Chapter 5 Assessment Task

2. Differentiate among different volcanic hazards

Lahars is a mudflow that are made up with volcanic debris especially when the small slope collapses
gather water on their way down a volcano and lahars can move rapidly down valleys like rivers of
concrete.

Ash fall is formed with fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass that was been created
during volcanic eruptions this ash is really a danger to humans lives and it can have a devastating effect
not only to people but to the whole place that are captured by an ash fall.

Pyroclastic flows is a high density mix of hot lava that blocks the pumice, ash, and gas as they move at a
very high speed as this may fall from this cloud over a wide area.

Volcanic Gases like Magma that contains dissolve gasses that provide the driving force that causes
volcanic eruptions.

Lava flow are streams of molten rocks that pour or ooze from an erupting vent as lava is erupted during
either non-explosive activity or explosive lava fountains.

3. What are the different natural signs of an impending volcanic eruption?

The different natural signs of an impending volcanic eruption are the following;

Most volcanoes provide various types of warnings before the eruption begin as the explosive eruption
could occur with some warning and some premonitory events that will more likely precede to the next
eruption.

People living near volcanoes may detect premonitory events before an eruption as the frequency of
occurrences and intensity of felt earthquakes commonly increase before eruptions begins this is
noticeable steaming or furmarolic activity and perhaps by new or enlarged areas of hot ground.

Measurement of changes in heat flow this is involved by a measurement of changes in heat flow at a
volcano by repeated infrared surveys or direct measurements of places near in the volcanic area.

Detecting and interpretation of precursory events this is used by a monitoring system that interpret and
indicate the events of the volcano to warn the people to evacuate and be prepared.

Chapter 6 Assesment

1. Discuss briefly the two geological hazard presented in this chapter.

Landslide as rock falls, deep slope collapse, shallow debris flows, and avalanches are all examples of
landslides. Landslides are primarily caused by gravity pushing on a slope, but there are other crucial and
dynamic elements that function as triggers.

Sinkholes involve soil sinking, resulting in ground holes They are holes or pits in the ground that form
when water erodes an underlying rock layer, or if the rock is limestone, salt beds, or carbonate rock,
which can be naturally dissolved by groundwater circulating through them. Decrease in water levels -
drought, groundwater pumping (wells, quarries, mines) Disturbance of the soil - digging through soil
layers, soil removal, drilling Water injection, leaky water/sewer pipes

2. Explain the causes of each geological hazard.

Landslides can move quickly, especially if they are triggered by heavy rain. Or it might happen so slowly
that we don't notice except for a few tell-tale symptoms like ground fissures and road subsidence.
Droughts, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions may all trigger them. Mudslides occur when water
accumulates quickly in the ground, resulting in a surge of water-soaked rock, soil, and debris.

Sinkholes are caused by water pooling underground. Any alteration in the hydrologic system causes the
system to become at least temporarily unstable, which can lead to sinkholes when water washes away
the soil and residue from the gaps in the rock.

Chapter 7 Assesment

1. How do you differentiate a tropical depression from a typhoon

A tropical depression is generated when a low pressure area is accompanied by thunderstorms that
produce a circular wind flow with maximum sustained speeds of less than 39 mph. A typhoon is a
gigantic, rotating storm that brings wind, rain, and damage.

2. what is the difference between a flood and flash flood?

A flood is described as an increase in the water level in a stream to a peak from which the water level
gradually recedes a flood is usually caused by a temporary rise of the overflowing of a river and Flash
floods are typically defined by violent torrents that burst across river beds, city streets, or mountain
valleys, sweeping everything in their path.

Chapter 8 Assesment

Identify the three elements of the Fire triangle and explain how fire is created.

1. the oxidizing agent or the chemical activities that occur during a fire are supported by oxygen. When
fuel burns, it combines with oxygen in the air around it, producing heat and combustion products.

The heat source is responsible for the initial lighting of the fire, as well as maintaining it and allowing it
to spread. By drying out and preheating adjacent fuel and warming the surrounding air, heat causes fire
to spread.

When fuel burns, it combines with oxygen in the air to produce heat and combustion products.

2. Enumerate the different causes of fire. Identify the top three most common causes of fire and explain
why?

The top causes of fire are;

 Cooking equipment
 Smoking
 Heating equipments
 Kitchen stoves
 Faulty wiring
 Smoking in bed
 Lighting
 Flammable liquids
 Candles
 Children (playing fires)

The top three most common causes of fire is first cooking equipment as the most common cause of
kitchen fires is leaving cooking food unattended. Too close proximity of combustibles to the heat
source. Turning on or not turning off the apparatus by accident. Second is smoking as smokers'
clothes, bedding, and furnishings can easily catch fire when they hit the sack with a lighted cigarette
in their hands. Third is heating equipment’s because the space heater was placed too close to
combustibles Curtains, clothes, bedding, and paper goods are examples of this. The second most
common source of fires caused by heating equipment is fireplaces.

Chapter 9 Assessment

1. Explain briefly the importance of disaster risk reduction on one’s life.

As disaster risk reduction is defined as a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and reducing
the risks of disaster this is essential that everyone of us to have an knowledge regarding to this as
this aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as deal with the environmental
hazards so this is very important to one’s life because it can serve awareness, knowledge, and can
save one’s life. In short the disaster risk reduction help us to prepare, to be informed, and guide us
to avoid or to know what to do to the risk that may happen in daily living.

2. Discuss briefly the different components of a community based emergency plan.

Emergency managers think of disasters as recurring events with four phases: Mitigation as it efforts
to reduce the effect or risk associated with hazards, Preparedness as action taken prior to an
emergency to facilitate response and promote readiness, Response as this actions taken during an
emergency to save lives, property and environment, and Recovery as actions taken after an
emergency to restore and resume normal operations.

Chapter 10 Assessment

1. Explain how the NDRRMC has evolved into what it is now.

The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) evolved a lot as they
plans and leads the guiding activities in the field of communication, warning signals, emergency,
transportation, evacuation, rescue, engineering, health and rehabilitation, public education and
auxiliary services such as fire fighting and the police in the country. They educate and raise
awareness to the risk that may happen so that we will know what to do and how we can avoid it

2. As young citizen of the Philippines, what are your role in disaster risk reduction and management?

As a young citizen my role in Disaster Risk Reduction and management is first to listen and get
knowledge of how and why the disaster reduction and management aims to get also share and raise
awareness to fellow people of what to do to avoid, to save, to be prepared to the disaster and risk
may happen in daily living because I believe that we can be as a change makers by sharing
information’s that we learned in disaster and risk preparedness and management programs and
helping our community by helping to make a disaster plan and kit or raise an awareness to avoid
disasters that can be happened because of us humans.