ASTU

CSE 1061 Introduction to Computin

g
Lecture 5

Fall 2015

Department of Computing
The School of EE & Computing
Adama Science & Technology University
OUTLINE ASTU

Review: what we have done

Objects: Values and types

Variables
Operators and operands
Expressions
Case study: Photo Processing

Reading assignment
Chapter 3 of the textbook
The lecture note for cs1media

Download two image files, images and photos

REVIEW ASTU

Characteristics of Python

Instruction set
Arithmetic and logical operations
+, -, *, /, and ** for defining
and, or, not expressions
Assignment
Conditionals
Iterations
Input/output

No pointers
No declarations
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What we have learned

Through 2D robot control we learned:

conditionals: if, if~else, and if~elif~else
iterations
for-loops
while-loops
assignment, e.g., hubo = Robot()
functions

Picked up the main constructs for programming.

OBJECTS: VALUES AND TYPES ASTU

Programs work with data. Every piece of data in

a Python
program is called an object , e.g.,

3, 5.7, “Smith”, True, … simple

a digital photograph , hubo, … complex

A value itself is an object.

Every object has a type. The type determines what

you can do with an object.
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Python Zoo
Imagine there is a zoo inside your Python interpreter.
Every time an object is created, an animal is born.
What an animal can do depends on the kind of
animal: birds can fly, fish can swim, elephants can
lift weights, etc. When an animal is no longer used, it
dies(disappears).

How to create objects?

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Simple objects: by writing them

Numbers
integer: 13, -5
float: 3.14159265
complex number: 3 + 6j

Strings(a piece of text)

“cce20003 is wonderful”
“cce20003 is great”
“The instructor said: ‘Well done!’ and
smile”

Bo oleans(truth values)
True or False
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Complex objects

User-defined objects: by calling functions that create them

from cs1robots import *
hubo = Robot()

from cs1media import *

load_picture("photos/geowi.jpg")
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Data structures (objects composed of another objects):

by writing them

Tuples
(1, 3, 5, 7, 9)
(“red”, “green”, “blue”)
(777, “a lucky number”)

Lists
Dictionary to be discussed later
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Tuples
position = (3.0, 7.2, 5.7)
Instructors = (“Joseph S. Shin”, “Chang B. Choi”)

A tuple is a single object of type tuple:

>>> print position, type(position)
(3.0, -7.2, 5.7) <type ’tuple’>

We can unpack tuples:

x, y, z = position
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Object types: The type of an object determines w

hat the object can do or what you can do wit
h the object. For instance, you can add two num
bers, but you cannot add two robots.

Type inquires
>>>type(3) >>>type(3 + 5j)
<Type ‘int’> <Type ‘complex’>
>>>type(3.145) >>>type(True)
<Type ‘float’> <Type ‘bool’>
>>>type(“Welcome”)
<Type ‘str’>
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>>> from cs1robots import *

>>> type(Robot())
<class ’cs1robots.Robot’>

>>>from cs1media import *

>>> type( load_picture(“photos/geowi.jpg") )
<class ’cs1media.Picture’>

>>> type( (3, -1.5, 7) )

>>><type ’tuple’>
VARIABLES ASTU

A variable is a name that refers to an object(or a value).

An assignment statement is used to define a variable:

message = “Welcome“
n = 17
from cs1robots import *
create_world()
hubo = Robot()

pi = 3.1415926535897931
finished = True

from cs1media import *

img = load_picture(“photos/geowi.jpg")

In the Python zoo, the name is a sign board on the animal’s cage.
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Rules for variables and function names:

A name consists of letters, digits, and the underscore,

The first character of a name is a letter.
The name cannot be a keyword such as def, if, else, or while.
Upper case and lower case are different: Pi is not the same as pi.

Good:
msg = “cce20003 is fantastic“
ba13 = 13.0

Bad:
more@ = "illegal character“
13a = 13.0
def = “Definition”
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The same name can be assigned to different objects (of d

ifferent types) in a program, e.g.,
17
n = 17
“Seventeen”
n = "Seventeen“ n
17.0
n = 17.0

In the Python zoo, this means that the sign board is mov
ed from one animal to a different animal.
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The object binding to a name is called the value of the variable.

The value can change over time.
pi = 3.1415 pi 3.141
5
name = “Joseph” name “Joseph
”

To indicate that a variable is empty, we use the special object

None (of type NoneType):
m = None
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What objects can do depends on the type of object:

a bird can fly, a fish can swim. Objects provide
methods to perform these actions. The methods of an
object are used through dot-syntax:

>>> b = "banana"
>>> print b.upper()
BANANA
>>>from cs1robots import *
>>> hubo = Robot()
>>> hubo.move()
>>> hubo.turn_left()
>>>from cs1media import *
>>>img = load_picture(“photos/yuna1”)
>>> print img.size()
(58, 50)
>>> img.show()
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hubo = Robot("yellow”)
hubo.move() The same object may have
more than one name!
ami = hubo

hubo = Robot("blue")
hubo.move() hub yellow
ami.turn_left() o robot
ami
ami.move()
blue
robot
OPERATORS AND OPERANDS ASTU

Arithmetic operators are special symbols that represent computations

such as +, -, *, /, %, and **. Operands are the values to which an oper
ator is applied.

>>> 2 ** 16 a ** b = ab
65536
>>>15.3 + 3.0
18.3
>>>7 % 5
2
>>>7 / 5
1
>>>7.0 / 5
1.4
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•  
Expressions

An expression is a combination of objects, variables, operato

rs, and function calls:
3.0 * (2 ** 15 - 12 / 4) + 4 ** 3
The operators have precedence as in mathematics:
1. exponentiation **
2. multiplication and division * , /, %
3. addition and subtraction +, -
When in doubt, use parentheses!
How to represent ? Which ones are right?
a/2*pi a/(2*pi ) a/2/pi
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The operators + and * can be used for strings:

>>> "Hello " + “cce20003”

‘Hello cce2003’

>>> “cce20003 " * 8

‘cce20003 cce20003 cce20003 … cce2000’

Repeating 8 times!
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Relational operators ==, !=, >, <, <=, and >= are
used to compare objects. The results are Boolean values, True
or False. A Boolean expression is an expression whose
value is of type bool. They are used in if and while
statements.

>>>27 == 14
False
>>> 3.14 != 3.14
False

>>> 3.14 >= 3.14

True
>>> “Cheong” < “Choe”
True
>>> "3" == 3
False
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x=9
if x == 3 ** 2 :
print “x is a perfect square”

if x % 2 != 0:
print “x is odd”
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The keywords not, and, and or are logical operators:

not True Flase

not False True

False and False False False or False False

False and True False False or True True
True and False False True or False True
True and True True True or True True
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x = 5.0
y = 6.0
z = 7.0

if x < y and y < z:

print “z is the largest one.”
if y < x or y < z:
print “ y is not the least one.”
if not z >= 6.0:
print “z is not the largest one.”
STATEMENTS(INSTRUCTIONS) ASTU

•  
conditionals: if, if, and if
iterations
for-loops
while-loops
assignments a = b
input/output
(functions)
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Review: for-loops

for variable in range(n):

block of statements

The block of statements(instructions) are executed n times. While performing

the block, variable changes from 0 to n-1.
Starting from 0, it is incremented by one at each iteration
to reach n-1.
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for i in range(4): What does this short code do?

print i It prints 0, 1, 2, and 3.

For i in range(7): What does this short

code do ?
print "*“ * i
*
**
***
****
*****
******
CASE STUDY: PHOTO PROCESSING ASTU

Reference : Otfried Cheong, Photo processing

with cs1media
 pixel coordinates (x, y), 0, 0

……
0,0 1,0 2,0 …… w-1,0

…… ……
0,1 1,1 2,1 w-1,1

0,2 1,2 2,2 …… …… w-1,2

…… …… …… …… …… ……

…… …… …… …… …… ……

h 0, h-1 1, h-1 2, h-1 …… …… w-1, h-1

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Colors are often represented as a tuple with thr

ee elements that specify the intensity of red, gr
een, and blue light:
red = (255, 0, 0)
green = (0, 255, 0)
blue = (0, 0, 255)

white = (255, 255, 255)

black = (0, 0, 0)

yellow = (255, 255, 0)

purple = (128, 0, 128)
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from cs1media import *

img = create_picture(100, 100, “purple”)
img.show()
img.set_pixels(“yellow”)
“yellow”: (255, 255,
img.show()
0)
“purple”: (128, 0,
128) red, green, blue
>>> img.get(250, 188) triples
(101, 104, 51)
>>> img.set(250, 188, (255, 0, 0))
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Color conversion

(r, g, b) (255-r, 255-g, 255-

b)
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from cs1media import *

img =
load_picture(“./images/yu
na.jpg")
w, h = img.size()
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r, g, b = img.get(x,
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w, h = img.size()
white = 255
black=0
print "imae size: w,h = ", w,h
for y in range(h):
for x in range(w):
r, g, b = img.get(x,y)
v = (r+g+b) / 3.0 threshold
if v > 100: (0 <= v <= 255)
img.set(x,y, white)
else:
img.set(x,y, black)
img.show()