with asymmetric nonlinear material model ........................................................................................ 43
Clamped beam with only compression material model .............................................................................................. 46
Pushover – 2D frame.................................................................................................................................................. 49
Pushover – 3D frame.................................................................................................................................................. 51
Dynamic................................................................................................................ 54
Deep simply supported beam. .................................................................................................................................... 55
Clamped thin rhombic plate. ....................................................................................................................................... 58
Cantilevered thin square plate. ................................................................................................................................... 60
Cantilevered tapered membrane. ............................................................................................................................... 63
Flat grillages. .............................................................................................................................................................. 66
Stability ................................................................................................................. 70
Simply supported beam (1st sample) .......................................................................................................................... 71
Simply supported beam (2nd sample) ......................................................................................................................... 73
Simply supported beam with monosymmetric cross-section (7 DOF beam) .............................................................. 74
Simply supported beam with monosymmetric cross-section (7 DOF beam) .............................................................. 75
Design ................................................................................................................... 78
N-M interaction curve of cross-section (EN 1992-1-1:2004). ...................................................................................... 79
RC beam deflection according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2010. ....................................................................................... 80
RC one-way slab deflection according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2010. ........................................................................... 82
Nonlinear analysis of RC columns according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2010. ................................................................. 84
Axially loaded RC column check according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2010..................................................................... 86
Axially loaded RC column check according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2010..................................................................... 88
Shear and torsion check of RC column according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2010. ......................................................... 90
Required steel reinforcement of RC plate according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2004. ...................................................... 92
Interaction check of simply supported beam under biaxial bending (EN 1993-1-1).................................................... 94
Interaction check of simply supported beam under normal force, bending and shear force. ...................................... 96
Buckling resistance of simply supported beam (EN 1993-1-1). .................................................................................. 98
Buckling resistance of simply supported beam (EN 1993-1-1). ................................................................................ 100
Buckling of a hollow cross-section beam (EN 1993-1-1). ......................................................................................... 102
Lateral torsional buckling of a beam (EN 1993-1-1). ................................................................................................ 106
Interaction check of beam in section class 4 (EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-5) .............................................................. 112
Fire design of steel elements – Unprotected column under axial compression (EN 1993-1-2) ................................ 114
Fire design of steel elements – Unrestrained beam (EN 1993-1-2).......................................................................... 115
Fire design of steel elements – Unrestrained beam-column (EN 1993-1-2) ............................................................. 116
Fire design of steel elements – Beam-column with restrained lateral displacements (EN 1993-1-2) ....................... 118
 Verification Examples 3
Fire design of timber elements – Unprotected beam (EN 1995-1-2) ........................................................................ 119
Fire design of timber elements – Unprotected column (EN 1995-1-2)...................................................................... 120
Fire design of timber elements – Protected column (EN 1995-1-2) .......................................................................... 121
Earth-quake design using response-spectrum method. ........................................................................................... 122
Design of an XLAM shell (EC5). ............................................................................................................................... 129
Appendix A......................................................................................................... 133
Clamped beam with symmetrical nonlinear material model – Theoretical background ............................................ 134
Clamped beam with asymmetrical nonlinear material model – Theoretical background .......................................... 135
Clamped beam with only compression nonlinear material model – Theoretical background ................................... 137
Verification Examples 4

Linear static
 Verification Examples 5
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: beam1.axs

Thema Supported bar with concentrated loads.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Side view

Section Area = 100,0 cm2 (10×10)

Loads Axial direction forces P1 = -200 kN, P2 = 100 kN, P3 = -40 kN

Boundary Fix ends, at R1 and R5.

Conditions
Material E = 20000 kN / cm2
Properties  = 0,3
Element Beam element
types
Mesh

Target R1 , R5 support forces

Results
Theory AxisVM %
R1 [kN] -22,00 -22,00 0,00
R5 [kN] 118,00 118,00 0,00
 Verification Examples 6
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: beam2.axs

Thema Thermally loaded bar structure.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Side view
Sections:
Steel: AS =  x 10-4 m2 (D=2cm)
Copper: AC =  x 10-4 m2 (D=2cm)

Loads P = -12 kN (Point load)

Temperature rise of 10 C in the structure after assembly.
Boundary The upper end of bars are fixed.
Conditions Nodal DOF: Frame X-Z plane
Material Steel: ES = 20700 kN / cm2 ,  = 0,3 , S = 1,2 x 10-5 C-1
Properties
Copper: EC = 11040 kN / cm2 ,  = 0,3 , C = 1,7 x 10-5 C-1

Element Beam element

types
Target Smax in the three bars.

Results
Theory AxisVM %
Steel Smax [MPa] 23,824 23,848 0,10
Cooper Smax [MPa] 7,185 7,199 0,19
 Verification Examples 7
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: beam3.axs

Thema Continously supported beam with point loads.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Side view

(Section width = 1,00 m, height1 = 0,30 m, height2 = 0,60 m)

Loads P1= -300 kN, P2= -1250 kN, P3= -800 kN, P4= -450 kN

Boundary Elastic supported.

Conditions From A to D is Kz = 25000 kN/m/m.
From D to F is Kz = 15000 kN/m/m.
Nodal DOF: Frame X-Z plane
Material E = 3000 kN/cm2
Properties  = 0,3
Element Rib element: Three node beam element. Shear deformation is taken into account.
types
Target ez, My, Vz, Rz
Results

Diagram ez

Diagram My

Results
Verification Examples 8

Diagram Vz

Diagram Rz

Reference AxisVM e [%]

eA [m] 0,0060 0,0062 3,33
eB [m] 0,0090 0,0088 -2,22
eC [m] 0,0140 0,0138 -1,43
eD [m] 0,0150 0,0155 3,33
eE [m] 0,0150 0,0150 0,00
eF [m] 0,0130 0,0134 3,08

Reference AxisVM e [%]

MA [KNm] 0.0 0.2 0.00
MB [KNm] 88.5 87.9 -0.68
MC [KNm] 636.2 631.5 -0.74
MD [KNm] 332.8 330.3 -0.75
ME [KNm] 164.2 163.5 -0.43
MF [KNm] 0.0 0.4 0.00
 Verification Examples 9

Results Reference AxisVM e [%]

VA [KN] 0.00 0.09 0.00
VB [KN] 112.10 113.09 0.88
VC [KN] 646.80 647.15 0.05
VD [KN] 335.00 334.86 -0.04
VE [KN] 267.80 267.48 -0.12
VF [KN] 0.00 -0.05 0.00

Reference AxisVM e [%]

2
RA [KN/m ] 145,7 154,0 5,70
2
RB [KN/m ] 219,5 219,5 0,00
2
RC [KN/m ] 343,8 346,0 0,64
2
RD [KN/m ] 386,9 384,8 -0,54
2
RE [KN/m ] 224,5 224,7 0,09
2
RF [KN/m ] 201,2 200,8 -0,20
 Verification Examples 10
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: beam4.axs

Thema External prestressed beam.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Side view

Loads p = -50 kN /m distributed load

Length change = -6,52E-3 at beam 5-6

Boundary eY = eZ = = 0 at node 1
Conditions eX = eY = eZ = 0 at node 4

Material E = 2,1E11 N / m2
Properties Beam 1-5, 5-6, 6-4 A = 4,5E-3 m2 Iz= 0,2E-5 m4
Truss 2-5, 3-6 A = 3,48E-3 m2 Iz= 0,2E-5 m4
Beam 1-4 A = 1,516E-2 m2 Iz= 2,174E-4 m4

Mesh Beam 1-4: division into N segment: N = 12

Element Rib element: Three node beam element, 1-5, 5-6, 6-4, 1-4 (shear deformation is taken into
types account)
Truss element 2-5, 3-6

Target NX at beam 1-4

My,max at beam 2-3
ez at node 2
 Verification Examples 11
Results

Diagram ez

ROBOT V6® AxisVM %

Nx [kN] 584,56 584,81 0,04
My [kNm] 49,26 34,20 -30,58
ez [mm] -0,5421 -0,5469 0,89
 Verification Examples 12
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: plane1.axs

Thema Periodically supported infinite membrane wall with constant distributed load.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Side view

(thickness = 20,0 cm)

Loads p = 200 kN / m

Boundary vertical support at every 4,0 m support length is 0,4 m (Rz = 1E+3)
Conditions Symmetry edges – Nodal DOF: (C C f C C C)
Material E = 880 kN / cm2
Properties  = 0,16
Element Parabolic quadrilateral membrane (plane stress)
types
Mesh

Target Sxx at 1-10 nodes (1-5 at middle, 6-10 at support)

 Verification Examples 13
Results

2 2
Node Analytical [kN/cm ] AxisVM [kN/cm ] %
1 0,1313 0,1310 -0,23
2 0,0399 0,0395 -1,00
3 -0,0093 -0,0095 2,15
4 -0,0412 -0,0413 0,24
5 -0,1073 -0,1070 -0,28
6 -0,9317 -0,9166 -1,62
7 0,0401 0,0426 6,23
8 0,0465 0,0469 0,86
9 0,0538 0,0537 -0,19
10 0,1249 0,1245 -0,32
Reference:

Dr. Bölcskey Elemér – Dr. Orosz Árpád:

Vasbeton szerkezetek Faltartók, Lemezek, Tárolók
 Verification Examples 14
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: plane2.axs

Thema Clamped beam examination with plane stress elements.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Side view

Loads p = -25 kN/m

Boundary Both ends built-in. Line support component stiffness: 1E+10.

Conditions Symmetry edge – Nodal DOF: (C C f C C C)
Material E = 880 kN / cm2
Properties =0
Element Parabolic quadrilateral membrane (plane stress)
types
Mesh

Side view
 Verification Examples 15
Target
xy, max at section C
Results

Diagram xy

Diagram xy at section C

 Verification Examples 16

V = 65,625 kN ( from beam theory)

S y' = 0,0078125 m3

b = 0,25 m

I y = 0,00260416 m 4

V  S y' 65,625  0,0078125

 xy = = = 787,5 kN / m 2
bIy 0,25  0,00260416

AxisVM result  xy = 791,57 kN / m2

Difference = -0,10 %

AxisVM result V =  n xy = 65,63 kN

Difference = 0,008 %

Software Release Number: X6r1

Date: 28. 12. 2020.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: basaglia.axs

Thema Spatial frame structure from Basaglia et al.(7 DOF frame)

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Spatial frame loading and support conditions (Basaglia et al. 2012)

Loads P = 1 kN

Boundary Column bases are fixed (i), the column-to-beam joints cannot move along X and Z (ii), and
Conditions the displacement along X of the transverse beam midspan cross-section is also prevented
(iii). Three types of warping continuity are analyzed at the joints, like: box-stiffened,
diagonal-stiffened, diagonal/box-stiffened.

Material E = 21000 kN / cm2

Properties =0
Element 14 DOF warping beam element.
types
 Verification Examples 17
Target Bimoments at joints.
Results

AxisVM bimoment diagrams [kNcm2]

Basaglia et al. bimoment diagrams [kNcm2]

Cross Basaglia et al. [kNcm2] AxisVM [kNcm2] Δ [%]

section Rigid Inverse Direct Rigid Inverse Direct Rigid Inverse Direct
AC 0 1.03 -1.03 0 1.04 -1.04 0 1 1
BC 0 -3.07 3.07 0 -3.03 3.03 0 1.3 1.3
BB 6.14 3.07 3.07 6.06 3.03 3.03 1.3 1.3 1.3
CB -6.14 -5.11 -5.11 -6.06 -5.03 -5.03 1.3 1.6 1.6
 Verification Examples 18
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: plate1.axs

Thema Clamped thin square plate.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Top view

(thickness = 5,0 cm)

Loads P = -10 kN (at the middle of the plate)

Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = fiY = fiZ = 0 along all edges

Conditions Nodal DOF: Plate in X-Y plane

Material E = 20000 kN / cm2

Properties  = 0,3
Element Plate element (Parabolic quadrilateral, heterosis type)
types
Mesh

Target Displacement of middle of the plate

 Verification Examples 19
Results

Displacements

Mode Mesh Book1 Timoshenko2 AxisVM Diff1 [%] Diff2 [%]

1 2x2 0,402 0,420 4,48 10,53
2 4x4 0,416 0,369 -11,30 -2,89
3 8x8 0,394 0,38 0,381 -3,30 0,26
4 12x12 0,387 0,383 -1,03 0,79
5 16x16 0,385 0,383 -0,52 0,79

References:

1.) The Finite Element Method (Fourth Edition) Volume 2.

/O.C. Zienkiewicz and R.L. Taylor/ McGraw-Hill Book Company 1991 London
2.) Result of analytical solution of Timoshenko

Convergency

15,00

10,00

5,00
Displacements

Diff1 [%]
0,00
1 2 3 4 5 Diff2 [%]

-5,00

-10,00

-15,00
Mesh density
 Verification Examples 20
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: XLAM_Example_1.axs

Thema Simply supported XLAM plate.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Top view (x-y plane)

Loads P = -100 kN concentrated force acting at point (x = 9.0 m, y = 2.5 m)

PZ = -5.00 kN/m2 uniform load
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiY = fiZ = 0, fiX = free along top and bottom edges
Conditions eX = eY = eZ = fiX = fiZ = 0, fiY = free along left and right edges
Nodal DOF at the remaining nodes: Plate in X-Y plane
Material Material quality equals to C24 timber.
Properties
Section MM 7s/240 XLAM section with “x” oriented top layer grain direction and Service Class 2,
Properties producing an overall thickness of 240 mm.
Element Plate element (Parabolic quadrilateral, heterosis type)
types
Mesh

Average element length is 0.2 m.

Target Displacement and stresses at node 397 (x = 8.022 m, y = 3.750 m), material stiffness
matrix, shear correction factors.

Displacements and stresses with Axis VM, ANSYS and from Navier solution 1
 Verification Examples 21

Navier
x y Description AxisVM ANSYS Diff [%] Diff [%]
solution
8.022 m 3.750 m ez [mm] -18.024 -18.023 0.01 -18.024 0.00
σx maximum
8.022 m 3.750 m 2.812 2.805 0.28 2.812 0.02
[N/mm2]
σ maximum
8.022 m 3.750 m y 4.995 4.951 0.89 4.982 0.26
[N/mm2]
τ maximum
8.022 m 3.750 m xz -0.0257 -0.0258 -0.23 -0.0256 0.27
[N/mm2]
τyz maximum
8.022 m 3.750 m 0.0898 0.0898 0.02 0.0897 0.11
[N/mm2]

Material stiffness matrix and shear correction factors from ANSYS 2

Material stiffness matrix and shear correction factos from Axis VM3

Membrane terms
 Verification Examples 22
Bending terms

Shear terms4

Shear correction factors

1
: with 50 harmonic terms included
2
: units in [N] and [mm]
3
: units in [kN] and [m]
4
: corrected shear stiffnesses
 Verification Examples 23
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: plate2.axs

Thema Plate with fixed support and constant distributed load.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Top view

(thickness = 15,0 cm)

Loads P = -5 kN / m2
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = fiY = fiZ = 0 along all edges
Conditions Nodal DOF: Plate in X-Y plane
Material E = 990 kN/cm2
Properties  = 0,16
Element Parabolic triangle plate element
types
Mesh

Target Maximal eZ (found at Node1) and maximal mx (found at Node2)

Results
Component Nastran® AxisVM %
eZ,max [mm] -1,613 -1,595 -1,12
mx,max [kNm/m] 3,060 3,060 0,00
 Verification Examples 24
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: plate3.axs

Thema Annular plate.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Top view

(thickness = 22,0 cm)

Loads Edge load: Q = 100 kN / m

Distributed load: q = 100 kN / m2
Boundary Nodal DOF: Plate in X-Y plane
Conditions

Material E = 880 kN / cm2

Properties  = 0,3
Element Plate element (parabolic quadrilateral, heterosis type)
types
 Verification Examples 25
Mesh

Target Smax, emax

Results
Theory AxisVM
Model Smax Smax %
[kN/cm2] [kN/cm2]
a.) 2,82 2,78 -1,42
b.) 6,88 6,76 -1,74
c.) 14,22 14,10 -0,84
d.) 1,33 1,33 0,00
e.) 2,35 2,25 -4,26
f.) 9,88 9,88 0,00
g.) 4,79 4,76 -0,63
h.) 7,86 7,86 0,00

Theory AxisVM
Model emax emax %
[mm] [mm]
a.) 77.68 76.16 -1.96
b.) 226.76 220.99 -2.54
c.) 355.17 352.89 -0.64
d.) 23.28 23.45 0.73
e.) 44.26 44.54 0.63
f.) 123.19 123.17 -0.02
g.) 112.14 111.94 -0.18
h.) 126.83 126.81 -0.02

Reference:

S. Timoshenko and S. Woinowsky-Krieger: Theory of Plates And Shells

 Verification Examples 26
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: plate4.axs

Thema All edges simply supported plate with partial distributed load.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Top view

(thickness = 22,0 cm)

Loads Distributed load: q = -10 kN / m2 (middle of the plate at 2,0 x 2,0 m area)

Boundary a.) eX = eY = eZ = 0 along all edges (soft support)

Conditions b.) eX = eY = eZ = 0 along all edges  = 0 perpendicular the edges (hard support)
Nodal DOF: Plate in X-Y plane
Material E = 880 kN / cm2
Properties  = 0,3
Element Plate element (Heterosis type)
types
Mesh
 Verification Examples 27
Target mx, max, my, max

Results a.)

Moment Theory AxisVM %

mx, max [kNm/m] 7,24 7,34 1,38
my, max [kNm/m] 5,32 5,39 1,32
b.)

Moment Theory AxisVM %

mx, max [kNm/m] 7,24 7,28 0,55
my, max [kNm/m] 5,32 5,35 0,56
Reference:

S. Timoshenko and S. Woinowsky-Krieger: Theory of Plates And Shells

 Verification Examples 28
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: plate5.axs

Thema Clamped plate with linear distributed load.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Top view

(thickness = 22,0 cm)

Loads Distributed load: q = -10 kN / m2

Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = fiY= fiZ = 0 along all edges

Conditions Nodal DOF: Plate in X-Y plane

Material E = 880 kN / cm2

Properties  = 0,3

Element Plate element (Heterosis type)

types
Mesh
 Verification Examples 29
Target mx, my

Results

Results Theory AxisVM %

mx,1 [kNm/m] 11,50 11,48 -0,17
my,1 [kNm/m] 11,50 11,48 -0,17
mx,2 [kNm/m] 33,40 33,23 -0,51
mx,3 [kNm/m] 17,90 17,83 -0,39
my,4 [kNm/m] 25,70 25,53 -0,66
Reference:

S. Timoshenko and S. Woinowsky-Krieger: Theory of Plates And Shells

 Verification Examples 30
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: hemisphere.axs

Thema Hemisphere displacement.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Hemisphere (Axonometric view)

t = 0,04 m

Loads Point load P = 2,0 kN

 Verification Examples 31
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = fiY = fiZ= 0 at C
Conditions Symmetry in X-Z plane on A-C edge
Symmetry in Y-Z plane on B-C edge

Material E = 6825 kN / cm2

Properties  = 0,3

Element Shell element

types 1.) guadrilateral parabolic
2.) triangle parabolic
Target ex at point A

Results

ex [m] e [%]
Theory 0,185
AxisVM quadrilateral 0,185 0,00
AxisVM triangle 0,182 -1,62
 Verification Examples 32

Nonlinear static

Software Release Number: X4r1

 Verification Examples 33
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: nonlin1.axs

Thema 3D beam structure.

Analysis Geometrical nonlinear analysis.

Type
Geometry

1,732 m
3,000 m
Fy =-300,00 kN
Fz =-600,00 kN Fy =-300,00 kN
Fz =-600,00 kN

1,732 m
Node1

Beam1
Y

1,732 m 3,000 m 1,732 m

X

A Fz =-600,00 kN

B
4,000 m

Z Z

Y X
X

Loads Py = -300 kN
Pz = -600 kN
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = 0 at A, B, C and D
Conditions
Material S 275
Properties E = 21000 kN / cm2
 = 0,3
Cross- HEA 300
Section Ax = 112.56 cm2 ; Ix = 85.3 cm4 ; Iy = 18268.0 cm4 ; Iz = 6309.6 cm4
Properties
Element Beam
types
Target eX, eY, eZ, at Node1
Nx, Vy, Vz, Tx, My, Mz of Beam1 at Node1

Results Comparison with the results obtained using Nastran V4

Verification Examples 34

Component Nastran® AxisVM %

eX [mm] 17,898 17,881 -0,09
eY [mm] -75,702 -75,663 -0,05
eZ [mm] -42,623 -42,597 -0,06
Nx [kN] -283,15 -283,25 0,04
Vy [kN] -28,09 -28,10 0,04
Vx [kN] -106,57 -106,48 -0,08
Tx [kNm] -4,57 -4,57 0,00
My [kNm] -519,00 -518,74 -0,05
Mz [kNm] 148,94 148,91 -0,02
 Verification Examples 35
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: nonlin2.axs

Thema Plate with fixed end and bending moment.

Analysis Geometrical nonlinear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Loads Mz = 2600 kNm (2x1300 Nm) acting on Edge2

Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = fiY = fiZ = 0 along Edge1 (Use Constrained nodes instead of line
Conditions support; Nodal DOF on Edge 1: Fixed node)

Material E = 20000 N / mm2

Properties =0
Cross Plate thickness: 150 mm
Section Rib on Edge2: circular D = 500 mm (for distributing load to the mid-side-node)
Properties
Element Parabolic quadrilateral shell (heterosis type)
types Rib on Edge2 for distributing load to the mid-side-node
 Verification Examples 36
Target Z at Edge2
Results

Theoretical results based on the differential equation of the flexible beam:

M 
=
I plateE plate 
M  plate
 → z =
I plateE plate
 z =    plate 
a b 3 1  0.153
I plate = = = 2.8125 10−4
12 12
E plate = 2 1010 N m 2
 plate = 12 m
M = 2.6 106 Nm
2.6 106 12
z = = 5.5467 rad
2.8125 10−4  2 1010

Comparison the AxisVM result with the theoretical one:

Component Theory AxisVM %

fiZ [rad] 5,5467 5,5502 0,06
 Verification Examples 37
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: Plastic_1.axs

Thema Plastic material

Analysis Nonlinear static analysis

Type
Geometry

Cross-section: D = 30mm

Loads Axial force at A: N

Solution control: Displacement at A
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = 0 at B, C and D
Conditions
Material S 235
Properties E = 21000 kN / cm2
 = 0,3
Linear elastic – perfectly plastic material model
Element Truss element
types
Target Check the load – vertical displacement (A) curve

Results

Analytical results: [u;F(U)]

AxisVM: [Axisi,1; Axisi,0]
 Verification Examples 38
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: Plastic_2.axs

Thema Clamped beam with plastic material under cyclic loading

Analysis Nonlinear static analysis

Type
Geometry
Fz
Nx
A B
L = 100 cm

Cross-section: Z = 30mm

Loads Nx = 63,333 kN; Fz = 2,666 kN

Solution control: Displacement at B ez = -70 mm
Increment function:
1,5
1 1
1
0,5
0 0
-0,5
-1
-1
-1,5
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = fiY = fiZ = 0 at A
Conditions
Material Steel
Properties E = 100000 kN/cm2; ET = 1000 kN/cm2; y = 10 kN/cm2
 = 0,3
Linear elastic –plastic material model
Hardening rule: Isotropic hardening

Element Beam element

types
Target Check the load –displacements and beam strains curves

Results AxisVM:
• Beam element
• Rib element (shear deformation is taken into account)
 Verification Examples 39
• ANSYS 14.0 – Beam element (unrestrained warping)
400

300

200

100
Fx [kN]

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-100

Axis beam
-200
ANSYS beam
Axis Rib
-300

-400
eX [mm]

15

10

0
Fz [kN]

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

-5

-10
Axis beam
ANSYS beam
-15 Axis Rib

-20
eZ [mm]

15

10

0
Fz [kN]

-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

-5

-10 Axis beam

ANSYS beam
-15 Axis Rib

-20
eY [mm]
 Verification Examples 40

15

10

0
Fz [kN]

-0,004 -0,003 -0,002 -0,001 0 0,001 0,002 0,003 0,004 0,005

-5

Axis beam -10

ANSYS beam
Axis Rib -15

-20
exx []
 Verification Examples 41
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 29. 01. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: matnl_01_xx (xx – element type)

Thema Clamped beam with symmetric nonlinear material model

Analysis Nonlinear static analysis

Type
Geometry

Loads Fz = 200 kN
Solution control: Force
Increment function: Equal increments
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = fiY = fiZ = 0 at A
Conditions
Material Steel – Strain energy based (NLE)
Properties Steel – Von Mises (VM)
Material model function: 𝜎 = 400 ∙ √𝜀
Discrete function assignment per 𝜀 = 0.001 []
 = 0,3

Element Beam/Rib element matnl_01_beam-rib_NLE.axs, matnl_01_beam-rib_VM.axs

types / File
name Plate element matnl_01_plate_NLE.axs, matnl_01_plate_VM.axs
(heterosis type)
Membrane element matnl_01_membrane_NLE.axs,
matnl_01_membrane_VM.axs
Target Check vertical displacements (B) and stresses (A)
 Verification Examples 42
Results Analytical background: Appendix A;

Strain energy
Yield criterion Von Mises
based

Type of element eB [mm] [%] eB [mm] [%]

Analytical 156,4 156,4

Beam 157,98 1,01 147,87 -5,45
Rib 158,48 1,33 148,36 -5,14
Plate TRIA 158,98 1,65 158,68 1,46
Membrane TRIA 158,34 1,24 163,49 4,53

Strain energy
Yield criterion Von Mises
based
Type of
element A [kN/cm2] [%] A [kN/cm2] [%]

Analytical 50 50
Beam 49,9 -0,20 47,95 -4,10
Rib 49,9 -0,20 47,97 -4,06
Plate TRIA 49,84 -0,32 49,6 -0,80
Membrane
49,75 -0,50 48,37 -3,26
TRIA
 Verification Examples 43
Software Release Number: X4r3
Date: 29. 01. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: matnl_02_xx (xx – element type)

Thema Clamped beam with asymmetric nonlinear material model

Analysis Nonlinear static analysis

Type
Geometry

Loads Fz = 1200 N;
Solution control: Force
Increment function: Equal increments
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = fiY = fiZ = 0 at A
Conditions
Material Concrete – Bresler-Pister (BP)
Properties Other – Strain energy based (NLE)
E = 28600 N/mm2; ET = 0 N/mm2;
yT = 1,6 N/mm2; yC = 16 N/mm2;
CyB = 1,2 (Bresler-Pister);
 = 0;

Element Beam/Rib element matnl_02_beam-rib_NLE.axs, matnl_02_beam-rib_BP.axs

types / File
name Shell element matnl_02_shell_NLE.axs, matnl_02_shell_BP.axs
(heterosis type)
Target Check vertical displacements (B) and stresses (C), length of plastic zone (x)
 Verification Examples 44
Results Analytical background: Appendix A;

Strain energy
Yield criterion Bresler Pister
based

Type of element eB [mm] [%] eB [mm] [%]

Analytical 2,833 2,833

Beam 2,798 -1,24 2,796 -1,31
Rib 2,841 0,28 2,837 0,14
Shell 2,903 2,47 2,792 -1,45

Strain energy
Yield criterion Bresler Pister
based

Type of element C,min [%] C,min [%]

[kN/cm2] [kN/cm2]
Analytical 4,98 4,98
Beam 5,03 1,00 5,02 0,8
Rib 4,90 -1,61 4,90 -1,61
Shell 5,01 0,60 4,90 -1,61

Axis shell NLE model – top and bottom Sxx [N/mm2]

 Verification Examples 45

Effective plastic strain of Beam and shell (top) with Bresler-Pister material
Analytical result for x = 1,111 m (plastic zone)
 Verification Examples 46
Software Release Number: X4r3
Date: 29. 01. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: matnl_03_xx (xx – element type)

Thema Clamped beam with only compression material model

Analysis Nonlinear static analysis

Type
Geometry

Loads Fz =200 N; N = 5000 N

Solution control: Force
Increment function: Equal increments
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = fiY = fiZ = 0 at A
Conditions
Material Concrete – Bresler-Pister (BP)
Properties Other – Strain energy based (NLE)
E = 28600 N/mm2; ET = 0 N/mm2;
yT = 0,016 N/mm2; yC = 16 N/mm2;
CyB = 1,2 (Bresler-Pister);
 = 0;

Element Beam/Rib element matnl_03_beam-rib_NLE.axs, matnl_03_beam-rib_BP.axs

types / File
name Shell element matnl_03_shell_NLE.axs, matnl_03_shell_BP.axs
(heterosis type)
Target Check vertical displacements (B) and stresses (C), length of plastic zone (x)
 Verification Examples 47
Results Analytical background: Appendix A;

Strain energy
Yield criterion Bresler Pister
based

Type of element eB [mm] [%] eB [mm] [%]

Analytical 0,475 0,475

Beam 0,468 -1,90 0,466 -1,97
Rib 0,475 -0,07 0,473 -0,50
Shell 0,484 1,61 0,471 -0,92

Strain energy
Yield criterion Bresler Pister
based

Type of element C,min [%] C,min [%]

[N/mm2] [N/mm2]
Analytical 1,097 1,097
Beam 1,088 -0,82 1,086 -1,0
Rib 1,067 -2,73 1,066 -2,82
Shell 1,085 -1,09 1,076 -1,97

Axis shell NLE model – top and bottom Sxx [N/mm2]

 Verification Examples 48

Effective plastic strain of Beam and shell (top) with Bresler-Pister material
Analytical result for x = 1,113 m (plastic zone)
 Verification Examples 49
Software Release Number: X5r2
Date: 24. 06. 2019.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: push_2D_RC_frame.axs

Thema Pushover – 2D frame

Analysis Nonlinear static analysis

Type
Geometry three bays with 6m width and 4m height

Loads 50 kN/m distributed load on the beams

Boundary rigid supports

Conditions
Material C25/30 concrete
Properties
Elements Beam elements: beam section: 30x60 cm rectangular; column section: 60x60 cm square

Plastic hinges at beam ends:

• moment resistance: 360 kNm initially, then 72 kNm

• no hardening, sudden loss of strength
• infinite rotation capacity
 Verification Examples 50

Plastic hinges at column bases:

• moment resistance: 800 kNm initially, then 160 kNm

• no hardening, sudden loss of strength
• infinite rotation capacity

Target Pushover analysis – 600 mm top displacement

Comparison with SAP 2000 results
Results
 Verification Examples 51
Software Release Number: X5r2
Date: 24. 06. 2019.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: push_3D_RC_frame.axs

Thema Pushover – 3D frame

Analysis Nonlinear static analysis

Type
Geometry two bays in x (6m and 5m) and three bays in y (5m, 6m and 4m) direction

Loads 25 kN/m distributed load on the beams

Boundary rigid supports

Conditions
Material C25/30 concrete
Properties
Elements Beam elements: beam section: 30x60 cm rectangular; column section: 60x60 cm square

Plastic hinges at beam ends:

• moment resistance: 360 kNm initially, then 72 kNm

• no hardening, sudden loss of strength
• infinite rotation capacity

Plastic hinges at column bases:

 Verification Examples 52

• moment resistance: 2500 kNm initially, then 2000 kNm

• no hardening, relaxed loss of strength
• infinite rotation capacity

Target Pushover analysis

Comparison with SAP 2000 results
Results –
X direction

Results –
Y direction
Verification Examples 53

BLANK
 Verification Examples 54

Dynamic

Software Release Number: X5r1

 Verification Examples 55
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: dynam1.axs

Thema Deep simply supported beam.

Analysis Vibration analysis.

Type
Geometry

Beam (Axonometric view)

Cross section (square 2,0 m x 2,0 m)

Loads Self-weight
(Other option: Apply Masses only option on Vibration analysis window)
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = 0 at A
Conditions eY = eZ = 0 at B

Material E = 20000 kN / cm2

Properties  = 0,3
 = 8000 kg / m3

Element Rib element: Three node beam element (shear deformation is taken into account)
types
Target First 7 mode shapes

Results
 Verification Examples 56
Mode 1: f = 43,16 Hz Mode 2: f = 43,16 Hz

Mode 3: f = 124,01 Hz Mode 4: f = 152,50 Hz

Mode 5: f = 152,50 Hz Mode 6: f = 293,55 Hz

Mode 7: f = 293,55 Hz
 Verification Examples 57

Results Comparison with NAFEMS example

Mode NAFEMS (Hz) AxisVM (Hz) %

1 42,65 43,16 -1,20
2 42,65 43,16 -1,20
3 125,00 124,01 0,79
4 148,31 152,50 -2,83
5 148,31 152,50 -2,83
6 284,55 293,55 -3,16
7 284,55 293,55 -3,16
 Verification Examples 58
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: dynam2.axs

Thema Clamped thin rhombic plate.

Analysis Vibration analysis.

Type
Geometry

Top view of plane

(thickness = 5,0 cm)

Loads Self-weight

Boundary eX = eY = fiZ = 0 at all nodes (i.e.: eX, eY, fiZ constrained at all nodes; Nodal DOF: Plate
Conditions in X-Y plane)
eZ = fiX = fiY = 0 along the 4 edges (Line support)

Material E = 20000 kN / cm2

Properties  = 0,3
 = 8000 kg / m3

Element Parabolic quadrilateral shell element (heterosis type)

types
Mesh
 Verification Examples 59
Target First 6 mode shapes
eR eR

Results 0,506
0,470
0,433
0,397
0,361
0,463
0,429
0,396
0,363
0,330
0,325 0,297
0,289 0,264
0,253 0,231
0,217 0,198
0,181 0,165
0,144 0,132
0,108 0,099
0,072 0,066
0,036 0,033
0 0

Mode 1: f = 8,02 Hz eR
Mode 2: f = 13,02 Hz eR

0,520
0,486
0,483
0,451
0,416 0,446

0,382 0,409
0,347 0,372
0,312 0,335
0,278 0,297
0,243 0,260
0,208 0,223
0,174 0,186
0,139 0,149
0,104 0,112
0,069 0,074
0,035 0,037
0 0

Mode 3: f = 18,41 Hz eR
Mode 4: f = 19,33 Hz eR

0,498
0,462 0,449
0,427 0,417
0,391 0,385
0,356 0,353
0,320 0,321
0,284 0,289
0,249 0,257
0,213 0,225
0,178 0,192
0,142 0,160
0,107 0,128
0,071 0,096
0,036 0,064
0 0,032
0

Mode 5: f = 24,62 Hz Mode 6: f = 28,24 Hz

Results Comparison with NAFEMS example

Mode NAFEMS (Hz) AxisVM (Hz) %

1 7,94 8,02 1,01
2 12,84 13,02 1,40
3 17,94 18,41 2,62
4 19,13 19,33 1,05
5 24,01 24,62 2,54
6 27,92 28,24 1,15
 Verification Examples 60
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: dynam3.axs

Thema Cantilevered thin square plate.

Analysis Vibration analysis.

Type
Geometry

Top view
(thickness = 5,0 cm)

Loads Self-weight

Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = fiY = fiZ = 0 along y-axis

Conditions
Material E = 20000 kN / cm2
Properties  = 0,3
 = 8000 kg / m3

Element Parabolic quadrilateral shell element (heterosis type).

types
Mesh
 Verification Examples 61
Target First 5 mode shapes

Results

Mode 1: f = 0,42 Hz

Mode 3: f = 2,53 Hz

Mode 5: f = 3,68 Hz
 Verification Examples 62

Mode 2: f = 1,02 Hz

Mode 4: f = 3,22 Hz

Comparison with NAFEMS example

Mode NAFEMS (Hz) AxisVM (Hz) %

1 0,421 0,420 -0,24
2 1,029 1,020 -0,87
3 2,580 2,530 -1,94
4 3,310 3,220 -2,72
5 3,750 3,680 -1,87
 Verification Examples 63
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: dynam4.axs

Thema Cantilevered tapered membrane.

Analysis Vibration analysis.

Type
Geometry

Side view
(thickness = 10,0 cm)

Loads Self-weight

Boundary Edge 1: Nodal DOF: Fixed node

Conditions Other nodes: DOF: (f f C C C C) (f: free; C: constrained)

Material E = 20000 kN / cm2

Properties  = 0,3
 = 8000 kg / m3

Element Parabolic quadrilateral membrane (plane stress)

types
Mesh
 Verification Examples 64
Target First 4 mode shapes

Results

1,000
5,000

10,000

Mode 1: f = 44,50 Hz

Mode 2: f = 128,60 Hz
 Verification Examples 65

Mode 3: f = 162,48 Hz

Mode 4: f = 241,46 Hz

Results Comparison with NAFEMS example

Mode NAFEMS (Hz) AxisVM (Hz) %

1 44,62 44,50 -0,27
2 130,03 128,60 -1,10
3 162,70 162,48 -0,14
4 246,05 241,46 -1,87

Software Release Number: R3

Software Release Number: X4r1
 Verification Examples 66
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: dynam5.axs

Thema Flat grillages.

Analysis Vibration analysis.

Type
Geometry

Top view

Loads Self-weight

Boundary eX = eY = eZ = 0 at the ends (simple supported beams)

Conditions Nodal DOF: Grillage in X-Y plane

Material E = 20000 kN / cm2

Properties G = 7690 kN / cm2
 = 0,3
 = 7860 kg / m3

Cross A = 0,004 m2
Section Ix = 2,5E-5 m4
Iy = Iz = 1,25E-5 m4
Element Rib element: Three node beam element (shear deformation is taken into account)
types
Mesh
 Verification Examples 67
Target First 3 mode shapes

Results

Mode 1: f = 16,90 Hz

Mode 2: f = 20,64 Hz

Mode 3: f = 51,76 Hz
 Verification Examples 68

Mode Reference AxisVM (Hz) %

1 16,85 16,90 0,30
2 20,21 20,64 2,13
3 53,30 51,76 -2,89
Reference:

C.T.F. ROSS: Finite Element Methods In Engineering Science

Verification Examples 69

BLANK
 Verification Examples 70

Stability

Software Release Number: X5r1

 Verification Examples 71
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: buckling1.axs

Thema Simply supported beam (1st sample)

Analysis Buckling analysis.

Type
Geometry

Front view

Cross section(Iz =168,3 cm4, It =12,18 cm4, Iw =16667 cm6)

Loads Bending moment at both ends of beam

MA = 1,0 kNm, MB = -1,0 kNm (Moments are applied as surface edge loads)
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = 0 at A
Conditions eX = eY = eZ = 0 at B
kz = k w = 1
Material E = 20600 kN / cm2
Properties  = 0,3
Element Parabolic quadrilateral shell element (heterosis type)
types
Mesh
 Verification Examples 72
Target Mcr = ? (for lateral torsional buckling)

Results

Analytical solution

 2  E  IZ IW L2  G  I t
M cr = + 2
L2 IZ   E  IZ

 2  20600  168 ,3 16667 200 2  7923  12 ,18

M cr = + = 12451 kNcm = 124 ,51 kNm
200 2 168 ,3  2  20600  168 ,3

AxisVM result

Mcr = 125,3 kNm

Difference

+0,6%
 Verification Examples 73
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: buckling2.axs

Thema Simply supported beam (2nd sample)

Analysis Buckling analysis.

Type
Geometry

Front view (L = 1,0 m) 1

2 5
2 5

10,0
2 S 1
10,0

2 S 1 G
G

3 4

3 4

12,0
z
30,0
y

Section A1 Section A2
Cross-sections

Loads P = -1,0 kN at point B.

Boundary eX = eY = eZ = 0 at A
Conditions eY = eZ = 0 at B

Material E = 20000 kN / cm2

Properties  = 0,3

Element Beam element

types
Target Pcr = ? (for inplane buckling)

Results
Theory AxisVM e [%]
Pcr [kN] 3,340 3,337 -0,09
 Verification Examples 74
Date: 28. 12. 2020.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: buckling3.axs

Thema Simply supported beam with monosymmetric cross-section (7 DOF beam)

Analysis Buckling analysis.

Type
Geometry

Front view

Cross section (Iz =2533 cm4, It =21,8 cm4, Iw =420623 cm6, βy=-28,8 cm)

Loads Bending moment at both ends of beam

MA = 1,0 kNm, MB = 1,0 kNm
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = φX = φY = φZ = 0 at A
Conditions eX = eY = eZ = φX = φY = φZ = 0 at B
kz = k w = 1
Material E = 21000 kN / cm2
Properties  = 0,0
Element 14 DOF warping beam element.
types
Target Mcr = ? (for lateral torsional buckling)
 Verification Examples 75
Results

Analytical solution:

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑧 𝑘 2𝐼 (𝑘𝐿)2 𝐺𝐼𝑡 2

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝐶1 ( √( ) 𝑤 + + (𝐶2 𝑧𝑔 − 𝐶3 𝑧𝑗 ) − (𝐶2 𝑧𝑔 − 𝐶3 𝑧𝑗 )) = 215.37 kNm,
(𝑘𝐿)2 𝑘𝑤 𝐼𝑧 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑍

where 𝐶1 = 1.0, 𝐶2 = 0.0, 𝐶3 = 1.0, 𝑘 = 1, 𝑘𝑤 = 1, 𝑧𝑗 = −0.5𝛽𝑦 = 14.4 cm, 𝑧𝑔 = 0 cm.

AxisVM result:
𝑀𝑐𝑟,𝐹𝐸𝑀 = 215.42kNm

Difference:
Δ=0.02%

Date: 30. 12. 2020.

Tested by: InterCAD
File name: buckling4.axs

Thema Simply supported beam with monosymmetric cross-section (7 DOF beam)

Analysis Buckling analysis.

Type
Geometry

Axonometric view of beam element with eccentric load

 Verification Examples 76

Axonometric view of shell element with eccentric load

Cross section SWEDSTEEL Z400X4

Loads Eccentric load at midspan

F = 1,0 kN
Boundary eY = eZ = φX = w = 0 at A
Conditions eX = eY = eZ = φX = w = 0 at B (restrained warping at both ends)
Material E = 21000 kN / cm2
Properties  = 0,0
Element 14 DOF warping beam element.
types
Target Mcr = ? (for lateral torsional buckling)

Results

𝑀𝑐𝑟,𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐿𝐿 = 13.772 kN

𝑀𝑐𝑟,𝐵𝐸𝐴𝑀 = 13.079 kN

Difference:
Δ=5%
Verification Examples 77
Verification Examples 78

Design
 Verification Examples 79
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: RC column1.axs

Thema N-M interaction curve of cross-section (EN 1992-1-1:2004).

Analysis Linear static analysis+design.

Type
Geometry
220

328

Section: 300x400 mm
Covering: 40 mm

Loads Arbitrary.

Boundary Arbitrary.
Conditions
Material Concrete:
Properties fcd=14,2 N/mm2
ec1=0,002 ecu=0,0035 (parabola-constans - diagram)
Steel:
fsd=348 N/mm2
esu=0,015

Target Compare the program results with with hand calculation at keypoints of M-N interaction
curve.
Results N
1

5 3
4
N [kN] M [kNm] N AxisVM M(N) AxisVM e%
1 -2561 +61 -2566,5 +61,4 +0,7
2 -1221 +211 -1200 +209,7 -0,6
3 0 +70 +70,5 +0,7
4 +861 -61 866,5 -61,4 +0,7
5 0 -190 -191,2 +0,6
6 -362 -211 -350 -209,7 -0,6

Reference: Dr. Kollár L. P., Vasbetonszerkezetek I. Műegyetemi kiadó

 Verification Examples 80
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: RCbeam.axs

Thema RC beam deflection according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2010.

Analysis Materially nonlinear analysis.

Type
Geometry

q = 17 kN/m

L = 5.60 m

Side view

220

35 cm covering = 3 cm
 = 0.5
420

25 cm

Section

Loads q = 17 kN /m distributed load

Boundary Simply supported beam.

Conditions
Material Concrete: C25/30,  = 2.1
Properties Steel: B500B
ε=0.4‰ shrinkage strain
Element Simple 12 DOF beam elements (Euler-Bernoulli beam)
types
Target ez, max
 Verification Examples 81
Results
without
shrinkage

Diagram ez

Hand calculation by integration of κ diagram:

2
M 
 =    II + ( 1 −  )   I  = 1 −    cr 
 M 
e = 19 .33mm
where,
κI is the curvature which was calculated based on uncracked section
κII is the curvature which was calculated based on cracked section

Calculation with AxisVM:

e = 19.7 mm (difference ~ 2%)

Results
with Hand calculation by integration of κ diagram:
shrinkage 2
M 
 =    II + ( 1 −  )   I  = 1 −    cr 
 M 
e = 23 .02 mm
where,
κI is the curvature which was calculated based on uncracked section
κII is the curvature which was calculated based on cracked section

Calculation with AxisVM:

e = 23.7 mm (difference ~ 3%)

 Verification Examples 82
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: RC_Slab_1.axs

Thema RC one-way slab deflection according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2010.

Analysis Materially nonlinear analysis.

Type
Geometry

q = 17 kN/m

L = 5.60 m

Side view

Section:

25 cm 21 cm

15 m
As = 16/200
 = 0.5

Loads q = 17 kN /m distributed load

Boundary Simply supported one-way slab.

Conditions
Material Concrete: C25/30,  = 2.1, ν = 0.0
Properties Steel: B500B
ε=0.4‰ shrinkage strain
Element triangle shell elements
types
Target ez, max
 Verification Examples 83
Results -
without
shrinkage

NL behaviour in ε-N + κ-M

NL behaviour in κ-M only

Diagram ez

Hand calculation by integration of κ diagram:

2
M 
 =    II + ( 1 −  )   I  = 1 −    cr 
 M 
e = 37 .43mm
where,
κI is the curvature which was calculated based on uncracked section
κII is the curvature which was calculated based on cracked section

Calculation with AxisVM:

e = 38.49 mm (NL ε-N + κ-M) (difference ~ +3%)

e = 38.49 mm (NL κ-M) (difference ~ +3%)

Results -
with Hand calculation by integration of κ diagram:
shrinkage 2
 M cr 
 =    II + ( 1 −  )   I  =1−   
 M 
e = 44 .43mm
where,
κI is the curvature which was calculated based on uncracked section
κII is the curvature which was calculated based on cracked section

Calculation with AxisVM:

e = 46.91 mm (NL ε-N + κ-M) (difference ~ +5%)

e = 46.79 mm (NL κ-M) (difference ~ +5%)
 Verification Examples 84
Software Release Number: X5r31
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: RCcolumn.axs. RCLcolumn.axs

Thema Nonlinear analysis of RC columns according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2010.

Analysis Materially and geometrically nonlinear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Loads Concentrated force on the top

Boundary Cantilever
Conditions
Material Concrete: C25/30,  = 2,0
Properties Steel: B500B

Element Simple 12 DOF beam elements (Euler-Bernoulli beam)

types
Target ez, max
 Verification Examples 85
Results
 Verification Examples 86
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: RCcolumn2.axs

Thema Axially loaded RC column check according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2010.

Analysis Materially and geometrically linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Loads Concentrated force NEd = 2720 kN

Bending moments:
at the top MyEd = 48 kNm
at the bottom MyEd = 66 kNm
Material Concrete: C30/37,  = 2,0
Properties Steel: B500B

Element Simple 12 DOF beam elements (Euler-Bernoulli beam)

types
Target Calculate eccentricities according to EN 1992-1
 Verification Examples 87
Results
[cm] Hand calculation AxisVM
│e0│ ei e2 etot │e0│ ei e2 etot e%
x-z Bottom 2.43 1.16 2.73 6.31 2.43 1.16 2.73 6.31 0
plane
Middle 0.97 0** 0** 2* 0.97 0** 0** 2* 0

Top 1.76 1.16 2.73 5.65 1.76 1.16 2.73 5.65 0

x-y Bottom 0 0.38 0.36 2* 0 0.38 0.36 2* 0

plane
Middle 0 0.38 0.36 2* 0 0.38 0.36 2* 0

Top 0 0.38 0.36 2* 0 0.38 0.36 2* 0

* due to minimal eccentricity requirement

** due to the buckling
 Verification Examples 88
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: Rccolumn3.axs

Thema Axially loaded RC column check according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2010.

Analysis Materially and geometrically linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Loads Concentrated force NEd = 2720 kN

Bending moments:
at the top MzEd = 40 kNm
at the bottom MzEd = 40 kNm
Material Concrete: C30/37,  = 2,0
Properties Steel: B500B

Element Simple 12 DOF beam elements (Euler-Bernoulli beam)

types
Target Calculate eccentricities according to MSZ EN 1992-1
 Verification Examples 89
Results
[cm] Hand calculation AxisVM
│e0│ ei e2 etot │e0│ ei e2 etot e%
x-z Bottom 0 0.75 0** 2* 0 0.75 0** 2* 0
plane
Middle 0 0.75 1.21 2* 0 0.75 1.21 2* 0

Top 0 0.75 0** 2* 0 0.75 0** 2* 0

x-y Bottom 1.47 1.5 4.35 7.32 1.47 1.5 4.35 7.32 0
plane
Middle 1.47 0.75 3.07 5.29 1.47 0.75 3.08 5.3 ~0
** ** ** **
Top 1.47 0** 0** 2* 1.47 0** 0** 2* 0

* due to minimal eccentricity requirement

** due to the buckling
 Verification Examples 90
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 09. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: RCcolumnVT.axs

Thema Shear and torsion check of RC column according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2010.

Analysis Materially and geometrically linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Loads NEd = 1000 kN

VzEd= 100 kN
TxEd=60 kNm
Properties Concrete: C25/30
Steel: B500B

As1 = As2 = 4 Φ16

Asw = Φ10/125
c = 30 mm
θ = 45°
Element Simple 12 DOF beam elements (Euler-Bernoulli beam)
types
Target Shear and torsion check
 Verification Examples 91
Results
Hand AxisVM ε%
calculation
x-z VRd,c [kN] 209.7 209.7 0
plane VRd,s [kN] 253.3 253.6 <1
VRd,max [kN] 1010 1011 <1
TRd,c [kNm] 38.6 38.6 0
TRd,max [kNm] 175.7 175.7 0
kT [-] 0.817 0.817 0
Ast [mm2] 780 780 0
 Verification Examples 92
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: beam2.axs

Thema Required steel reinforcement of RC plate according to EC2, EN 1992-1-1:2004.

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Side view

Cross-section

Loads Pz = -50 kN point load

Boundary Clamped cantilever plate. Fix line support on clamped edge.

Conditions Nodal DOF: Plate in X-Y plane

Material Concrete: C25/30

Properties Steel: B500A
Element Parabolic quadrilateral plate element (heterosis type)
types
Mesh

Top view
 Verification Examples 93
Target AXT steel reinforcement along x direction at the top of the support

Results

Diagram AXT

Calculation according to EC2:

25 500
f cd = = 16,6 N / mm2 f yd = = 435 N / mm2
1,5 1,15

c   cu  ES 0,85  0,0035  20000

c 0 = = = 0,54
 cu  ES + f yd 0,0035  20000 + 435

d = 300 – 53 = 247 mm

 x  439  h
M sd = M Rd = b  xc  f cd  d − c  = 200 kNm xc =  
 2  55 

xc 55
c = = = 0,22   c 0 = 0,54 Steel reinforcement is yielding
d 247

b  xc  f cd 55 1000 16 ,6
AS = = = 2099 mm 2
f yd 435

Calculation with AxisVM:

AXT = 2093 mm2 / m

Different = -0,3 %
 Verification Examples 94
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: 3_10 Plastic biaxial bending interaction.axs

Thema Interaction check of simply supported beam under biaxial bending (EN 1993-1-1).

Analysis Steel Design

Type
Geometry

h = 270 mm
b = 135 mm
tf = 10 mm
tw = 7 mm

l = 6000 mm

A = 45,95 cm2
Wy,pl = 484,1 cm3
Wz,pl = 97 cm3

IPE270 cross section

Loads qy = 1,5 kN/m

qz = 20,4 kN/m

Boundary eX = eY = eZ = 0 at A
Conditions eY = eZ = 0 at B

Material S 235
Properties E = 21000 kN/cm2
 = 0,3
 Verification Examples 95
Element Beam element
types
Target Interaction check taking into account plastic resistances

Results Analytical solution in the following book:

Dunai, L., Horváth, L., Kovács, N., Verőci, B., Vigh, L. G.: “Acélszerkezetek méretezése az
Eurocode 3 alapján, Gyakorlati útmutató” (Design of steel structures according to
Eurocode 3, ) Magyar Mérnöki Kamara Tartószerkezeti tagozata, Budapest, 2009.

Exercise 3.10., page 28.

Analitical
AxisVM e[%]
solution
My,Ed [kNm] 91,8 91,8 -
Mz,Ed [kNm] 6,75 6,75 -
Mpl,y,Rd [kNm] 113,74 114,57 +0,07
Mpl,z,Rd [kNm] 22,78 22,78 +0,00
α 2 2 -
β 1 1 -
capacity ratio [-] 0,948 0,938 -1.05
 Verification Examples 96
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: 3_12 _MNV_Interaction.axs

Thema Interaction check of simply supported beam under normal force, bending and shear force.
(EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-5)
Analysis Steel Design
Type
Geometry

h = 200 mm
b = 200 mm
tf = 15 mm
tw = 9 mm

l = 1400 mm

A = 78,1 cm2
Av = 24,83 cm2
Iy = 5696 cm3
Wy,pl = 643 cm3

IPE270 cross section

Loads Fz = 300 kN at thirds of beam

N = 500 kN at B

Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = 0 at A
Conditions eY = eZ = fiX =0 at B

Material S 235
Properties E = 21000 kN/cm2
 = 0,3

Element Beam element

types

Target Interaction check of axial force, shear force and bending moment.
 Verification Examples 97
Results Analytical solution in the following book:

Dunai, L., Horváth, L., Kovács, N., Verőci, B., Vigh, L. G.: “Acélszerkezetek méretezése az
Eurocode 3 alapján, Gyakorlati útmutató” (Design of steel structures according to
Eurocode 3, ) Magyar Mérnöki Kamara Tartószerkezeti tagozata, Budapest, 2009.

Exercise 3.12., page 31-33.

Analytical AxisVM
e[%]
solution results
NEd [kN] 500 500 -
Vz,Ed [kN] 300 300 -
My,Ed [kNm] 140 140 -
Pure compression
Npl,Rd [kN] 2148 2147,6 -0,02-
capacity ratio [-] 0,233 0,233 -
Pure shear
Vpl,z,Rd [kN] 394,2 394,5 +0,08
capacity ratio [-] 0,761 0,761 -
Pure bending
Mpl,y,Rd [kNm] 176,8 178,4 +0,9
capacity ratio [-] 0,792 0,792 -
Interaction check
 0,273 0,271 -0,73
MV,Rd [kNm] 163,96 165,57 +0,98
n 0,233 0,233 -
a 0,232 0,232 -
MNV,Rd [kNm] 142,2 143,67 +1,03
capacity ratio [-] 0,985 0,974 -1,1
 Verification Examples 98
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: 3_15 Központosan nyomott rúd - I szelvény.axs

Thema Buckling resistance of simply supported beam (EN 1993-1-1).

Analysis Steel Design

Type
Geometry

h = 300 mm
b = 250 mm
tf = 14 mm
tw = 8 mm

l = 4500 mm

A = 94 cm2
Iy = 19065,8cm4
Iz = 3647,1 cm4
iy = 14,1 cm
iz = 6,2 cm

“I” cross section, symmetric about y and z axis

Loads Normal force at point A

NA= -1,0 kN
Boundary eY = 0 at A
Conditions eX = eY = eZ = fiX = fiZ= 0 at B
kz = k w = 1
Material S 235
Properties E = 21000 kN / cm2
 = 0,3
Element Beam element
types
Target Buckling resistance Nb,Rd = ?

Results Analytical solution in the following book:

 Verification Examples 99

Dunai, L., Horváth, L., Kovács, N., Verőci, B., Vigh, L. G.: “Acélszerkezetek méretezése az
Eurocode 3 alapján, Gyakorlati útmutató” (Design of steel structures according to
Eurocode 3, ) Magyar Mérnöki Kamara Tartószerkezeti tagozata, Budapest, 2009.

Exercise 3.15., P. 37-39.

Analytical
AxisVM e[%]
solution

y [-] 0,673 0,673 -

 z [-] 0,771 0,769 -0,26

Χy [-] 0,8004 0,7989 -0,19
Χz [-] 0,6810 0,6815 +0,07
Nb,Rd [kN] 1504,3 1505,3 +0,07
 Verification Examples 100
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: 3_21 Központosan nyomott rúd - T szelvény.axs

Thema Buckling resistance of simply supported beam (EN 1993-1-1).

Analysis Steel Design

Type
Geometry

h = 180 mm
b = 250 mm
tf = 16 mm
tw = 16 mm

l = 3000 mm

A = 68,8 cm2
Iy = 2394,25cm4
Iz = 2089,48 cm4
Ics= 58,71 cm4
Iw = 1108,0 cm6
iy = 5,90 cm
iz = 5,51 cm

Welded “T” section, symmetric to z but not y

Loads Normal force at point A
NA= -1,0 kN
Boundary eZ = eY = 0 at A
Conditions eX = eY = eZ = fiX = 0 at B
kz = k w = 1
Material S 235
Properties E = 21000 kN/cm2
 = 0,3
Element Beam element
types
Target Buckling resistance Nb,Rd = ?

Results Analytical solution in the following book:

 Verification Examples 101

Dunai, L., Horváth, L., Kovács, N., Verőci, B., Vigh, L. G.: “Acélszerkezetek méretezése az
Eurocode 3 alapján, Gyakorlati útmutató” (Design of steel structures according to
Eurocode 3, ) Magyar Mérnöki Kamara Tartószerkezeti tagozata, Budapest, 2009.

Exercise 3.21., P. 47-49.

Analitical
AxisVM e[%]
solution
zs [cm] 49,0 49,0 -
zw [cm] 4,10 4,04 -1,46
iw [cm] * 9,05 9,03 -0,22

y [-] 0,542 0,542 -

Χy [-] 0,8204 0,8195 -0,11

Nb,Rd,1 [kN] 1326,4 1325,0 -0,11
 TF [-] * 0,667 0,667 -
ΧTF [-] 0,7432 0,7446 +0,19
Nb,Rd,2 [kN] 1201,6 1203,9 +0,19

* hidden partial results, Axis does not show them among the steel design results
 Verification Examples 102
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: Külpontosan nyomott rúd - RHS szelvény.axs

Topic Buckling of a hollow cross-section beam (EN 1993-1-1).

Analysis Steel Design

Type
Geometry

h = 150 mm
b = 100 mm
tf = 10 mm
tw = 10 mm

L = 4,000 m

A = 43,41 cm2
Iy = 1209,8 cm4
Iz = 635,7 cm4
iy = 52,8 mm
iz = 38,3 mm

Wel,y = 161,3 cm3

Wel,z = 127,1 cm3
Wpl,y = 205,6 cm3
Wpl,z = 154,6 cm3

RHS 150x100x10,0 cross section (hot rolled)

Loads Bending moment at both ends of beam and axial force

NEd,C = 200 kN
MEd,A = MEd,B = 20 kNm
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = 0, warping free at A
Conditions eY = eZ = 0, warping free at B
Material S 275
Properties E = 21000 kN / cm2
 = 0,3
Element Beam element
types
Steel Buckling length:
Design Ly = L
Parameters Lz = L
Lw = L
Target Check for interaction of compression and bending.
 Verification Examples 103
Results Analytical solution:

Section class: 1.

Compression – flexural buckling

2
 E Iy 2
 21000  1209 ,8
N cr, y = = = 1567,2 kN
Ky L 2
400
2 2
 E I z  21000  635,7
N cr,z = = = 823,5 kN
Kz L 2
400
N pl,Rd = A  f y = 43,41  27,5 = 1193,8 kN

N pl 1193,8
y = = = 0,8728
N cry 1567,16

N pl 1193,8
z = = = 1,2040
N crz 823,48

imperfection factor based on buckling curve “a” (hot rolled RHS section):

 y =  z = 0,21

1 +   ( - 0.2) +  2
=
2
1
 :=
2 2
+  -

 y = 0,7516
 z = 0,5275
 y A fy 2
0,5275  43,41 cm  27,5 kN/cm
2
N b,Rd = = = 629,72 kN  N Ed, x = 200 kN
1 1,0

Bending – lateral torsional buckling

Wpl, y f y 3 2
205,6 cm  27,5 kN/cm
M pl,Rd, y = = = 56,54 kNm  M Ed = 10 kNm
1 1,0
C1 = 1,000 k = k w =1
z

2
2
 E Iz  kz  I w (kL) 2 G I t
M cr = C1   + =
2  kw  Iz 
2
(kL)   E I z

2 kN 4 2 kN 4
 21000  635,7 cm 6 (400 cm)  8077  1436 , 2 cm
cm 2 766 cm cm 2
M cr = 1,0  +
2 4 2 kN 4
(400 cm) 635,7 cm   21000  635,7 cm
cm 2

M cr = 977,41 kNm

3 2
Wy f y 205,6 cm  27,5 kN/cm
 LT = = = 0,2405
M cr 977,41 kNm
 Verification Examples 104

LT  0,2 → torsional buckling may occur

 LT = 0,76
2
1+ ( - 0.2) + 
= LT LT LT = 0,5443
2
1
 LT := = 0,9684
2 2
 +  -  LT
M =  LT  M = 0,9684  56,54 kNm = 54,76 kNm
b, Rd pl, Rd , y

Interaction of bending and buckling

2 2
N Rk = A  f y = 43,41 cm  27,5 kN/cm = 1193,8 kN

M y,Rk = M pl,Rd, y = 56,54kNm

Equivalent uniform moment factors according to EN 1993-1-1 Annex B, Table B.3.:

 = 1,0
C my = 0,6 + 0,4 = 1,0  0,4

For members susceptible to torsional deformations the interaction factors may be

calculated according to EN 1993-1-1 Annex B, Table B.2.:

  N Ed  N Ed 
k yy = C my 1 + ( LT - 0,2)   C my 1 + 0,8 
  y N Rk / M1    y N Rk / M1  
 200   200 
k yy = 1,0 1 + (0,87 - 0,2)    1,0  1 + 0,8  
 0,7531  1193,78 /1,0   0,7531  1193,78 /1,0 
k yy = min (1,149 ; 1,178) = 1,149

 0,1  
z
N Ed, x   0,1 N Ed, x 
k zy = 1 −    1 −  
 C − 0, 25  z N /   C − 0, 25  z N / 
mLT Rk M1   mLT Rk M1
 0,1  1, 2040 200   0,1 200 
k zy = 1 −   1−  
 1,0 − 0, 25 0,5275  1193,78 /1,0   1,0 − 0, 25 0,5275  1193,78 /1,0 
k zy = max (0,9490 ; 0,9577) = 0,9577

N Ed M y,Ed
+ k yy =
 y  N Rk / M1  y  M y,Rk / M1

200 20
= + 1,149  = 0,6426
0,7516  1193,78 0,9684  56,54
N Ed M y,Ed
+ k zy =
 z  N Rk / M1 M y,Rk / M1

200 20
= + 0,9577  = 0,6674
0,5275  1193,78 0,9684  56,54
 Verification Examples 105

Analytical solution AxisVM e [%]

NRk = Npl,Rd [kN] 1193,8 1193,9 -

 y [-] 0,873 0,870 -0,34

 z [-] 1,204 1,201 -0,25

Χy [-] 0,7516 0,7513 -0,04
Χz [-] 0,5275 0,5271 -0,08
Nb,Rd [kN] 629,7 629,23 -0,10
Mc,Rd = Mpl,Rd [kNm] 56,54 56,54 -
C1 1,000 1,000 -
Mcr [kNm] 977,41 989,66 +1,25
 LT [-] 0,2405 0,2405 -
ΧLT [-] 0,9684 1,000 -
Mb,Rd [kNm] 54,76 56,54 +3,25
Cmy [-] 1,0 1,0 -
kyy [-] 1,149 1,150 +0,087
kzy [-] 0,9577 0,69 -27,95
Interaction capacity ratio 1 [-] 0,643 0,643 -
Interaction capacity ratio 2 [-] 0,667 0,667 -
 Verification Examples 106
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 09. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: 3_26 Külpontosan nyomott rúd - I szelvény.axs

Thema Lateral torsional buckling of a beam (EN 1993-1-1).

Analysis Steel Design

Type
Geometry

h = 171 mm
b = 180 mm
tf = 6 mm
tw = 9,5 mm

L = 4,000 m

A = 45,26 cm2
Iy = 2510,7 cm4
Iz = 924,6 cm4
iy = 74 mm
iz = 45 mm

Wel,y = 293,7 cm3

Wel,z = 102,7 cm3
Wpl,y = 324,9 cm3
Wpl,z = 156,5 cm3

Iw = 58932 cm6
It = 15 cm4
HEA180

Loads Axial force at B: Nx = -280 kN

Point load in y direction at the thirds of the beam: Fy = 5 kN
Distributed load in z direction: qz = 4,5 kNm
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = 0, warping free at A
Conditions eY = eZ = 0, warping free at B
Material S 235
Properties E = 21000 kN / cm2
 = 0,3
Element Beam element
types
 Verification Examples 107
Steel The elastic critical load factor is:
Design αcr = 4,28
Parameters As αcr = 4,28 < 15 → II. order analysis is required.
For this, the beam element needs to be meshed. Divison of the beam element into 4.

Buckling length:
Ly = L
Lz = L
LT buckling length:
Lw = L

Target Buckling check for interaction of axial force and bi-axial bending.

Results
Internal forces from the second order analysis

NEd,x = 280 kN MEd,y = 9,81 kNm MEd,z = 8,88 kNm VEd,y = 6,52 kN VEd,z = 9,61 kN
 Verification Examples 108

Analytical solution:

Section class: 1.

Normal force
2
 E Iy 
2
21000  2510,7
N cr, y = = = 3252,3 kN
Ky L 400
2 2
 E Iz  21000  924,6
N cr,z = = = 1197,7 kN
Kz L 400
N pl,Rd = A  f y = 45,26  23,5 = 1063,6 kN

N pl 1063,6
 = = = 0,5719
y N cry 3252,3

N pl 1063,6
 = = = 0,9424
z N crz 1197,7

based on buckling curve “b” in y direction and “c” in z direction:

 y = 0,8508
 z = 0,5741
 y A fy 0,8508  45,26cm
2
 23,5kN/cm
2
N b,Rd,1 = = = 904,92 kN  N Ed, x = 280 kN
1 1,0

 z A fy 0,5741  45,26cm
2
 23,5kN/cm
2
N b,Rd,2 = = = 610,62 kN  N Ed, x = 280 kN
1 1,0

Bending

Wpl,y f y 3 2
324,9 cm  23,5 kN/cm
M pl,Rd, y = = = 76,35 kNm  M Ed, y = 9,81 kNm
1 1,0
Wpl,z f y 3 2
156,5 cm  23,5 kN/cm
M pl,Rd,z = = = 36,78 kNm  M Ed,z = 8,88 kNm
1 1,0

Calculation of the critical moment:

C1 = 1,132 (due to the My moment diagram)

2
2
 E Iz  k z  I w (kL) 2 G I t
M cr = C1   + =
2  k w  Iz 
2
(kL)   E I z
2 2 4 6 2 2 4
 21000 kN/cm  924,6 cm 58932 cm (400 cm)  8077 kN/cm  15 cm
M cr = 1,132 +
2 4 2 2 4
(400 cm) 924,6 cm   21000 kN/cm  924,6 cm
M cr = 174 ,1 kNm
 Verification Examples 109
For rolled section, the following procedure may be used to determine the reduction
factor (EN 1993-1-1,Paragraph 6.3.2.3.):
3 2
Wy f y 324,9 cm  23,5 kN/cm
 LT = = = 0,6622
M cr 174,10 kNm
2
1+ ( - 0.4) + 0.75  
= LT LT LT = 0,7090
2
1
 LT := = 0,8881
2 2
+  - 0.75   LT

M =  LT  M = 0,8881  76 ,35 kNm = 67 ,81kNm

b, Rd pl , Rd , y

Interaction of axial force and bi-axial bending

N Rk = N pl,Rd = 1063,6 kN

M y,Rk = M pl,Rd, y = 76,35 kNm

M z, Rk = M pl,Rd, z = 36,78 kNm

Equivalent uniform moment factors according to EN 1993-1-1 Annex B, Table B.3.:

 = 0,  = 0 in both directions
C =C = 0,95 + 0,05 = 0,95 (distributed load)
my mLT
C mz = 0,90 + 0,10  = 0,90 (concentrated load)

 N Ed, x   N Ed, x 
k yy = C my 1 + ( - 0,2)   C my 1 + 0,8 
y   y N Rk / M1    y N Rk / M1 
 280   280 
k yy = 0,95  1 + (0,5719 - 0,2)    0,95   1 + 0,8  
 0,8508  1063,6 /1,0   0,8508  1063,6 /1,0 
k yy = min (1,0593 ; 1,1851) = 1,0593

 0,1  
z
N Ed, x   0,1 N Ed, x 
k zy = 1 −    1 −  
 − 0,25  z N / − 0,25  z N /
Rk M1    Rk M1 
C C
mLT mLT 
 0,1  0,9424 280   0,1 280 
k zy = 1 −    1−  
 0,95 − 0, 25 0,5741  1063,6 /1,0   0,95 − 0,25 0,5741  1063,6 /1,0 
k zy = max (0,9383 ; 0,9345) = 0,9383
 Verification Examples 110


 N Ed, x 
 
 N Ed, x 

k zz = C 1 + (2   - 0,6)  C 1 + 1, 4 
mz 

z  z N Rk / M1 
mz 
  z N Rk / M1 
 280   280 
k zz = 0,90 1 + (2  0,9424 - 0,6)   0,90 1 + 1,4 
 0,5741  1063,6 /1,0   0,5741  1063,6 /1,0 
k zz = min (1,4303 ; 1,478) = 1,4303
k yz = 0,6 k = 0,8582
zz

N Ed, x M y,Ed M z,Ed

+ k yy + k yz =
 y N Rk / M1   M y,Rk / M1 M z,Rk / M1
LT
280 9,81 8,88
= + 1,0593  + 0,8582  = 0,6699
0,8508  1063,6 0,8881  76,35 36,78
N Ed, x M y,Ed M z,Ed
+ k zy k zz =
 z N Rk / M1   M y,Rk / M1 M z,Rk / M1
LT
280 9,81 8,88
= + 0,9383  + 1,4303  = 0 ,9396
0,5741  1063,6 0,8881  76,35 36,78
 Verification Examples 111

Analytical solution AxisVM e [%]

Npl,Rd [kN] 1063,6 1063,6 -
Ncr,y [kN] 3252,3 3252,4 -
Ncr,z [kN] 1197,7 1197,7 -
λy, rel [-] 0,5719 0,5719 -
λz, rel [-] 0,9424 0,9424 -
Χy [-] 0,8508 0,8509 -
Χz [-] 0,5741 0,5741 -
Mpl,Rd,y [kNm] 76,35 77,17 +1
Mpl,Rd,z [kNm] 36,78 36,78 -
C1 [-] 1,132 1,13
Mcr [kNm] 174,1 174,08 -0,01
λLT, rel [-] 0,6622 0,6672 +0,7
ΧLT [-] 0,8881 0,8857 +0,3
Mb,Rd [kNm] 67,81 68,41 +0,9
Cmy = CmLt [-] 0,95 0,95 -
Cmz [-] 0,90 0,95 +5,5**
kyy 1,0593 1,0593 -
kzz 1,4303 1,5096 +5,5***
kyz 0,8582 0,9058 +5,5***
kzy 0,9383 0,9383 -
Interaction capacity ratio 1 0,6687 0,6801 +1,7***
Interaction capacity ratio 2 0,9374 0,9564 +2,0***

** See EC3 Annex B, Table B.3: the difference is due to the fact, that AxisVM calculates
the equivalent uniform moment factor (Cmy, Cmz, CmLT) for both uniform load and
concentrated load, and then takes the higher value. The effect on the final result
(efficiency) is +1~2%.
*** the difference is due to the different Cmz value
 Verification Examples 112
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 09. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: Double-symmetric I - Class 4.axs

Thema Interaction check of beam in section class 4 (EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-5)

Analysis Steel Design

Type
Geometry

h = 1124 mm
tw = 8 mm
b = 320 mm
tf = 12 mm

L = 8,000 m

A = 164,8 cm2
Iy = 326159,4 cm4
Wel,y = 5803,6 cm3

Double-symmetric welded I shape

Loads Axial force at B: N Ed,C = 700 kN

Distributed load in z direction: qz = 162,5 kNm
The internal forces in the mid-section: MEd,y = 1300 kNm, NEd,x = - 700 kN
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = 0 at A
Conditions eY = eZ = fiX = 0 at B
Material S 355
Properties E = 21000 kN / cm2
ε=0,81
 = 0,3
Element Beam element
types
Target Check the strength capacity ratios for axial force, bending and interaction.
 Verification Examples 113
Results Analytical solution in the following book:

Dunai, L., Horváth, L., Kovács, N., Verőci, B., Vigh, L. G.: “Acélszerkezetek méretezése az
Eurocode 3 alapján, Gyakorlati útmutató” (Design of steel structures according to
Eurocode 3, ) Magyar Mérnöki Kamara Tartószerkezeti tagozata, Budapest, 2009.
Exercise 3.4., P. 14-16.
Exercise 3.6., P. 19-21.
Exercise 3.13., P. 34.

Analytical
AxisVM e [%]
solution
Uniform compression
k σ,flange [−] 0,43 0,43 -
λ̅p,flange [−] 0,831 0,858 +3,1
ρflange [−] 0,931 0,910 -2,3
beff,f [cm] 140,0 142,0 +1,4
k σ,web [−] 4 4 -
λ̅p,web [−] 2,957 2,975 +0,6
ρweb [−] 0,313 0,311 -0,6
beff,web [cm] 340,8 342,4 +0,5
𝐀𝐞𝐟𝐟 [𝐜𝐦𝟐 ] 99,98 97,46 -2,6
𝐍𝐞𝐟𝐟 [𝐤𝐍/𝐜𝐦𝟐 ] [kN] 3549 3460 +2,6
𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨: 𝐍 0,2 0,2 -
Uniform bending
k σ,flange [−] 0,43 0,43 -
λ̅p,flange [−] 0,831 0,858 +3,1
ρflange [−] 0,931 0,910 -2,3
beff,f [cm] 139,95 142,0 +1,4
Ψ [−] -0,969 -0,959 +1,0
k σ,web [−] 23,09 22,84 -1,1
λ̅p,web [−] 1,231 1,245 +1,1
ρweb [−] 0,739 0,731 -1,1
beff,web [cm] 408,6 410,4 +0,4
𝐖𝐞𝐟𝐟,𝐲,𝐦𝐢𝐧 [𝐜𝐦𝟑 ] 5131 4976 -3,1
𝐌𝐲,𝐞𝐟𝐟,𝐑𝐝 [𝐤𝐍𝐦] 1821,5 1766,5 -3,1
𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨: 𝐌 0,71 0,74 +4,1
𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐: 𝑵 − 𝑴 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 0,91 0,94 +3,3

Small differences occur because AxisVM does not take into account welding when
calculating the effective section sizes.
 Verification Examples 114
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
Reference: Jean-Marc Franssen, Paulo Villa Real: Fire Design of Steel Structures (Example 5.3)
File name: steel_fire.axs

Thema Fire design of steel elements – Unprotected column under axial compression (EN 1993-1-
2)
Analysis Steel Design
Type
Geometry

Length: L = 3.5m
Section: HE180B

Loads Axial force at A: N fi,Ed = 495 kN

R30 required fire resistance
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiZ = 0 at B
Conditions eX = eY = 0 at A
Material S275
Properties E = 21000 kN / cm2
 = 0,3
Element Beam element
types

Results Analytical solution AxisVM e [%]

 d [°C] 766 767 +0.1

 cr [°C] 623 633 +1.6

k sh [-] 0.624 0.61 -2.2

A / V [1/m] 159 162.9 +2.5

 z , fi [-] 0.714 0.715 +0.1

N b , fi ,Rd [kN] 193 191 -1.0

 Verification Examples 115
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
Reference: Jean-Marc Franssen, Paulo Villa Real: Fire Design of Steel Structures (Example 5.6)
File name: steel_fire.axs

Thema Fire design of steel elements – Unrestrained beam (EN 1993-1-2)

Analysis Steel Design

Type
Geometry

qfi,Ed = 12.48 kN/m

L = 5,0 m

Side view
Section: IPE 300

Loads Distributed load: qfi,Ed = 12.48 kN/m

Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiX = 0 at A
Conditions eY = eZ = fiX = 0 at B
Material S 235
Properties E = 21000 kN / cm2
 = 0,3
Element Beam element
types
Target Evaluate the critical temperature.

Results Analytical solution AxisVM e [%]

 cr [°C] 519 518 -0.2

 LT , [1/m] 1.222 1.23 +0.66

 LT , fi [-] 0.364 0.362 -0.55

M b , fi,Rd [kNm] 38.8 38.78 -0.05

 Verification Examples 116
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
Reference: Jean-Marc Franssen, Paulo Villa Real: Fire Design of Steel Structures (Example 5.7)
File name: steel_fire.axs

Thema Fire design of steel elements – Unrestrained beam-column (EN 1993-1-2)

Analysis Steel Design

Type
Geometry

Length: L= 6.0m
Section IPE 450

Loads Axial force at B: N fi,Ed = 136.5 kN

Distributed load: qfi,Ed = 15.89 kN/m
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fix = 0 at A
Conditions eY = eZ = fix = 0 at B
Material S 235
Properties E = 21000 kN / cm2
 = 0,3
Element Beam element
types
Target Evaluate the critical temperature.
 Verification Examples 117
Results Analytical solution AxisVM e [%]

 cr [°C] (no LTB) 595 596 +0.2

 cr [°C] 515 517 +0.4

 z , fi [-] (512°C) 0.216 0.216 0.0

 LT , fi [-] (512°C) 0.361 0.362 +0.3

 LT [-] (512°C) 0.197 0.2 +1.5

k LT [-] (512°C) 0.928 0.93 +0.2

 Verification Examples 118
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 08. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
Reference: Jean-Marc Franssen, Paulo Villa Real: Fire Design of Steel Structures (Example 5.8)
File name: steel_fire.axs

Thema Fire design of steel elements – Beam-column with restrained lateral displacements (EN
1993-1-2)
Analysis Steel Design
Type
Geometry

(Jean-Marc Franssen, Paulo Villa Real: Fire Design of Steel Structures)

Length: L= 3.0m
Section HE 200B

Loads Axial force: N fi,Ed = 800 kN

Bending moment: M y,fi,Ed = +/-50 kNm
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiZ = 0 at B
Conditions eX = eY = 0 at A
Material S 235
Properties E = 21000 kN / cm2
 = 0,3
Element Beam element
types

Results Analytical solution AxisVM e [%]

 cr [°C] (with buckling) 552 554 +0.4

ky [-] 0.374 0.35 -6.4

 y , fi [-] 0.871 0.8704 -0.07

V pl , fi,Rd [kN] 208.2 208.3 +0.05

N pl , fi,Rd [kN] 1134 1134.1 ~0.0

M N , fi ,Rd [kNm] 31.2 31.39 +0.6

 cr [°C] (without buckling;

516 518 +0.4
M+N)
 Verification Examples 119
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 19. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
Reference: Eurocodes: Background & Applications Structural Fire Design
File name: timber_fire_1.axs

Thema Fire design of timber elements – Unprotected beam (EN 1995-1-2)

Analysis Timber Design

Type
Geometry

Length: L = 8m
Section: 160x735

Loads distributed load: q d,fi = 14.76 kN/m

R30 required fire resistance
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = 0 at B
Conditions eY = eZ = fiX = 0 at A
Material GL24h
Properties E = 1150 kN / cm2
 = 0,2
Element Beam element
types

Results Analytical solution AxisVM e [%]

def [mm] 28 28 0.0
σm,y,d,fi [N/mm2] 13.6 13.6 0.0
fm,y,d,fi [N/mm2] 27.6 27.6 0.0
 Verification Examples 120
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 19. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
Reference: Eurocodes: Background & Applications Structural Fire Design
File name: timber_fire_2.axs

Thema Fire design of timber elements – Unprotected column (EN 1995-1-2)

Analysis Timber Design

Type
Geometry

Loads Concentrated load on the top: Nd,fi = 59 kN

R30 required fire resistance
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiZ = 0 at the bottom
Conditions eX = eY = 0 at the top
Material C24
Properties E = 1100 kN / cm2
 = 0,2
Element Beam element
types

Results Analytical solution AxisVM e [%]

def [mm] 31 31 0.0
kc,fi [-] 0.27 0.27 0.0
η [-] 0.86 0.85 -1.0
 Verification Examples 121
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 19. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
Reference: Eurocodes: Background & Applications Structural Fire Design
File name: timber_fire_2.axs

Thema Fire design of timber elements – Protected column (EN 1995-1-2)

Analysis Timber Design

Type
Geometry

Loads Concentrated load on the top: Nd,fi = 59 kN

R60 required fire resistance; protection: 18 mm gypsum board, ta = tch = 36 min
Boundary eX = eY = eZ = fiZ = 0 at the bottom
Conditions eX = eY = 0 at the top
Material C24
Properties E = 1100 kN / cm2
 = 0,2
Element Beam element
types

Results Analytical solution AxisVM e [%]

def [mm] 38.8 38.8 0.0
kc,fi [-] 0.2 0.2 0.0
η [-] 1.64 1.66 +1.0
 Verification Examples 122
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 07. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: Earthquake-01-EC.axs

Thema Earth-quake design using response-spectrum method.

Analysis Linear frequency analysis with 5 modes.

Type Linear static analysis.
Geometry

Top view

Front view
 Verification Examples 123

Perspective view

Section beams: 60x40 cm

Ax=2400 cm2 Ay=2000 cm2 Az=2000 cm2
Ix=751200 cm4 Iy=720000 cm2 Iz=320000000 cm4

Section columns: 60x40 cm

Ax=2400 cm2 Ay=2000 cm2 Az=2000 cm2
Ix=751200 cm4 Iy=720000 cm2 Iz=320000 cm4

Loads Nodal masses on eight nodes. Mx=My=Mz=100000 kg

Model self-weight is excluded.
qd = 1
Spectrum for X and Y direction of seismic action:
Sd [m/s 2 ]
T[s] Sd
2,156

1 0 1,150
2 0,2000 2,156
3 0,6000 2,156
4 1,3000 0,995
5 3,0000 0,300
6 4,0000 0,300
... ...

1,150

0,709

0,300

T[s]
2,0000

Boundary Nodes at the columns bottom ends are constrained in all directions.
Conditions eX=eY=eZ=fiX=fiY=fiZ=0

Material C25/30
Properties E=3050 kN/cm2  =0,2  = 0
 Verification Examples 124
Element Rib element: Three node straight prismatic beam element. Shear deformation is taken into
types account.
Target Compare the model results with SAP2000 v6.13 results.
The results are combined for all modes and all direction of spectral acceleration.
CQC combination are used for modes in each direction of acceleration.
SRSS combination are used for combination of directions.

Results Period times of first 5 modes

Mode T[s] SAP2000 T[s] AxisVM Difference [%]
1 0,7450 0,7450 0
2 0,7099 0,7098 +0,01
3 0,3601 0,3601 0
4 0,2314 0,2314 0
5 0,2054 0,2053 +0,05

Modal participating mass ratios in X and Y directions

Mode X X Difference Y Y Difference
SAP2000 AxisVM % SAP2000 AxisVM %
1 0,5719 0,5723 +0,07 0,3153 0,3151 -0,06
2 0,3650 0,3647 -0,08 0,4761 0,4764 +0,06
3 0 0 0 0,1261 0,1261 0
4 0,0460 0,0461 +0,22 0,0131 0,0131 0
5 0,0170 0,0170 0 0,0562 0,0561 0
Summ 1,0000 1,0000 0 0,9868 0,9868 0

Internal forces at the bottom end of Column A and Column B

Column A Column A Difference Column B Column B Difference
SAP2000 AxisVM % SAP2000 AxisVM %
Nx [kN] 315,11 315,15 -0,013 557,26 557,29 -0,005
Vy [kN] 280,34 280,34 0 232,88 232,88 0
Vz [kN] 253,49 253,49 0 412,04 412,04 0
Tx [kNm] 34,42 34,41 -0,032 34,47 34,46 -0,029
My [kNm] 625,13 625,12 -0,002 1038,74 1038,73 -0,001
Mz [kNm] 612,31 612,31 0 553,41 553,41 0

Support forces of Support C

Support C Support C Difference
SAP2000 AxisVM %
Rx [kN] 280,34 280,34 0
Ry [kN] 253,49 253,49 0
Rz [kN] 315,11 315,15 -0,013
Rxx [kNm] 625,13 625,12 -0,002
Ryy [kNm] 612,31 612,31 0
Rzz [kNm] 34,42 34,41 +0,029

Displacements of Node D
Node D Node D Difference
SAP2000 AxisVM %
eX [mm] 33,521 33,521 0
eY [mm] 19,944 19,945 -0,005
eZ [mm] 0,229 0,229 0
X [rad] 0,00133 0,00133 0
Y [rad] 0,00106 0,00106 0
Z [rad] 0,00257 0,00257 0
 Verification Examples 125
Normal forces:
 Verification Examples 126
Bending moments:
Verification Examples 127
 Verification Examples 128
Displacements:
 Verification Examples 129
Software Release Number: X5r1
Date: 09. 11. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD
File name: XLAM_Example_2.axs

Thema Design of an XLAM shell (EC5).

Analysis Linear analysis.

Type
Geometry

Top view (x-y plane)

Loads P = -100 kN concentrated force acting at point (x = 9.0 m, y = 2.5 m)

Pz = -5.00 kN/m2 uniform load
PX = -5.00 kN/m line load on the right edge
Boundary eZ =0 along all edges
Conditions eX = 0 along the left edge
eY = 0 along the top edge
The remaining DOFs are left free.
Material Material quality equals to C24 timber.
Properties
Section MM 7s/240 XLAM section with “x” oriented top layer grain direction and Service Class 2,
Properties producing an overall thickness of 240 mm.
Element Shell element (Parabolic quadrilateral, heterosis type)
types
Mesh

Average element length is 0.2 m.

Target Efficiency at node 540 (x = 7.043 m, y = 3.125 m).

Stresses calculated with Axis VM

 Verification Examples 130

Normal stresses in x direction from bending and normal forces [N/mm2]

- 0.0307
- 2.501

2.501

Normal stresses in y direction from bending [N/mm2]

- 7.525

7.525

Shear stresses in x and y direction [N/mm2]

0.0474
- 0.0499

Rolling shear stresses in x and y direction [N/mm2]

- 0.0499
0.0418

Design value of strength [N/mm2]

 Verification Examples 131
Service Class : 2
kmod = 0.6
Load-duration class : permanent

System strength factor1 : ksys = Min(1.2, 1+0.025*7) = 1.175

Partial safety factor of the material : γM = 1.3

k mod  f m , k
f m , d = k sys = 13015.38  10 −3
M
k mod  f v , k
f v,d = = 1846.15  10 −3
M
k mod  f t , 0, k
f t , 0, d = k sys = 7592.31  10 −3
M
k mod  f t ,90, k
f t ,90, d = k sys = 216.92  10 −3
M
k mod  f c , 0, k
f c ,0, d = = 9692.31  10 −3
M
k mod  f c ,90, k
f c ,90, d = = 1153.85  10 −3
M
k mod  f r , k
f r ,d = = 461.54  10 −3
M

M-N efficiency (hand calculation)

 mx,max, d  cx ,max, d − 2.501 − 0.0307

+ = −3
+ = 0.1952
f m ,d f t ,d 13015.38 10 9692.3110 −3
 my,max, d − 7.525
= = 0.5782
f m ,d 13015.38 10 −3

Max(0.1952, 0.5782) = 0.5782

Shear efficiency (hand calculation)

 xz ,max, d − 0.049
= = 0.02654
f v ,d 1846.15 10 −3
 yz ,max, d 0.047
= = 0.02545
f v ,d 1846.15 10 −3

Max(0.02654, 0.02545) = 0.02654

1
: ksys = Min(1.1, 1+0.025*n) if NTC design code is selected

Rolling shear efficiency (hand calculation)

 Verification Examples 132

 rx,max, d − 0.0499
= = 0.1081
f r ,d 461.54 10 −3
 ry,max, d 0.0418
= = 0.09057
f r ,d 461.54 10 −3

Max(0.1081, 0.09057) = 0.1081

Maximum efficiency from hand calculations

Max(0.5782, 0.02654, 0. 1081) = 0.5782

Efficiency calculated with Axis VM compared to the results from the previous hand
calculations

x y Description AxisVM hand calculations Diff [%]

7.043 m 3.125 m M-N efficiency 0.578 0.578 0.00

Shear
7.043 m 3.125 m 0.027 0.027 0.00
efficiency
Rolling shear
7.043 m 3.125 m 0.108 0.108 0.00
efficiency
Maximum
7.043 m 3.125 m 0.578 0.578 0.00
efficiency
 Verification Examples 133

Appendix A

Software Release Number: X4r3

 Verification Examples 134
Date: 07. 02. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD

Thema Clamped beam with symmetrical nonlinear material model – Theoretical background

Geometry

References S. Kaliszky Mechanika II. Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest, 1990

Equations Material function:

𝜎 = 𝐶 ∙ 𝜀𝑛 (1)
Moment of inertia:
𝑏⁄2

𝐽𝑛+1 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑦 𝑛+1 𝑑𝑦 (2)

−𝑏⁄2
Second-order linear differential equation for elastic curve:
𝑑2𝑣 𝑀 1⁄𝑛
= − ( ) (3)
𝑑𝑧 2 𝐶𝐽𝑛+1
Bending moment:
𝑀(𝑧) = 𝐹(𝑙 − 𝑧) (4)
Boundary conditions:
𝑑𝑦 (5)
𝑧 = 0, = 0;
𝑑𝑧
𝑧 = 0; 𝑦 = 0 (6)
Deflection equation based on previous equations (𝑛 = 1/2):
2 2 3 4
𝑙 𝑧 𝑙𝑧 𝑧
𝐹 2 ( 2 − 6 + 12)
(7)
𝑦=
(𝐶𝐽𝑛+1 )1/𝑛
 Verification Examples 135
Software Release Number: X4r3
Date: 07. 02. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD

Thema Clamped beam with asymmetrical nonlinear material model – Theoretical background

Geometry

Stress
distribution

Equations In the nonlinear zone (S1 section)

𝜎𝑇 if 𝑧0 (𝑥) < 𝑧
𝜎(𝑥, 𝑧) = { (1)
𝜎𝑇 − 𝐸𝜅(𝑥)(𝑧 − 𝑧0 (𝑥)) if 𝑧 < 𝑧0 (𝑥)
The normal force and the moment equations of equilibrium are given by
𝑧0

0 = 𝜎𝑇 ℎ𝑣 − ∫ 𝐸𝜅(𝑥)(𝑧 − 𝑧0 (𝑥))𝑣𝑑𝑧 (2)

ℎ
−
2
𝑧0

𝐹(ℓ − 𝑥) = − ∫ 𝐸𝜅(𝑥)(𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑣𝑧𝑑𝑧 (3)

ℎ
−
2
Solving equations (2) and (3) the nonlinear cross-section and the curvature is obtained by
𝐹(ℓ − 𝑥)
𝑧0 (𝑥) = ℎ − 3 (4)
𝜎𝑇 ℎ𝑣
2𝜎𝑇 ℎ
𝜅(𝑥) = 2
ℎ 2𝐹 (5)
9𝐸 [ − (ℓ − 𝑥)]
2 𝜎𝑇 ℎ𝑣
The length of the nonlinear zone is obtained from equation (4) under the condition
ℎ
𝑧0 (𝑥𝑃 ) =
2
𝜎𝑇 ℎ2 𝑣
𝑥𝑃 = ℓ − (6)
6𝐹
The nonlinear zone of the supported cross-section is also obtained from equation (4)
𝐹ℓ
𝑧0 (0) = ℎ − 3 (7)
𝜎𝑇 ℎ𝑣
Substituting equation (4) and (5) to equation (1) under the conditions 𝑥𝑐 = 20 cm and
ℎ
z= − the maximal compressive stress at the supported end is obtained by:
2

ℎ ℎ
𝜎 (𝑥𝑐 , − ) = −𝐸𝜅(𝑥𝑐 ) (− − 𝑧0 (𝑥𝑐 )) (8)
2 2
 Verification Examples 136
In the linear zone (S3 section)
The stress distribution is given by
𝜎(𝑥, 𝑧) = −𝐸𝜅(𝑥)𝑧 (9)
The moment equation of equilibrium is given by
𝑧0

𝐹(ℓ − 𝑥) = − ∫ 𝐸𝜅(𝑥)𝑧𝑣𝑧𝑑𝑧 (9)

ℎ
−
2
Solving equation (10) the curvature is obtained by
12𝐹(ℓ − 𝑥)
𝜅(𝑥) = (11)
𝐸ℎ3 𝑣
Integrating equations (5) and (11) two times the deflection is obtained by
ℓ 𝑥

𝑒𝑧 (𝑙) = ∫ ∫ 𝜅(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝑥 (12)

0 0
 Verification Examples 137
Software Release Number: X4r3
Date: 07. 02. 2018.
Tested by: InterCAD

Thema Clamped beam with only compression nonlinear material model – Theoretical background

Geometry

Stress
distribution

Equations In the nonlinear zone (S1 section)

0 if 𝑧0 (𝑥) < 𝑧
𝜎(𝑥, 𝑧) = { (1)
−𝐸𝜅(𝑥)(𝑧 − 𝑧0 (𝑥)) if 𝑧 < 𝑧0 (𝑥)
The normal force and the moment equations of equilibrium are given by
𝑧0

𝑁 = ∫ 𝐸𝜅(𝑥)(𝑧 − 𝑧0 (𝑥))𝑣𝑑𝑧 (2)

ℎ
−
2
𝑧0

𝐹(ℓ − 𝑥) = − ∫ 𝐸𝜅(𝑥)(𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑣𝑧𝑑𝑧 (3)

ℎ
−
2
Solving equations (2) and (3) the nonlinear cross-section and the curvature is obtained by
𝐹(ℓ − 𝑥)
𝑧0 (𝑥) = ℎ − 3 (4)
𝑁
8𝑁 3
𝜅(𝑥) = (5)
9𝐸𝑣[𝑁ℎ − 2𝐹(ℓ − 𝑥)]2
The length of the nonlinear zone is obtained from equation (4) under the condition
ℎ
𝑧0 (𝑥𝑃 ) =
2
𝑁ℎ
𝑥𝑃 = ℓ − (6)
6𝐹
The nonlinear zone of the supported cross-section is also obtained from equation (4)
𝐹ℓ
𝑧0 (0) = ℎ − 3 (7)
𝑁
Substituting equation (4) and (5) to equation (1) under the conditions 𝑥𝑐 = 20 cm and
ℎ
𝑧 = − the maximal compressive stress at the supported end is obtained by:
2

ℎ ℎ
𝜎 (𝑥𝑐 , − ) = −𝐸𝜅(𝑥𝑐 ) (− − 𝑧0 (𝑥𝑐 )) (8)
2 2
 Verification Examples 138
In the linear zone (S3 section)
The stress distribution is given by
𝜎(𝑥, 𝑧) = −𝐸𝜅(𝑥)𝑧 (9)
The moment equation of equilibrium is given by
𝑧0

𝐹(ℓ − 𝑥) = − ∫ 𝐸𝜅(𝑥)𝑧𝑣𝑧𝑑𝑧 (10)

ℎ
−
2
Solving equation (9) the curvature is obtained by
12𝐹(ℓ − 𝑥)
𝜅(𝑥) = (11)
𝐸ℎ3 𝑣
Integrating equations (5) and (10) two times the deflection is obtained by
ℓ 𝑥

𝑒𝑧 (𝑙) = ∫ ∫ 𝜅(𝜉)𝑑𝜉 𝑑𝑥 (12)

0 0