Module 2

Development of Wireless
Networks
Dr.Vinod B. Durdi
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering
Bangalore, India

Chapter1
 Overview
• Since the mid 1990’s the cellular communication has witnessed explosive growth

• Wireless communication networks have much more pervasive than anyone could have
imagined when the cellular concept was first developed in the 1960s and 1970s

• Figure indicates the world wide cellular & personal communication subscriber base has
surpassed 600 millions in 2001

• Number of individual subscriber is projected around 2 billion around the world – equal
to world 30% population

• The rapid wireless communication development demonstrated that wireless

communication is robust , viable voice and data transport mechanism
 Contt.. Overview
• The widespread success of cellular has led to the development of newer wireless system and
standards for many other telecommunication traffic besides mobile voice telephone calls

• Example – Next generation networks able to facilitate the high speed data communication traffic
in addition to voice calls
New standards and technologies are being implemented to allow the wireless networks to
replace fiber optic or copper lines between fixed points several kilometer apart.
Wireless networks have been increasingly used as a replacement for wires within homes ,
buildings and office through the deployment of WLAN.
Bluetooth has replaced the cables in the houses.

• The WLANS and Bluetooth use low power levels & generally do not require license for spectrum
use.

• While wireless carriers who operate in the outdoor services for voice & data generally require the
license spectrum.

• This chapter highlights the key developments , technical details , and standard activities of the
major modern wireless communication system throughout the world
 First Generation Wireless Networks
Salient features
•1G refers to the first generation of wireless refers to the first generation of wireless cellular refers to
the first generation of wireless cellular technology refers to the first generation
of wireless cellular technology (mobile refers to the first generation
of wireless cellular technology (mobile telecommunications refers to the first generation
of wireless cellular technology (mobile telecommunications). These are
the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980
•First generation cellular and cordless telephone networks are based on analog technology
•All first generation cellular system use FM modulation and cordless telephone use a single base
station with single portable terminal
•Example – Advanced mobile phone services(AMPS)
•All first generation system use the transport architecture

Communication Signaling between mobile , base station, and MSC in first generation
Second Generation(2G) Cellular Networks
• 2G (or 2-G) is short form of second-generation Cellular network. 2G cellular
networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland
by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991
• Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were:
1. Digitally encrypted phone conversations, at least between the mobile
phone and the cellular base station but not necessarily in the rest of the
network.

2. Significantly more efficient use of radio frequency spectrum enabling

more users per frequency band. 2G technologies provide at least three times
spectral efficiency compared to 1 G technology

3. Data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.

Salient Features:-
• First generation relied exclusively on analog modulation such as
FDMA/FDD & analog FM, where as second generation networks relied on
digital modulation formats such as TDMA/FDD & CDMA/FDD multiple
access techniques
Cont.. Salient Features

•Most popular second generation standard include three TDMA

standard and one CDMA standard
•1. Global System Mobile( GSM): Supports eight time slotted users.
Each 200kHz radio channel. Deployed in Europe , Asia, Australia,
South America & some parts of US
•2. Interim standard 136(IS-136): Also know as North American
Digital Cellular(NADC) or US digital cellular (USDC). Supports
three time slotted users. Each 30 kHz radio channel. Deployed in
North America , South America & Australia
•3. Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC): Similar to IS-136. deployed in
Japan
•4. Interim standard 95 Code Division Multiple Access(IS-95):
Known as CdmaOne. Supports up to 64 users. All users are
orthogonally coded & simultaneously transmitted on each 1.25
MHz channel. CDMA deployed in Korea, Japan, China, South
America & Australia
 Cont.. Salient Features
• Today, many wireless service providers use both first generation & second
generation networks. Example tri-mode cellular handset. That supports
CDMA in cellular and PCS bands. In addition supports analog first
generation networks. Tri mode sense and adopts to whichever standard being in
particular market.
• Figure illustrate how the world subscriber base was divided between major 1G & 2
G technologies during late 2001
Table: Key technical specification of 2G standards
Equipment 1G & 2G
 Evolution to 2.5G Mobile radio Networks
• Used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched
domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It doesn't necessarily
provide faster service because bundling of timeslots is used for
circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well.
• These can be used for the internet purpose
• Initially all 2G networks developed to support single user data on the order of
10kilbits per second , which is too slow for rapid email & internet browsing
applications.
• Even with relatively small user data rates, 2G standard was able to support
limited internet browsing & sophisticated sms services.
• In order to support increased throughput data rates that are required to support
modern internet applications , new data centric applications have been
deployed upon existing 2G standards. These new standard represent 2.5G
technology.
• Service – high data rate provided for email traffic, mobile commerce (m
commerce ) & location based mobile services.
• Supports a popular new web browsing language called Wireless Application
Protocol, that allows the standard webpages to be viewed in a compressed
format specifically designed for small portable handheld devices .
Cont.. Evolution to 2.5G Mobile radio Networks

• It is inappropriate to change the entire 2G equipment at the base station

because of cost
• Hence for this reason 2G standards such as GSM, CDMA, IS -136
have been upgraded in incremental manner to provide high internet
data services
• Figure illustrate upgrade path of 2G to 2.5G & to 3G standard
• Table indicates the required changes to network infrastructure &
subscriber terminal for the upgrading to 2.5G & 3G standard
Various upgrade paths for 2G technologies
Table changes from 2G to 2.5 & 3G
Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standard
• Three upgrade paths have been developed for GSM
1. High speed circuit switched data(HSCSD)
2. General packet radio service(GPRS)
3. Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE)
Two of these solution also supports IS-136 technology
HSCSD for 2,.5G GSM:
HSCSD is circuit switched technique that allows the single mobile
subscriber to use consecutive user time slots in the GSM standard.

GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136:

GPRS is a packet based radio network. It is well suited for non real time
Internet usage( Ex-retrieval of email, faxes & asymmetric browsing).
This is well suited for application where the user downloads more than
the uploads.
Comparison between HSCSD & GPRS: HSCSD Circuit switched
network, GPRS packet switched network. HSCSD dedicates the
particular channel to particular user. GPRS supports multiuser network
sharing of individual radio channels & time slots.
Cont.. Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standard

Edge for 2.5G GSM & IS-136

•EDGE stands for Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution. It is a more
advanced upgrade to GSM standard. This requires addition of new
hardware & software at existing base stations.
•Coverage range is much smaller than the HSCSD or GPRS
•Modulation format & Air interfaces -8PSK & MCS

IS 95B for CDMA:

•CDMA upgrade path is called IS95B

•Provides high speed packet & circuit switched data access on a common
CDMA radio channel.
•IS95 CDMA radio channel supports up to 64 different user channels.
 Third Generation(3G) wireless networks

• 3G is the third generation wireless mobile telecommunication technology. It is

upgrade for 2.5G GPRS & 2.75 EDGE networks , for faster data transfer.

• 3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed

wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV

• Advantages: Multi-mega bit internet access , communication using VOIP,

Voice activated calls , unparalleled network capacity. Ability to receive live
music , conduct interactive web sessions , have simultaneous voice & data
access with multiple parties at the same time using single mobile handset.

• ITU, Single worldwide standard split into two campus GSM/IS-136/PDC and
CDMA. Cdma 2000 & W-CDMA

• ITU-IMT-2000- Two groups( 3GPP) & 3GPP2

Cont.. Third Generation(3G) wireless networks
Example
3G W-CDMA(UMTS)
• The first Multiple Access Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Wideband Code
Division networks (WCDMA) were launched in 2002.
• WCDMA can offer more voice minutes with better quality.
• UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). Is a open air interface standard
for third generation wireless telecommunication
• Figure illustrating how the various 2G & 2.5G technologies are evolved WCDMA
• 3G W-CDMA air interface standard has been designed for “ always on” packet based
wireless service. With this computers, entertainment devices & telephone may all share
the wireless network and connected to the internet , anytime , anywhere.
• WCDMA will support packet data rates upto 2.048 Mbps per user.
• Services supported are high quality data, multimedia , streaming audio & video ,
broadcast service to consumers.
• Future W-CDMA will support data rate upto 8 Mbps.
• WCDMA designed to provide the backward compatibility with GSM/IS 136/PDC,
GPRS & EDGE.
• Wider air interface bandwidth of WCDMA requires complete change out of RF
equipment at the base station.
• With W-CDMA data rates from low 8kbs to 2 Mbps will be carried simultaneously on a
single W-CDMA 5MHz channel. Each channel will support between 100& 350
simultaneous voice calls.
• W-CDMA will provide six times increase in spectral efficiency over GSM
 3G CDMA2000
• Based upon the original 2G IS 95& 2.5G IS 95B new 3G CDMA2000
standard has been defined.
• This provides the backward compatibility with respect to existing
cdmaone & IS 95B.
• CDMA operators may seamlessly introduce 3G capabilities at each cell
without changing entire base station or relocate spectrum.
• Next version cdma 2000 1X , supports data rate up to 307kbps for a user
in a packet mode & yields typical throughput rate up-to 144kbps per user
, depending upon the number of user , velocity of the user & the
propagation condition.
• Cdma 2000 1X user supports twice up to as many voice users of 2G
CDMA. Longer battery life.
• The technologies used are adaptable baseband signaling rates, chipping
rates , multilevel signaling
• Hence no additional RF equipment is needed to enhance performance
• Changes are all made in software or in baseband software.
• Cdma 2000 1xEv evolutionary advancement for CDMA developed by
Qualcomm, Provides high data rate. 2.5Mbps throughput is provided.
Technologies Comparison
4G Networks
• 4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology,
succeeding 3G, and preceding 5G.
• Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access,
IP telephony, gaming service, high definition mobile TV, video
conferencing & 3D television.

Video Conferencing 3D Television

Mobile TV IP Telephoney
Salient features 4G
• The first-release Long Term EvolutionThe first-release Long Term
Evolution (LTE) standard was commercially deployed in Oslo,
NorwayThe first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard was
commercially deployed in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden in
2009, and has since been deployed throughout most parts of the world.
• As opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support
traditional circuit-switchedAs opposed to earlier generations, a 4G
system does not support traditional circuit-switched telephony service,
but instead relies on all-Internet ProtocolAs opposed to earlier
generations, a 4G system does not support
traditional circuit-switched telephony service, but instead relies on
all-Internet Protocol (IP) based communication such as IP telephony.
• Technologies used are OFDMATechnologies used are
OFDMA multi-carrierTechnologies used are OFDMA multi-carrier,
frequency-domain equalizationTechnologies used are
OFDMA multi-carrier, frequency-domain equalization (FDE) schemes,
smart antennaTechnologies used are OFDMA multi-carrier,
frequency-domain equalization (FDE) schemes, smart antenna arrays
for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications.
 Cont.. Salient features 4G
• In the mid-1990s, the ITU-RIn the mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization
organization released the IMT-2000In the mid-1990s,
the ITU-R standardization organization released the IMT-2000 requirements
as a framework for what standards should be considered 3G systems. In 2008,
ITU-R specified the IMT Advanced (International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.
• Be based on an all-IP packet switched network.
• Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility
such as mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such
as nomadic/local wireless access.[1]
• Be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more
simultaneous users per cell.
• Use scalable channel bandwidths of 5–20 MHz, optionally up to
40 MHz.[1][1][5]
• Increased spectral efficiency compared to 3G Networks
• Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.
Cont.. Salient features 4G
• It is also sometimes referred to as 4G LTE
• It is currently the most advanced technology that’s adopted by the majority of
mobile network service providers
• Today, you can perform most of the tasks that you could on a laptop or
desktop computer on mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets. 4G
networks ensure that no matter how much data you need, you can maintain
stable speeds almost everywhere

How Fast is 4G?

• 4G networks are very fast compared to 3G.

• Standard 4G offers download speeds of around 14 Mbps, which is almost five
times faster than what its predecessor, the 3G network, was able to offer. In
fact, 4G networks can reach speeds as high as 150 Mbps, allowing users to
download gigabytes of data in minutes or even seconds, instead of hours like
with 3G networks.
• Uploading data is much faster as well – standard 4G upload speeds are around
8 Mbps, with theoretical speeds reaching as high as 50 Mbps, while 3G caps
off at around 0.5 Mbps. It’s a significant difference, no matter how you look at
it.
 Why is 4G Important?
• Another advantage of 4G networks is its much lower latency. Low latency is
important when real-time interaction is required, for instance, in video
conferencing or online gaming.
• What’s more, 4G was also immensely useful in the Voice over LTE (VoLTE)
industry. It provides a much more stable and clearer connection for voice calls,
making it easier for businesses to switch to internet-based telephone systems.
• A benefit to enterprise businesses is the ease and speed of 4G network set up. If
a company needs to quickly set up a network in a new location, 4G can be
installed in a matter of hours, compared to days or even weeks of setting up a
wired connection.
• Even the automotive industry has started using LTE-based car connectivity
features, some even offering 4G network hotspots in their vehicles. Hotspots
have also been shown to be incredibly helpful to remote workers when a WiFi
connection isn’t feasible.
Comparison of 3G & 4G
4G Display
4G Data speed measurement
Cont.. 4G Data speed measurement
5G Networks
• In telecommunications, 5G is the fifth generation technology standard
for broadband is the fifth generation technology standard
for broadband cellular networks is the fifth generation technology
standard for broadband cellular networks, which cellular phone
companies is the fifth generation technology standard
for broadband cellular networks, which cellular phone
companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, and is the planned
successor to the 4G is the fifth generation technology standard
for broadband cellular networks, which cellular phone
companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, and is the planned
successor to the 4G networks which provide connectivity to most
current cellphones.[2] 5G networks are predicted to have more than 1.7
billion subscribers worldwide by 2025, according to the GSM
Association.[3]
Cont.. 5G Networks
• If we look back, we will find that every next decade, one generation is
advancing in the field of mobile technology. Starting from the First
Generation (1G) in 1980s, Second Generation (2G) in 1990s, Third
Generation (3G) in 2000s, Fourth Generation (4G) in 2010s, and
now Fifth Generation (5G), we are advancing towards more and more
sophisticated and smarter technology.
 Cont.. 5G Networks
Speed Upgrades
•Each wireless network generation has reflected a significant increase in speed, and
the benefits of 5G—the fifth generation of cellular network technology—will push
far beyond 4G LTE.
•Predicted speeds of up to 10 Gbps represent up to a 100x increase compared to
4G.1 In practical terms, 4G vs. 5G speed enhancements will mean exciting
possibilities for consumers. Transferring a high-resolution movie at peak
download speeds will go from taking seven minutes to just six seconds.2 That time
savings could mean being able to grab that new hit film before the flight attendant
asks you to put your phone in airplane mode.
Low Latency
•Latency measures how long a signal takes to go from its source to its receiver, and
then back again. One of the goals for each wireless generation has been to reduce
latency. New 5G networks will have even lower latency than 4G LTE, with the
round-trip transmission of data taking less than five milliseconds.1
•5G latency will be faster than human visual processing, making it possible to
control devices remotely in near-real time.
Cont.. 5G Networks
Enhanced Capacity
•5G will deliver up to 1,000x more capacity than 4G,3 creating fertile
ground for IoT development. 5G and IoT are a perfect match, set to
redefine how wireless networks—and the internet as a whole—are used.
With capacity for hundreds or thousands of devices seamlessly
communicating, new applications and use cases for cities, factories, farms,
schools, and homes will flourish.
•Up to 100x number of connected devices per unit area (compared with 4G
LTE)

Increased Bandwidth
The combination of increased speed and network capacity on 5G networks
will create the potential for larger amounts of data to be transmitted than
was possible with 4G LTE networks
Cont.. 5G Networks
Availability and Coverage.
•99.999% availability.
•100% coverage.
•90% reduction in network energy usage.
Cont.. 5G Networks
• 5G Architecture:As shown in the following image, the system model
of 5G is entirely IP based model designed for the wireless and mobile
networks.
Cont..5G Networks

• While identifying the frequency bands 24.25-27.5 GHz, 37-43.5 GHz,

45.5-47 GHz, 47.2-48.2 and 66-71 GHz for the deployment of 5G
networks
• Today — in advance of 5G’s expected debut around 2020 —
companies such as VerizonToday — in advance of 5G’s expected
debut around 2020 — companies such as Verizon, AT&TToday — in
advance of 5G’s expected debut around 2020 — companies such
as Verizon, AT&T, SamsungToday — in advance of 5G’s expected
debut around 2020 — companies such as Verizon, AT&T, Samsung,
and EricssonToday — in advance of 5G’s expected debut around 2020
— companies such as Verizon, AT&T, Samsung, and Ericsson are
testing new advances in signal processing, chips, and antenna
technologies that will enable the next generation of mobile
connectivity.

Technologies used:
Comparison of 1G to 5G
Thank You