CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Hospital is an aspect whose schedule plays a vital role for successful achievement of its
curriculum. Hospital work takes a succeeding step. Each step has a specified duration of time
and a mapped-out work coed associated with it. The time stipulated to be utilized maximally
to enable the staff cover the work load elaborately (Aeenparast, ET AL., 2019).
The issue of analysis, the work load and time involved in a hospital category and distributing
the work load time intervals. For maximum knowledge impact it is a great concern to the
professorate in the field. This is where comprehensive medical duties are always designed to
suit the curriculum (Aharonson-Daniel, Paul and Hedley, 2016).
Medical duties schedule does not only involve the all capture of time duties to medical
personnel, it also involves the careful allocation of other resources like labour force and space
available. When all these factors are not adequately taken care of, it leads to classes and
crashes which hinder the effective hospital operation (Ahmed, et al., 2019).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem associated with the old manual system of medical duties scheduling hindered
effective table predication. It takes a lot of time to process the volume of data involves
manually. This makes analysis and synthesis difficult for man to carry out. The said existing
system wastes a lot of time. This delays the in effect set back of the hospital operation. The
manual medical duties scheduling causes a lot of clashes. Duties clashes among doctors make
medical duties scheduling unreliable. Due to manual approach towards medical duties
schedule, that there is a problem of time-consuming fatigue, Repeated process and
clash/conflict of fixtures.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this project is to develop an automated medical duties scheduling system using
queuing techniques. The objectives are to:
1. Develop a computer programme which will be more accurate.
2. Develop more comprehensive program and
3. Develop a more reliable system.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research work is of immense benefits to the following stakeholders: the health workers,
the administrators and the patients.
The health worker workers such as the doctors, nurses, cleaners and the rest would be
exposed to the merits inherent in the design and implementation of a computerized medical
scheduling system. It will prevent clashes of duties and lopsidedness of the duties as the
computerized roster is a purposive record that spells out the duty schedule and duty officers
so to say, there is no controversy in the duty schedule and makes the health and makes the
health officers work effectiveness coordinated.
Secondly this research work will also benefit the hospital administrators. This is because, the
computerized medical duty schedule system makes the coordination of staff and hospital
administration easier, possible and regimented. The hospital administrators free from chronic
stress through the application of the computerized medical duties schedule system. It prevents
managerial exigencies, fatigue, lousiness, brain racking. It also serves the management from
unnecessary complaints and disputes among the staff. To this end, the computerized medical
scheduling system calls for chronology in the system and calls for effectives and efficiency in
the administration.
Lastly, the patients are at the utmost chance of beneficiary because everything boils down to
patients. The patients are at the receiving end of any improvement or aggravation occurred at
the hospital. So, to say if the hospital administration is well coordinated and the staff as well
is effective and up and doing I the daily duties, it will make positive impacts on the patients.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The overall goal of this work is purely investigative and prescriptive. The Kwara State
Polytechnic clinic has been selected as our case study. Our work is limited to the study of
medical duties scheduling system existing in Kwara State Polytechnic clinic and designing a
programme for its computerization.

1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

For easy study and proper understanding of this project write-up, It is planned and
organized into five chapters. The description of what each chapter contains is explained
below:
Chapter One: This contains an Introduction to the whole write-up, the problem of the study,
aims and objectives of the study, the significant of the study, the scope
and limitation of the study, and organization of the report.
Chapter Two: It focuses on the literature review of the study, organization of the board of
director, computerization of the current state of the art.
Chapter Three: It presents data collection method employed, analysis of data and existing
system, advantages of the proposed system, design and implementation,
programming language used with reasons, hardware and software
support.
Chapter Four: It deals with the system design implementation and documentation, design of
the system, output design, input design, file system, procedural design,
and documentation of the new system.
Chapter Five: This centres the summary, experienced gained, recommendation and
conclusion.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS

Cara, (2019) wrote an article on “Online Medical Appointment Scheduling System”
The accessibility to services of web clinic is of utmost importance for success of any
companies. Internet is a great way to make a clinic known to a large number of people that
might potentially be interested in the services that the clinic might provide. Therefore, a
creation of a website that would provide different information about the clinic and allow the
management and scheduling of appointments online might benefit in many ways to an
existing clinic. In order to minimize the costs and time needed to develop, deploy and
maintain the website for appointments, different researches have to be conducted until
finding the optimal technologies to be used in the process. While researching we found out
the existence of CMS systems that potentially reduce the cost and time spent of all the three
steps spoken before. The different technologies, such as webserver, programming language
and DBMS to be used, were chosen in base of what CMS was chosen. The interest fell on
WordPress, one of the most used systems worldwide, which is very easy to use and maintain.
The resulting system allows current and future patients to easily make appointments with
different doctors of the clinic 24 hours a day, 365 days of the year. In addition, this allows to
unload the clinic’s staff from a lot of work that had to be done before the website creation.
Benjamin, Chris and Michel, (2014) wrote an article on “Optimized appointment scheduling”
In service systems, in order to balance the server’s idle times and the customers’ waiting
times, one may fix the arrival times of the customers beforehand in an appointment schedule.
We propose a procedure for determining appointment schedules in such a D/G/1-type of
system by sequentially minimizing the per-customer expected loss. Our approach provides
schedules for any convex loss function; for the practically relevant cases of the quadratic and
absolute value loss functions appealing closed-form results are derived. Importantly, our
approach does not impose any conditions on the service time distribution; it is even allowed
that the customers’ service times have different distributions. A next question that we address
concerns the order of the customers. We develop a criterion that yields the optimal order in
case the service time distributions belong to a scale family, such as the exponential family.
The customers should be scheduled then in non-decreasing order of their scale parameter.
While the optimal schedule can be computed numerically under quite general circumstances,
in steady-state it can be computed in closed form for exponentially distributed service times
under the quadratic and absolute value loss function. Our findings are illustrated by a number
of numerical examples; these also address how fast the transient schedule converges to the
corresponding steady-state schedule.
Jonathan, (2021) wrote an article on “Patient appointment scheduling system: with
supervised learning prediction” Large waiting times at hospital outpatient clinics are a cause
of dissatisfaction to patients, cause additional stress to hospital staff, increase the risk of
contagion and add complications for patients with medical conditions. Reducing waiting
times and surgeon idle time improves the quality of service and efficiency of a hospital: this
is a recently growing focus in healthcare. Oulu hospitala wants to identify and reduce large
waiting times at their outpatient clinic. For the past few years the clinic has used a self-
service system whereby patients register on arrival and hospital staff use a patient call-in
system. The past schedules are analysed using this data: information visualisations and
performance measures are provided. The worst performing clinic sessions are the subject of
the scheduling optimisation prototype system. The scheduling optimization focuses on
predicting the duration of an appointment and the late arrival of the surgeon. These two
factors have been identified as causes of long patient waiting times. The variance of the
duration is identified to be high, therefore supervised-learning regression is used for both
simple inference and prediction. The features that are good predictors and the results of the
prediction accuracy are reported. With the predicted appointment durations, and surgeon
arrival times, a scheduling optimisation approach is used to improve the existing schedule; a
simple greedy hill-climbing approach is evaluated. It is found that using the historical data to
simulate a real day, appointment rules and scheduling optimisation the patient waiting time is
reduced with this method. Showing the system to be potentially promising.
Safdar, Emrouznejad and Dey, (2020) wrote an article on “An Optimized Queue
Management System to Improve Patient Flow in the Absence of Appointment System” The
aim of this research study is to develop a queue assessment model to evaluate the inflow of
walk-in outpatients in a busy public hospital of an emerging economy, Pakistan, in the
absence of appointment systems; as well as, constructing a dynamic framework dedicated
towards the practical implementation of the proposed model, for continuous monitoring of
the queue system. The current study utilizes Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to develop a
combined Queuing-DEA model as applied to evaluate the wait times of patients, within
different stages of the Outpatients’ department at the Combined Military Hospital (CMH) in
Lahore, Pakistan; over a period of 7 weeks (23rd April to 28th May 2014). The number of
doctors/personnel and consultation time were considered as outputs, where consultation time
was the non-discretionary output. The two inputs were wait time and length of queue.
Additionally, VBA programming in Excel has been utilized to develop the dynamic
framework for continuous queue monitoring. The inadequate availability of personnel
(doctors/pharmacists) was observed as the critical issue for long wait times, along with
overcrowding and variable arrival pattern of walk-in patients. The DEA model displayed the
‘required’ number of personnel, corresponding to different wait times, indicating queue
build-up. The current study develops a queue evaluation model for a busy outpatients’
department in a public hospital, where all patients are walk-in and no appointment systems.
This model provides vital information in the form of ‘required’ number of personnel which
allows the administrators to control the queue pre-emptively minimizing wait times, with
dynamic staff allocation. Additionally, the dynamic framework specifically targets practical
implementation in resource-poor public hospitals of emerging economies for continuous
monitoring of queues.
Sara, (2016) wrote an article on “Adaptive Queue Management For Healthcare
Operations” Long wait times to receive care plague many patients and healthcare systems in
the United States and around the world. This dissertation studies the application of several
feedback control schemes to improve appointment access in outpatient healthcare systems. In
addition to health deterioration and patient and staff dissatisfaction, long wait times for
primary care and specialty care appointments also may produce demand overflow to other
less ideal settings, leading to an increase in the number of inappropriate emergency
department (ED) visits. Preliminary studies in this dissertation explore correlations in an
academic medical center between the wait time for new neurology patient appointments and
non-urgent ED utilization. The results suggest that long wait times to see a specialist
significantly increase ED costs and congestion. Hence, improving appointment access in
outpatient settings not only can affect health outcomes and patient satisfaction, it also can
mitigate downstream effects in other healthcare systems, such as the ED and urgent care
centers. Although timely access to care is a component of the quality of care in healthcare
systems, it also is an indication of how well a healthcare system synchronizes the utilization
of expensive resources (supply) to patient needs (demand). While staffing levels and hours of
operation are often constant week to week, or even month to month, demand for service is
not, as it is random and non-stationary. Thus, dynamic capacity planning is crucial for
minimizing queueing, i.e., providing timely access to care, which can have a significant
impact on patient wait time, health outcomes, and system costs. However, most of the current
staffing strategies fail to incorporate the ability for managers to dynamically adjust staffing to
accommodate variable demand. This dissertation demonstrates that engineering feedback
control can succeed in doing so and can achieve predefined performance levels in
appointment access systems by encouraging semi-real-time decision-making in M/D/c
healthcare queueing systems. The results of a simulation model and a pilot study illustrate
that by means of engineering feedback control access and queue length can be optimally
managed and variability can be reduced systematically at a reasonable cost. Classic feedback
controllers demonstrate significant success in controlling queue length and appointment
access, yet, the staffing level adjustments in healthcare queueing systems often do not occur
immediately because time delay in capacity adjustment is an inevitable aspect of these
systems. Moreover, due to the complex nature of healthcare systems, uncertainty in resource
availability, and convoluted decision-making processes, the time delay in capacity
adjustments can often be nondeterministic. Modified Smith predictors (MSPs) are known to
be an effective solution for time delay systems and have been extensively studied for the past
few decades. Nevertheless, they remain inadequate if there exist misspecification between the
real-world system and the mathematical model, or if the system is subject to time delay
stochasticity. This dissertation leverages the structure of a MSP approach to develop a queue
management methodology for healthcare systems with stochastic time delays in service
capacity adjustments. A series of detailed analysis is performed to robustly minimize the risk
of undesirable oscillatory behavior in queueing systems with nontrivial delay variability and
uncertainty, and hence, achieve maximum system stability and improved performance.
Furthermore, this dissertation introduces a methodology to identify the design parameters in
control systems when the time delays are stochastic, yet have knowable probability
distributions. The developed approach can be significantly beneficial when the stability
regions of the closed loop time delay system have a complex geometry or when the
probability distribution function of the time delay is multimodal, as is common in many
service applications. The new expected stability metrics introduced in this dissertation are
instrumental in evaluating system stability and performance in presence of random time
delays. Across a wide range of test applications, the results demonstrate maximized system
stability and minimized undesirable oscillatory behavior, leading to improved overall system
performance.
Obulor, (2016) wrote an article on “Outpatient Queuing Model Development for
Hospital Appointment System” In many hospitals, Patients wait for long time in the
healthcare facility before they are attended to by the health personnel. This trend is on the
increase and it is a potential threat to healthcare services. In Nigeria, specialist, teaching and
general hospitals with large number of patients have cases where patients may not be
attended to on time while others may end up going home without receiving medical attention.
An efficient queuing model for proper appointment system is proposed as the solution to the
long waiting times in these hospitals in this paper. The appointment queuing system provides
better utilization of resources and reduces patients waiting times in the general outpatient
department before consultation with the Doctor. Arrival rate and pattern, availability of
medical services and preferences, employees experience and availability of information
technology are factors that affect the performance of an appointment system. This research
work provides an efficient outpatient appointment queuing model for proper appointment
scheduling thus, reduces patients waiting times, doctors’ idle time and overtime as well as
improving the outpatient’s satisfaction.
Stefan and Marc, (2010) wrote an article on “Queueing models for appointment-
driven systems” Many service systems are appointment-driven. In such systems, customers
make an appointment and join an external queue (also referred to as the “waiting list”). At the
appointed date, the customer arrives at the service facility, joins an internal queue and
receives service during a service session. After service, the customer leaves the system.
Important measures of interest include the size of the waiting list, the waiting time at the
service facility and server overtime. These performance measures may support strategic
decision-making concerning server capacity (e.g. how often, when and for how long should a
server be online). We develop a new model to assess these performance measures. The model
is a combination of a vacation queueing system and an appointment system.
Nasir, et al., (2016) wrote an article on “Automated Queue Management System”
Automated queue management system is a system that helps service provider to manage
customer in efficient way. The system can ease the customer flow management which is
useful for manager of the service provider. The purpose of this project is to develop an
Automated Queue Management System for organizing queuing system that can analyze the
queue status and take decision which customer to be served first. This project focuses more
on the banks queuing system, different queuing algorithm approaches which are used in
banks to serve customer and the average waiting time. This queuing architecture model can
switch between different scheduling algorithms according to the testing result i.e. the average
waiting time by using two different queue control systems, which have developed. There are
several processes undergo, which control by Intel Galileo Microcontroller that is software-
compatible with the Arduino software development environment. Finally, the systems have
been tested under different conditions to evaluate its performance.
2.2 REVIEW OF GENERAL STUDY
Hospital system and Administration: Design and implementation of a computerized
medical duties scheduling system.
The issue of hospital system in each country is to enable successful operation of hospital
activities with a standard. Ensuring the balancing in the working hours or duly scheduling in
order to endeavor that enough time is given for adequate implementation of workloads in the
hospitals.
Landrigan et al (2004) have demonstrated that a reduction in work hours significantly
reduced serious medical errors. In a randomized trial, a traditional schedule (with 24 hours
extended shifts) was compared with an invention schedule (with a 16-hour day and 16 hour
night shift) and a reduction in overall hour of work using trained chart observers to shadow in
terms.

It was there x-rayed that serious medical errors were made during the traditional schedule
than the intervention schedule. Serious medical and medication error rates were higher and
more alarming during the traditional schedule.
Also, a subsequent web survey of 2,737 residents (response rate 80%) examining work
patterns, medical errors and averse events having compared those who did not work in
shifting and those with shifts extended duration (>24 hours), and those who worked 1- 4
shifts of extended duration per month and those who worked 5 or more shift of extended
duration per month were more likely to report a fatigue related medical error (Laura and
Berger 200:13).

Coupled with this, gander et al (2007) reported that 66% of junior doctors could recall
making a fatigue related clinical error in their career, and 42% could recall making a fatigue
related error in the past previous six month. Night work in their last fortnight (< in one week
versus<1 in both weeks), working shift of extended duration (2 or more shifts of > 14 hours
in the past previous week).inadequacy between the shifts (> 1 in at least a week versus none)
and work schedule change (change in previous week versus none) were independent
predicators of reporting a fatigue and other related clinical errors in the previous six months.
A fatigue- risk based on a number of pattern characteristics of those who scored a significant
high risk were more likely to report a fatigue- related clinical report error.

Cappucio et al (2009) theorized that a number of specific aspects of work patterns have been
considered in relation to medical error, with mixed feelings. Comparison of traditional
schedule (12 hours night shifts, 9 hours day shifts) demonstrated a reduction in medical errors
during the intervention.

Parthasarathy, Hettiger, Budhiraja and Sullivan (2007) said that although no statistic
comparisons were made, this reduction was observed alongside an over ll increase in total
sleep time in the intervention schedules. Transition to a work schedule with no shift greater
than 30 hours in duration resulted in reduction in prescribing errors.

Junior doctor who work more than 80 hours per week were more like than those who worked
80 or less hours to report a medical error which resulted in an adverse patient outcome
(Baldwin, Daugherty,Tsai and Scotti, 2003:15)

Davydov et al (2004) found no correlation between the starting and shifting hours as an
instigator of the prescribed error. Similarly, Hendey et al (2005) found no difference in
prescribing errors for orders written overnight (on -call), post-call or off-call.

More so, a transition to work schedule with no shift greater than 30 hours in duration resulted
in a reduction in fewer residents reporting feeling sleepy while driving. (parthesarathy et at
2007:26)

In the same vein, mautone (2009) opined that transition from a traditional 24 hour every
fourth night on- call schedule to a rotating 14-hour day/ night shift schedule with limited on-
call requirements, was associated with fewer reports. Baldwin and Daugherty (2004)
mentioned that several studies have investigated the impact of work patterns on sleep on
sleep and sleepiness in junior doctors. Increased hours of work were associated with
decreased hours of sleep.

Arora et al (2006) compared the effects of a nap opportunity in 30 hours on-call shift versus a
traditional no-nap work schedule. Those who were permitted to nap obtained approximately
41 minutes more sleep and reported less fatigue, than those who were on the traditional
schedule. Interns had opportunity to forward their pager to the night –float physician to gain
“protected sleep time” In instances where this occurred, 42 minutes of sleep was gained for
each hour of coverage.

Tucker et al (2010) investigated a range of different aspects of work patterns and found that
fatigue increased with the number of consecutive night shifts. Additionally, those with only
one rest day after a block of consecutive night shifts (as compared to two or more rest days)
reported significantly greater fatigue on their first day shift following the block of nights.
Short breaks (< 10 hours) in between shifts were associated with decreased sleep time after
long shifts and increased fatigue on day time shifts. Increased hours of work was associated
with increased fatigue on night shifts.
Tendulkar et al (2005) revealed that a small number of studies have examined the relationship
between work patterns and physiological stress. Mean heart rate was elevated while working
on call compared with being off – call (and with no clinical responsibilities)

It is not known how on – call work compared with other shift types. Extended shifts were
associated with acute in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction compared with non –
extende4d shifts (Zheng, patel and katz, 2006:19)

Parshuram et al (2004) measured the distance walked (via pedometer) katz,2006:19),

conducted urinalysis for specific gravity and key tones and recorded an electrocardiograph
(Via Holter Monitor) in 11 fellows while working on – call (35 shifts). Comparing heart rate
variability in the fellows with “norms” reported by the Task Force of the European society of
cardiology and the North American Society of pacing and Electrophysiology (Task Force of
the European Society of cardiology of the North American society of pacing
Electrophysiology 1996.)
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this paper an automated medical duties scheduling system using queuing techniques was
developed. The system was developed using C# programming language. C# was used for the
logic and SQL was used to implement the database that stores and manages records.
Over the years, medical duties scheduling has been a repeated or dubbing process. At the
beginning of each month or week, the officer in charge of scheduling of duties prepared the
duty roster. The existing system has been carefully studies with the help of data collected
during the research work.
There exists the application of fact-finding method. In the course of this study, the two
methods for effective data collection are as follows:
Interview method
Reference method
The oral interview will be carried out by visiting the case study (Kwara State Polytechnic
Clinic) with medical duties scheduling in order to know why the hospital circular needed to
be scheduled with time.
The staff of the mentioned hospital will be interviewed to gather pieces of information on the
criteria for medical duties scheduling preparation, the concept importance and problem of
medical duties scheduling preparation.
These criteria also involve the necessary factors to be taken into consideration when
preparing a computer medical duties scheduling. The data to be collected will enable the
smooth conduct of this research.
The queue technique which will be used for this library is explained below:
Queueing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines, or queues. A queueing model is
constructed so that queue lengths and waiting time can be predicted. Queueing theory is
generally considered a branch of operations research because the results are often used when
making business decisions about the resources needed to provide a service.
Queueing theory has its origins in research by Agner Krarup Erlang when he created models
to describe the system of Copenhagen Telephone Exchange company, a Danish company.
The ideas have since seen applications including telecommunication, traffic
engineering, computing and, particularly in industrial engineering, in the design of factories,
shops, offices and hospitals, as well as in project management.
Single Queuing Nodes
A queue, or queueing node can be thought of as nearly a black box. Jobs or "customers"
arrive to the queue, possibly wait some time, take some time being processed, and then depart
from the queue.

A black box. Jobs arrive to, and depart from, the queue

The queueing node is not quite a pure black box, however, since some information is needed
about the inside of the queuing node. The queue has one or more "servers" which can each be
paired with an arriving job until it departs, after which that server will be free to be paired
with another arriving job.

A queueing node with 3 servers. Server a is idle, and thus an arrival is given to it to
process. Server b is currently busy and will take some time before it can complete
service of its job. Server c has just completed service of a job and thus will be next to
receive an arriving job.

An analogy often used is that of the cashier at a supermarket. There are other models, but this
is one commonly encountered in the literature. Customers arrive, are processed by the
cashier, and depart. Each cashier processes one customer at a time, and hence this is a
queueing node with only one server. A setting where a customer will leave immediately if the
cashier is busy when the customer arrives, is referred to as a queue with no buffer (or no
"waiting area", or similar terms). A setting with a waiting zone for up to n customers is called
a queue with a buffer of size n.

3.2 ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing system of scheduling medical duties is done manually, which is time consuming

and not efficient

3.3 PROBLEMS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

The system was development under a particular condition. But due to changes in the

development and advancement in technology, it started facing barrier which made it

unreliable. Due to manual approach towards time table preparation towards time table

preparation selection proves difficult as a result of the following problems:

(i) Time consuming

(ii) Repeated processes

 3.4 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.4.1 Hospital Organogram
The diagram below shows the organizational chart or structures of the hospital.

Board of management

Chief Medical Director

Director Administration Medical Advisory Committee

Clinical Service Department

General Administration

Pharmacy
Non Clinical Services Service

Non Clinical Service Chief Medical Director

Account Director
Nursing Service

Finance Account Medical Record and Statistics

Division

3.4.2 Input Analysis

The existing system made use of necessary data in the form of input which happens to be the

information needed for medical duties preparation.

This includes:

(i) Doctor or name

(ii) Day on duties
(iii) Duty section
(iv) Time on duties
(v) Time off duties
Schedule duration with the above information handed down, a comprehensive method,
duties schedule is easy for production.
3.4.3 Process Analysis
In medical duties preparation a careful work is always out on the input available. The
duties are carefully distributed among time intervals considering the amount of time to be
covered on each duty day.
During the processing much work is done to avoid partial distraction and clash
conflicts. To ensure adequate medical duties scheduling, care should be taken to make
sure that a duty is not assigned to two or more medical personnel at the same time, on the
other side, no duty should not be left unplanned.
3.4.4 Output Analysis
The expected output determined the nature of input. The elements of the output
forms are:
(i) Medical personnel name
(ii) Day on duty
(iii) Duty section
(iv) Time on duty
(v) Time off duty
(vi) Schedule duration
(vii) Time or days on leave
(viii) Days of the work
 3.4.5 Information flow diagram

Input Form
Board of Management

Analysis and Process

By Chief Medical Director

Analysis and Processing

By chief Medical Direc

Input for General

Consumption
tor

3.5 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The new computerized system is very automatic because it works according to predefined

programme instruction. The new system accepts input and carries out the required action on

the input automatically in a much-reduced time. It is easy and simple to be used, very

interactive, attractive and it generates comprehensive and reliable information with clashes or

energy washed.

Also, the system provides adequate storage medium for storing the processed data. The time

table can be generated anytime needed and any number of copies needed can equally be

generated without stress. It reduces the burden on the staff during duplication of the medical

duties scheduled.

More so, the processing takes less time and it is an accurate operation, searching and sorting

is carried out more effectively, this makes the resets more reliable.

Finally, the system is cost effective because the number of staff needed is reduced.
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY
In summary, the problem associated with the old manual system of medical duties scheduling
hindered effective table predication. It takes a lot of time to process the volume of data
involves manually. This makes analysis and synthesis difficult for man to carry out. Hospital
work takes a succeeding step and each step has a specified duration of time and a mapped-out
work coed associated with it. The time stipulated to be utilized maximally to enable the staff
cover the work load elaborately. The issue of analysis, the work load and time involved in a
hospital category and distributing the work load time intervals. For maximum knowledge
impact it is a great concern to the professorate in the field. This is where comprehensive
medical duties are always designed to suit the curriculum. Medical duties schedule does not
only involve the all capture of time duties to medical personnel, it also involves the careful
allocation of other resources like labour force and space available.
5.2 CONCLUSION
This study is carried out with a view of producing a computerized medical duty scheduling
versus manual medical duties scheduling. The new system computerized system will also to
produce a comprehensive and authentic medical duties schedule.
This study also proves the capabilities of the computer in the area of processing concerning
the Hospital sector. By implementing computer, one would be able to obtain information
needed at a particular point in time. Finally, the study was also carried out to the rode of
medical duties schedule medical duties preparation in valves a lot of work in area of
processing (i.e. allocation of available resources) to avoid clashes. The major clashes that
always occur are the doctors and nurses’ clashes. The doctor clashes take place when two
doctors are assigned to work at the same period of time, likewise nurse’s clash.
To handle this aspect successfully and to produce a reliable result a more sophisticated
machine-like computer has to introituses. The computer with its sophisticated machine-like
computer has to introituses. The computer with it sophisticated features will handle the time
table preparation (processing) in an automatic way. It automatically processes the schedule
according to pre-defined program instructions. This will lessen the work involved in the
preparation of medical duties scheduling and aid in producing adequate and comprehensive
medical duties scheduling.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
This automated medical duty scheduling system can work in every hospitals and medical
centres. So, I recommend the application to every medical sector for automation.