ENGLISH WORKSHOP

RESOURCE PERSONS
Ms. Radha Sampath
Ms. Nanda N P
Ms. Roopashree M
 INDEX
Sl. No. TOPICS
1. Parts of Speech
2. Nouns
3. Pronouns
4. Adjectives
5. Verbs
6. Tenses
7. Adverbs
8. Prepositions
9. Conjunctions
10. Interjections
11. Articles
12. Antonyms and Synonyms
13. Homonyms
14. Genders
15. Degrees of Comparison
16. Reading Comprehension
17. Picture Composition
18. Crossword Puzzle
19. Story Writing
20. Creative Writing

1. Parts of Speech

What is a part of speech?

A part of speech indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically
within the sentence.

How many parts of speech are there?

There are eight parts of speech in the English language.
Name Definition Examples Sentences
Noun Name of a person,pencil, cat, TajThis is my cat.
place, animal or thing Mahal, Rajesh They live in New Delhi.

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Pronoun Word used in place of she, we, he, it, theyHe is very clever.
a noun

Adjective Modifies or describes small, big, one,I have three pencils.

a noun or pronoun good, well We like big cakes.

Verb Word that expressescome, get, like,I like apples.

action or being open, cut Come in please.

Adverb Modifies or describes badly, really, My cat eats quickly.

a verb, an adjective orgently, carefully She spoke softly.
another adverb

Preposition Links a noun to at, in, on, under,She was hiding under
another word after the table.

Conjunction Joins words,but, and, so, or, forI have two goldfish and
sentences, phrases, a cat.
clauses
Interjection Word used to express Oh! Ouch! Wow! Wow! What a
emotion beautiful car!

2. Nouns
A noun is the part of speech that names a person, a place, a thing or an idea. We use
nouns every day when we speak or write. E.g., ball, cat, teacher, book etc...
There are different kinds of nouns:
Common and Proper Nouns:
All nouns can be described as either common or proper. When you talk or write about
a person, a place, a thing, or an idea in general, you use a common noun.
Example: Doctors work hard. They treat many patients.
A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns
always begin with capital letters.
Example: Dr Aditya Rao is a doctor. He comes from Chennai.

Practice Work 1:
Circle the common nouns and underline the proper nouns in each of the
following sentences.

1. Lata Mangeshkar was a famous singer.

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2. This dancer has performed in Delhi and Mumbai.

3. His last flight was over the Mediterranean Sea.

4. She worked as a nurse during the Second World War.

5. Her goal was to educate students all over the world.

Singular and Plural Nouns (Number):

A noun may be either singular or plural. Singular means only one. Plural means more
than one.
A singular noun names one person, place, thing, or idea.
Example: The farmer drove to the market in his truck.
A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing or idea.
Example: The farmers drove to the markets in their trucks.

Rules for forming plurals:

The following are guidelines for forming plurals:

1. To form the plural of most singular nouns, add _s.

Examples: street – streets, house – houses, painter – painters, shelter – shelters,

event- events, hospital – hospitals.

2. When a singular noun ends in s, sh, ch, x, or z, add _es.

Examples: dress-dresses, brush-brushes, coach-coaches, box – boxes, bench-

benches, dish-dishes

3. When a singular noun ends in o, add _s to make it plural.

Examples: Piano-pianos, solo-solos, cameo – cameos, concerto – concertos, studio-

studios, radio-radios

4. For some nouns ending with a consonant and o, add _es.

Examples: hero – heroes, potato – potatoes, echo-echoes, potato – potatoes, tomato

– tomatoes.

5. When a singular noun ends with a consonant and y, change the y to i and
add _es.
Examples: library – libraries, activity – activities, story – stories, city – cities, berry –
berries.

6. When a singular noun ends with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) followed by y, add _s.

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Examples: Valley – valleys, essay – essays, alley – alleys, survey –surveys, joy – joys,
monkey- monkeys, donkey- donkeys

7. To form the plural of many nouns ending in f or fe, change the f to v and
add _es or _s.

Examples: wife – wives, thief – thieves, loaf – loaves, half – halves, shelf – shelves,
leaf – leaves, scarf – scarves, life – lives, calf – calves.

8. For some nouns ending in f, add _s to form the plural.

Examples: proof – proofs, belief – beliefs, motif – motifs, cliff – cliffs.

9. Some nouns remain the same in the singular and the plural.

Examples: deer – deer, sheep – sheep, series – series, species – species, moose –
moose, fish-fish.

10. The plurals of some nouns are formed in special ways.

Examples: foot – feet, child – children, mouse – mice, man – men, woman – women,
ox-oxen, tooth – teeth.

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Practice Work 2:
Write the plural form of each noun in brackets to complete each sentence
correctly.

1. I used two different _______________ to cut the rope. (knife)

2. She peeled the _______________ with a knife. (potato)

3. They are feeding the noisy _____________. (goose)

4. The ______________ are playing in the field. (child)

5. Some ______________ are hiding in the ceiling. (mouse)

6. The music helped them imagine the strange ________________. (story)

Singular to Plural:
1. A library is a useful building. Libraries are useful buildings.
2. She is a clever girl. They are clever girls.
3. Is it a new shelf? Are they new shelves?
4. Are these boys hungry? Is this boy hungry?
5. He isn't a worker. They aren't workers.

Practice Work 3:
Change the following sentences from singular to plural or plural to singular:
1. She is a beautiful lady.
____________________________________________________
2. A book is a good friend.
____________________________________________________
3. She is a smart girl.
____________________________________________________
4. It is an old temple.
____________________________________________________
5. Is this man a worker?
____________________________________________________
6. These scissors belong to those women.
____________________________________________________
7. Are the students in the classrooms?
____________________________________________________
8. These pots aren't for those women.
____________________________________________________
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Countable Nouns:

These are nouns that take plurals and can be counted.

Examples:
egg – eggs; One egg, three eggs , ten eggs
potato – potatoes; Twenty potatoes
onion – onions; Two hundred onions
Such nouns are known as COUNTABLE or COUNT NOUNS

Uncountable Nouns

These are nouns that do not take plurals and cannot be counted.

Examples: salt, butter, cooking fat, milk, bread, jam

We do not say:

two butters* ten milks* three breads*

Such nouns are known as UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Plurals with uncountable Nouns

One way to express plurals of uncountable nouns is by use of expressions of quantity.

Example:

a piece of information - pieces of information

a loaf of bread - four loaves of bread
a tin of soup - three tins of soup

Practice Work 4:

Rewrite the words below in two columns, COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE

NOUNS

orange, coffee, furniture, tea, water, gold, chair, friend, rice, music

Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

Collective Nouns:
These are nouns that represent a group of people or things as a single unit.
Some collective nouns can take plural forms
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Examples:
1. a shower of rain 2. a stack of wood
3. a chest of drawers 4. a cluster of coconuts
5. a cloud of dust 6. a regiment of soldiers
7. a staff of employees 8. a team of players
9. a tribe of natives 10. a troop of scouts
11. a class of students 12. a company of actors
13. a tribe of natives 14. a swarm of bees

Practice Work 5:
Complete the sentences with appropriate collective nouns:
1. A _________ of thieves robbed the bank in town yesterday.
2. A __________ of singers sang beautiful songs at my birthday party.
3. There is a ________ of puppies behind the garden.
4. She gave me a _________ of roses today.
5. Raj tied the __________ of sticks with a piece of rope.

Practice Work 6:
Identity the nouns in the following sentences and state whether they are proper, common,
collective or abstract.
1. The mob became violent. 2. Always speak the truth.

3. He bought some apples. 4. We are waiting for his reply.

5. We are in a very difficult situation.

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 3. Pronouns
A Pronoun is a word which is used in the place of a noun. To avoid the repetition of
nouns in a sentence or paragraph, a pronoun is used. Pronouns are words like: he, you,
ours, themselves, some, each...

Example 1:
Statement: Riya, Tanya, Ritu and Ananya were going to play Badminton.
Replacing the nouns with Pronouns: They were going to play Badminton.

Example 2:
Statement: Can you please go to the market with Arpit?
Replacing the noun with Pronoun: Can you please go to the market with him?
Some examples:
This dress is mine.
The books are theirs.
I decorated the room all by myself.
She drove 500 kilometres by herself.
These flowers are beautiful.
This girl is very helpful.
Everyone has reached the concert.
You bring me some apples.
Which plant is this?
Who went to the airport?

Practice Work 7:
Given below are questions where two pronouns have been given for each
statement. Choose the correct pronoun from the given options.
1. My sister loves to read books. (She/Her)______ is a thorough reader.
2. (They/He) ______ visited their aunt’s place yesterday.
3. Smriti completed the packing _______ (herself/themself).
4. The dress ______ (that/who) I bought yesterday needs to be altered.
5. The boxers punch _______ (each other/ one another).
6. (These/There) ______ stairs are extremely steep.

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Practice Work 8:
Use suitable pronouns to substitute the underlined nouns in the following
sentences:
1. Raghu and Vishnu visited the Taj last month.
2. Saroj did not come home last evening.
3. My mom could not find her cupboard keys.
4. Yesterday was my parents’ wedding anniversary.
5. The cat drank all the milk that was left in the kitchen.
6. Sheela and Teena found it hard to move the sofa set across the hall as the
sofa set was too heavy for Sheela and Teena to carry.
7. Divya is Danny’s sister.
8. That silver car belongs to Eshwar and Usha.
9. My pet dogs just lay on the floor the whole day.
10. The teacher asked the students if the students had submitted the
students’ assignments.

Practice Work 9:
Choose the correct Answer:
1. We all told the boss that we wanted to have ________ salaries paid in advance but
he just ignored ________.
A) ours / it B) his / we C) their / our
D) we / his E) our / us

2. When the man asked me how I had got ________ address, I told him that I was
given it by a relative of ________.
A) my / me B) his / his C) mine / his
D) his / him E) him / him

3. Although ________ in the room seemed to follow________said by the speaker, he

never intended to simplify his language.
A) no one / anything B) anybody / anything
C) nobody / nothing D) anyone / nothing
E) someone / something

4. I hope you will enjoy ________at the re-union party this weekend because I won't
be able to be there ________.

A) you / myself B) yourself / mine C) yours / oneself

D) yourself / myself E) you / me

5. We decided to do all the cooking ________ instead of hiring a catering company

for the party.
A) of our own B) oneself C) by ourselves
D) ours E) each other

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 4. Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns (person, animal, place or thing)
or pronouns in the sentence.
Eg. tall, short, tasty…etc.
Here are some examples of adjectives in sentences:
● Ravi is a tall man.
● Bengaluru is a busy city.
● This is a tasty apple.
Adjective Before the Noun:
An adjective usually comes directly before the noun it describes (or "modifies," as
grammarians say).
● old man green coat
Adjective After the Noun:
An adjective can come after the noun.
● Jack was old. It looks green.

Practice Work 10:

Pick out all the adjectives in the following sentences:

1. The car sustained heavy damage in the accident.

2. He has written several stories.
3. A dog is very faithful to its master.
4. Every man has his duties.
5. He is a man of few words.
6. Which colour do you prefer?
7. The way was long, the wind was cold.
8. He calls me every day.
9. I have not seen him in several days.
10. John won the second prize.

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 5. Verbs
Verbs are words that show actions, motions, doing, or states of being.
They are also called action words.
Verbs are words that express physical actions (e.g., jump), mental actions (e.g.,
guess), or states of being (e.g., exist). Here are some more examples of verbs:
● A physical action (e.g., "to swim," "to write," "to climb").
● A mental action (e.g., "to think," "to guess," "to consider").
● A state of being (e.g., "to be," "to exist," "to appear").
You might find it useful to think of verbs as "doing" words.
Types of Verbs
As we learnt, a verb can be categorized as a physical verb (e.g., to run), a mental verb
(e.g., to think), or a state-of-being verb (e.g., to be). However, a verb will often be
further categorized as one of the following:

Action Verb

An action verb expresses an activity that a person or thing can do. For example:
● Lee eats cake.
("Eating" is something Lee can do.)
● The bear chased the salmon in the shallow rapids.
("Chasing" is something the bear can do.)
Compare those verbs with these:
● Lee likes cake.
("To like" is not an activity. It's a state.)
● The bear is hungry.
("To be" is not an activity. It's a state.)
Forms of Auxiliary verbs:
An auxiliary verb helps the main verb and is also called a helping verb.
They appear in the following forms:
• To Be: am, is, are, was, were
• To Have: has, have, had
• To Do: does, do, did
To Be:
⮚ Is, am and are are simple present forms of the verb -to be.
Usage varies with whether the subject is plural or singular and also, the person of the
noun/pronoun. Thus,
▪ Am is used with first person singular (I)

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▪ Is – is used with third person singular (he, she, Ramu, Manisha, it)
▪ Are – is used with third person plural (They, Indians, judges)
⮚ Was and were are simple past forms of the verb –to be.
▪ Use was when the subject is a singular noun. Was is also used with I, he, she
and it.
▪ Use were when the subject is a plural noun. Were is also used with they, we and
you.

To have:
● We use has when the subject is a singular noun or singular pronoun.
● We use have when the subject is a plural noun or plural pronoun.
● The first person singular pronoun ‘I’ also take have.

To do:
As a primary auxiliary, do has three forms: do, does and did.
● The form did is only used in the simple past tense. Do and does are only used
in the simple present tense.
● Do is used with plural subjects. It can also be used with pronoun subjects
like I, you, they and we.
● Does is used with singular subjects and the third person pronouns he,
she and it.

Practice Work 11:

Underline the verbs in the following sentences.
1. The birds are flying in the sky.
2. Krishna is reading a story.
3. Raju broke a cup.
4. It rained all day.
5. The baby is sleeping in his cradle.

Practice work 12:

Complete the following sentences using am, is, are, was and were:
1. The cat _____ chasing a mouse.
2. I ____ reading a book.
3. The cats ____ drinking milk.
4. I ______ with my uncle last evening.
5. The boys _____ late for school yesterday.

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Practice Work 13:
Fill in the blanks with the correct verb forms, choosing from the alternatives
given in the brackets:
1. He and his brother ________ (was/ were) present in the function.
2. Time and tide ________ (waits/ wait) for none.
3. Bread and butter ________ (is/ are) a wholesome food.
4. The poet and philosopher ________ (are/ is) dead.
5. The orator and the statesman ________ (has/ have) arrived.

Practice Work 14:

Fill in the blanks with has/have:
1. My parents ______ got an old Rolls Royce.
2. She ______ got two daughters.
3. You ______ no right to criticize me.
4. Alice ______ nothing to do with this.
5. ______ you invited them to your party?

Practice Work 15:

Complete the following sentences using do or does.
1. Where __________ James work?
2. __________ she work at a supermarket?
3. __________ you know where Aryan lives?
4. No, I __________ not know where he lives.
5. __________ Suma write short stories?

Verb Forms V1 V2 V3:

In English there are regular verbs as well as irregular verbs. In Simple Past Tense and
Past Participle forms, most of the verbs have -d, -ed and -ied suffixes, while some verbs
do not follow this rule. These verbs which do not follow this rule and whose past tenses
are completely different from the others are called irregular verbs.

There are three basic verb forms that are given below.
● Base Form (V1)
● Past Simple (V2)
● Past Participle (V3)

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Base Form (V1):
The base form of a verb is called the simple form.
In English, there are two different types of verbs, and the difference between them has
to do with how you conjugate verbs in the present tense and with how you form
sentences in other tenses as well.
Type of Verbs, definition, and examples
For example,
● I speak [speak]
● You speak [speak]
● He speaks [speak]

Past Simple (V2):

The past simple verb form in English refers to actions that took place once and only
once in the past.
The past simple verb form refers to an action that happened at one point in the past
and was completed at that time.
It’s a verb tense that’s part of the passive voice, which means it must always be used
with an objective pronoun.

such as; me you them

Past Participle (V3):

The past participle verb form is a verb form used to modify another verb, an adjective,
or another adverb.
In addition to being an essential part of the present perfect and past perfect tenses,
the past participle can also be used as an adjective.

such as; baked cake read book

List of Verb Forms V1 V2 V3:

Base Form (V1) Past Simple (V2) Past Participle (V3)

ask asked asked

correct corrected corrected

become became become

achieve achieved achieved

clear cleared cleared

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cost cost cost

bake baked baked

cancel cancelled cancelled

break broke broken

arrange arranged arranged

bring brought brought

amuse amused amused

blame blamed blamed

admire admired admired

catch caught caught

belong belonged belonged

attack attacked attacked

calculate calculated calculated

bother bothered bothered

cough coughed coughed

amaze amazed amazed

carry carried carried

choose chose chosen

beat beat beaten

compete competed competed

complete completed completed

admit admitted admitted

compare compared compared

cut cut cut

appear appeared appeared

back backed backed

borrow borrowed borrowed

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Practice Work 16:

Complete the sentences using suitable verb forms given:

1. Riya _________ television every night.

(A) watches (B) watch
(C) watching (D) watched
2. The Earth ________ around the Sun.
(A) revolving (B) revolved
(C) revolves (D) revolve
3. I have ______ John for a long time.
(A) know (B) knew
(C) knows (D) known
4. It _______ two to quarrel.
(A) take (B) takes
(C) taking (D) None of these
5. The police ________ no stone unturned to catch the thieves.
(A) leave (B) leaves
(C) left (D) leaving
6. He _________________ since January 2021.
(A) have been ill (B) has been ill
(C) have been ill (D) had been ill
7. When I reached the station the train ________.
(A) has left (B) had left
(C) has been left (D) had been left
8. The doorbell __________ just now.
(A) has ring (B) had rang
(C) had rung (D) has rung
9. Narendra Modi ______ in as the Prime Minister of India for the second time in a row.
(A) swear (B) swore
(C) sworn (D) was sworn
10. My family ____________ some land in south Kolkata recently.
(A) have bought (B) buy
(C) is buying (D) has bought

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 6. Tenses
What is a Tense?
A Tense is a form of a verb that is used to show the time of an action.
How many types of tenses are there in English grammar?
Tenses can be divided into three parts:
Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense

Present Tense

Present Tense can be defined as an expression for an activity that is currently in

action or is habitually performed. It is used for a state that generally exists or is
currently ongoing.
● Simple Present Tense

Singular Plural

Rule: Subject + V1 + s/es + Object Rule: Subject + V1 + Object

Example: The girl sings a song Example: The girls sing a song
Here the subject is Girl (singular) and Here the subject is Girls (plural) and no
“s” has been added to the verb (sing), changes have been made with V1 (first
followed by the object (song) form of verb) and the object

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● Present Continuous Tense

Rule: Subject + is/am/are + V1 + ing + object

Example: She is eating food

Here the subject is She, followed by “is”
The first form of verb (V1) here is “eat” and “ing” has been added to it, followed by
the object “food”

● Present Perfect Tense

Singular Plural

Rule: Subject + has + V3 + Object Rule: Subject + have + V3 + Object

Example: He has cleaned the Example: They have cleaned the

utensils utensils
Here, “He” is the subject + has Here, “They” is the subject + have
“Cleaned” is the third form of verb and “Cleaned” is the third form of verb and
utensils is the object utensils is the object

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Singular Plural

Rule: Subject + has been + V1 + ing Rule: Subject + have been + V1 + ing
+ Object + Object

Example: She has been practising Example: They have been practising
since morning since morning
Here “She” is the subject + has been, Here “They” is the subject + have been,
followed by “ing” added to the the first followed by “ing” added to the the first
form of verb “practise” and then the form of verb “practise” and then the
object object
Given below are a few examples that may help you differentiate between the
four sub parts of present tense easily:
1. Raj speaks German (Simple Present for Singular)
2. They speak German (Simple Present for Plural)
3. She is speaking German (Present Continuous)
4. He has learnt German (Present Perfect for Singular)
5. They have learnt German (Present Perfect for Plural)

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Past Tense

Any event or action that took place in the past can be referred to as the past tense.
Below we have discussed in detail the four sub parts of past tense in English
grammar.
● Simple Past Tense

Rule: Subject + V2 + Object

For example: He ran away

Here, the subject is “He” and “ran” is the second form of verb (V2) of “run”
followed by the object
● Past Continuous Tense

Singular Plural

Rule: Subject + was + V1 + ing + Rule: Subject + were + V1 + ing +

Object Object

For example: She was going For example: They were going
shopping shopping
Here, the subject is “She” + was Here, the subject is “They” + were
It is followed by the first form of verb Followed by the first form of verb (V1)
(V1) “go” + “ing” and then the object “go” + “ing” and then the object
“shopping” “shopping”
● Past Perfect Tense

Rule: Subject + had + V3 + Object

For example: Sumit had left the job

Here the subject is “Sumit” + had
Then “left”, which is the third form of verb (V3) “leave” is given followed by the
object
● Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Rule: Subject + had been + V1 + ing + Object

For example: They had been preparing for their performance for two
months
Here the subject is “They” + had been
It is followed by “preparing”, which is the first form of verb (V1) of “prepare” and
then the object

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To help you understand past tense and its form even better, given below are
a few examples to simply the concept:
1. I played football yesterday (Simple Past)
2. I was playing football yesterday (Past Continuous for Singular)
3. They were playing football yesterday (Past Continuous for Plural)
4. They had played football yesterday (Past Perfect)
5. They had been playing football the entire yesterday (Past Perfect Continuous)

Future Tense
The actions that are to take place in the future fall in the category of the future tense.
We have discussed the subparts of the future tense in detail further below in the
article, followed by the examples for the same.
● Simple Future Tense

Rule: Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object

For Example: I will visit my uncle tomorrow

Here, the subject is “I” + will
It is followed by the first form of verb (V1) “visit” and then the object
● Future Continuous Tense

Rule: Subject + will be/shall be + V1 + ing + Object

For Example: I shall be going to the market tomorrow

In this example, the subject is “I” + shall be
Following it is the first form of verb (V1) “go”+ing and then the object
● Future Perfect Tense

Rule: Subject + will have/shall have + V3 + Object

For Example: I shall have prepared the notes by tomorrow morning

In this example, the subject is “I” + shall have
It is followed by “prepared”, which is the third form of Verb (V3) “prepare” and
then the object

● Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Rule: Subject + will have been + V1 + ing + Object

For Example: She will have been working here since 2015
Here, the subject is “She” + will have been
It is followed by the first form of verb “work”+ing and then the object

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Given below are a few examples that may help you clarify the future tense
concept clearly:
1. She will go to school tomorrow (Simple Future)
2. She will be going to school tomorrow (Future Continuous)
3. She will have gone to school tomorrow (Future Perfect)
4. She will have been going to school tomorrow (Future Perfect Continuous)

The table below shows a chart of tenses in English.

Tense Formula Example

1. Present Simple Sub + Verb (v1) + s/es + Obj She goes to school by bus.

2. Past Simple Sub + Verb (v2) + Obj She went to school by bus.

3. Future Simple Sub + will/shall + verb (v1) + She will go to school by

Obj bus.

4. Present Sub + is/am/are + Verb(+ing) + She is going to school by

Continuous Obj bus.

5. Past Continuous Sub + was/were + Verb(+ing) + She was going to school by

Obj bus.

6. Future Sub + will be/shall be + She will be going to school

Continuous verb(+ing) + Obj by bus.

7. Present Perfect Sub + Has/have + Verb (v3) + She has gone to school by
Obj bus.

8. Past Perfect Sub + had + Verb (v3) + Obj She had gone to school by
bus.

9. Future Perfect Sub + will have + verb(v3) + She will have gone to
Obj school by bus

10. Present Perfect Sub + Has/have + been + She has been going to
Continuous Verb(+ing) + Obj school by bus.

11. Past Perfect Sub + had + been + Verb(+ing) She had been going to
Continuous + Obj school by bus.

12. Future Perfect Sub + will have been + She will have been going to
Continuous verb(+ing) + Obj school by bus for two years.

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Practice Work 17:

Which tense is used in each of these sentences?

1. Why do you live in Bengaluru?
a. present perfect b. present continuous c. present simple

2. You are visiting RNS International School.

a. present perfect b. present continuous c. present simple

3. I haven't had breakfast yet.

a. present perfect b. present continuous c. present simple

4. Would you like a coffee?

a. Conditional b. present simple c. future simple

5. Were you working at 9 o'clock?

a. past simple b. past continuous c. past perfect

6. Did Tara phone you yesterday?

a. past simple b. past continuous c. past perfect

7. The train had already left.

a. past simple b. past continuous c. past perfect

8. We'll have finished by 6pm.

a. future perfect b. future continuous c. future simple

9. Will he still be travelling this evening?

a. future perfect b. future continuous c. future simple

10. Will you be in Bangkok tomorrow?

a. future perfect b. future continuous c. future simple

22
 7. Adverbs
What is an Adverb?
An adverb is a word that is used to change, modify or qualify several types of words.
Adverbs provide a description of how, where, when, in what manner and to what extent
something is done or happens. Normally, we can spot an adverb by the fact that it often
ends in –ly, but there are lots of adverbs that don’t end in this way.
● When? She always arrives early.
● How? He drives carefully.
● Where? They go everywhere together.
● In what way? She eats slowly.
● To what extent? It is terribly hot.

Practice Work 18:

Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. The driver stopped the bus _______________.
a. financially b. exactly c. abruptly d. now
2. During autumn, colourful leaves can be seen falling ____________ from trees.
a. everywhere b. very c. gently d. loudly
3. My grandmother always smiled _______________.
a. cheerfully b. sadly c. never d. yesterday
4. After the party, confetti was strewn _______________.
a. blandly b. everywhere c. later d. carefully
5. It’s time to go ____________.
a. before b. now c. yesterday d. lightly

List of Adverbs:

Many adverbs end in “-ly”. This makes it very easy to spot the adverbs in most
sentences.
abruptly boldly carefully deliberately
excitedly financially horribly mildly
naughtily openly poorly quickly
sadly terribly willingly yearly

Some adverbs tell us where the action happened. These are known as adverbs
of place.
everywhere here inside there
underground upstairs

23
Certain adverbs let us know when or how often the action happened. These
are known as adverbs of time and adverbs of frequency.
after always before later
now today yesterday
Many adverbs tell us the extent of the action.
almost enough so too
quite rather very
Some adverbs are used as intensifiers.
absolutely certain completely heartily
Certain adverbs called adverbs of manner tell us about the way in which
something was done.
Briskly cheerfully expectantly randomly

Practice Work 19:

Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. The driver stopped the bus _______________.
a. financially
b. exactly
c. abruptly
d. now
2. During autumn, colourful leaves can be seen falling _____________ from trees.
a. everywhere
b. very
c. gently
d. loudly
3. My grandmother always smiled _______________.
a. cheerfully
b. sadly
c. never
d. yesterday
4. After the party, confetti was strewn _________________.
a. blandly
b. everywhere
c. later
d. carefully
5. It’s time to go ____________.
a. before
b. now
c. yesterday
d. lightly

24
 8. Prepositions
A word which tells you where something(noun) is found or positioned in relation to
something else (other noun).

A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other

words within a sentence. They act to connect the people, objects, time and
locations of a sentence.

Look at the following sentences:

1. I will see you at the office on Monday.
2. The book is on the desk.
3. Let’s go by train.

Here, the words at, on, by are prepositions. Prepositions are words like at, in, on,
from, to, with, under, for, into, behind, beside etc used before a noun or
pronoun.
Here are some easy examples of prepositions that tell us where:
● The cat on the table is called Toby.
(The preposition "on" tells us where the cat is.)
● Our lorry is stuck at the traffic lights.
(The preposition "at" tells us where the lorry is.)

Here are some easy examples of prepositions that tell us when:

● The meeting on Saturday
(This time, the preposition "on" tells us when the meeting is.)
● The bell will ring at 7 o'clock.
(The preposition "at" tells us when the bell will ring.)

More Examples of Prepositions that Tell Us Where

Here are some examples of prepositions that tell us where something is in relation to
something else (prepositions highlighted):
● the boy behind the bush
(Here, the preposition "behind" tells us where "the boy" is in relation to
"the bush.")
● a mouse under the stairs
(In this example, the preposition "under" tells us where "a mouse" is in
relation to "the stairs.")

25
Study the following Sentences:

26
Activity :

27
 9. Conjunctions
Conjunction is a word that connects or joins clauses, words, phrases together in a
sentence.
Example: and, but, or are used by themselves, whereas, neither/nor, either/or are
conjunction pairs.
Common Conjunctions
for and nor but
yet so either/or neither/nor
not only/but also so/as whether/or both/and

Examples of Conjunctions in a Sentence

● I want a burger or pizza for lunch.
● Martha likes going to the beach and camping.
● I can drive you to the grocery store, but not to the mall.

Practice Work 20:

Complete each sentence using the conjunction from the bracket:

1. I visit the Vidhan Soudha _________ I go to Bengaluru. (once, whenever,
wherever)
2. This is the place _________ we stayed last time we visited. (where, when,
how)
3. _________ you win first place, you will receive a prize. (wherever, if, unless)
4. You won’t pass the test _________ you study. (when, if, unless)
5. I could not get a seat, _________ I came early. (as, though, when)
6. We are leaving Wednesday _________ or not if it rains. (if, whether, though)
7. Pay attention to your work _________ you will not make mistakes. (so that,
unless, or)
8. The musicians delivered a rousing performance _________ they had rehearsed
often. (though, as, once)
9. She’s honest _________ everyone trusts her. (if, so, when)
10. Write this down _________ you forget. (or, when, lest)
11. My car has a radio _________ a CD player. (but, or, and)
12. I’m afraid of heights, _________ I appreciate the view from the top of
this building. (and, yet, nor)
13. I have to be on time, _________ my boss will be annoyed if I’m late.
(and, nor, for)
14. I have to go to work at six, _________ I’m waking up at four. (but, so,
yet)

28
 15. I was on time, _________ everyone else was late. (so, but, for)

10. Interjection
A part of a sentence representing emotion such as joy, surprise, sadness, etc. and
having no grammatical relation to other parts of the sentence is called Interjection. It
is mostly seen in informal language.

Examples of interjections in a sentence:

Wow! Lisa is looking gorgeous.
Hurray! Our team has won the match.
Hey! Are you serious?
Alas! John’s father died yesterday.
Yippee! We are going on vacation.
Hi! Where have you been?
Oh! The place is so crowded.
What! You have broken the glass of the window.
Ah! What a relief!
Listen! You will stay right here.
Look! Who has come?
Splendid! I really like it.
Well done! Keep it up.

Bravo! is used to show pleasure when somebody has done something well.
Hurray! is a shout of joy.
Wow! is used to show great surprise or admiration.
Ouch! is used to show sudden pain.
We use Shh! to tell somebody to be quiet.
Oh! is used to show surprise, fear etc.

Practice Work 21:

Choose the correct interjections from the box to fill in the blanks.
1._______ ! Good shot.
2. ________ ! The baby will wake up.
3. ________ ! What a lovely garden!
4. ________ ! We won the game!
5. ________ ! It really hurts.

29
 11. Articles
What Are Articles?
Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific.
Ex: After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good.

By using the article, the, we’ve shown that it was one specific day that was long and
one specific cup of tea that tasted good.

Ex: After a long day, a cup of tea tastes particularly good.

By using the article, a, we’ve created a general statement, implying that any cup of
tea would taste good after any long day.

English has two types of articles: definite and indefinite.

The Definite Article

The definite article is the word the. It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular
thing. The definite article can be used with singular, plural, or uncountable nouns.
Examples: 1. Please give me the hammer.
2. Please give me the red hammer; the blue one is too small.
The Indefinite Article
The indefinite article takes two forms. It’s the word a when it precedes a word that
begins with a consonant. It’s the word an when it precedes a word that begins with a
vowel. The indefinite article indicates that a noun refers to a general idea rather than
a particular thing.
Examples: 1. Please hand me a book; any book will do.
2. Please hand me an autobiography; any autobiography will do.

When to use the article ‘a’:

⮚ We use ‘a’ before a singular noun which begins with consonants (b, c, d, f)
Eg. a boy, a car, a doctor…etc.
⮚ We also use ‘a’ before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound..
Eg. a uniform..(sounds like ‘you’ ie. Begins with a consonant sound ‘y’,
so ‘a’ is used.)
⮚ We also use ‘a’ before a singular noun starting with a hard "h":
Eg. a house
Some words start with vowel letters but begin with a consonant sound, we use ‘a’
before these words.
We also use a before u and before eu when it sounds like the word ‘you’
For example
Sounds like ‘you’
Starts with eu = European
a European city
Sounds like ‘you’
Starts with u = university
a university

30
When to use the article ‘an’ ?
⮚ We use an before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound (a,e,i,o,u).
Eg. an elephant; an egg; an apple; an interesting film

⮚ We also use an before a singular noun starting with a silent "h":

Eg. silent ‘h’ = an hour, an honest, an honour

When to use the article ‘the’

We use ‘the’
⮚ Before the unique objects
Eg. the sun, the sky, the moon

⮚ Before the names of mountains, rivers, oceans, deserts

Eg. the Cauvery, the Sahara , the Pacific

⮚ Before the names of the books

Eg. the Ramayana, the Bible, the Quran

⮚ Before the plural place names:

Eg. The West Indies, the Netherlands

⮚ Before the superlative degrees

Eg. the best, the tallest

⮚ Before the musical instruments

Eg. the flute, the violin

⮚ Before an adjective to denote a whole class

Eg. the old, the rich, the poor.

Practice Work 22:

1. ____ horse 7. ____ uncle

2. _____ hour 8. ____ university

3. _____ table 9. ____ flower

4. _____ egg 10. ____ yard

5. _____ window 11. ____ aeroplane

6. _____ college 12. ____ European

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 12. Synonyms and Antonyms
What is a Synonym?
A synonym is a word/phrase, the meaning of which is the same or nearly the same as
another word or phrase. Words that are synonyms are described as synonymous.

Synonym examples:
● artful – crafty
● ballot – poll
● chorus – refrain
● deceptive – misleading
● enormous – immense

What is an Antonym?
An antonym is a word/phrase that means the opposite of another word or phrase.
Check the examples.

Antonym examples:
● admire x detest
● bravery x cowardice
● crooked x straight
● dainty x clumsy
● economise x waste

Practice Work 23:

Circle the correct synonym for each underlined word:

32
 13. Homonyms
What are Homonyms?
The word “homonym” comes from the prefix “homo”, meaning “the same”, and the
suffix “-nym,” means “the name”. Hence, Homonyms are words that sound alike and
have different meanings. They either sound the same or are spelt the same, but their
meanings are different. Two or more words with the same spellings but different
pronunciation and meaning are called heteronyms.
Homonym Examples:

1. Address – location/ to speak to

2. Bark – the sound of dogs/ tree’s outer layer
3. Band – a ring/ a musical group

What are Homophones?

Homophones sound the same but have different meanings and have different
spellings too.
Homophones Examples:

1. Altar/ Alter 2. Berth/ Birth 3. Cast/ Caste

4. Days/ Daze 5. Earn/ Urn

Homonyms Examples
Here are ten examples of Homonyms with sentences to showcase the confusion of
understanding the concept.

1. Blue: Rita's favourite colour is blue.

Blew: Samuel picked a tissue and blew his nose.
2. Idol: Adam Levine is the idol of all the young singers in the industry.
Idle: Ariana was sitting idle but did not complete the homework piled up.
3. Flies: Time flies like an arrow – Here, the word 'flies' is a verb and implies the
act of passing away.
Flies: Fruit flies like bananas – Here, the word flies is a noun, as in a fly, an
insect.
4. Holy: Kashi is a well-known holy place as well as a tourist attraction spot.
Wholly: The claims from the insurance are whole without the interest.
5. Die: Doctors said that Tim would die as she is suffering from a bBrain tTumour.
Dye: Ameilia dyed her hair purple.
6. Fined: Aaron was fined ten thousand rupees for being drunk and driving.
Find:- Vincent could not find Sam at the concert.

33
 List of Homophones

Homophone Words & Sentences Homophone Words & Sentences

Aural -The Aural experience of the Oral- She practices good oral hygiene
concert was impressive

Ascent – He began a long ascent of Assent – They want the PM’s assent on the
Mt. Everest bill

Access – The elevator gave access to Excess – Do not take an excess of stress in
the top floor life

Ate – The ape ate all the apples Eight – We will meet after the office at eight

Bald – He is planning to go bald Bawled – She began to bawl (cry) like a

(hairless) child

Baron – His mother is a press baron Barren – This hall used to be a barren
(important person) building

Blew – He picked a tissue and blew Blue – His favourite colour is blue
his nose

Band – He played the guitar in the Banned – Taking pets to malls should be
live band yesterday banned

Beat – Will he be able to beat the Beet – He loves to eat beet because it is
champion of all times? healthy

Bolder – She is bolder and stronger Boulder- He was sitting on a boulder when
to cope with the situation he fell into the sea

Brake – Use the brake to stop the Break – The children play and enjoy during
truck or it will kill the dog the break

Carat – He bought her half-a-carat Carrot – Drinking carrot juice regularly is

diamond ring good for health

Callous – His callous comments Callus – The irritated cells healed by

make me feel sad forming callus

34
 14. Genders
Gender is a system of differentiating nouns and pronouns as one of the following.
There are four main types of gender.
● Masculine gender: indicates a male noun.
● Feminine gender: indicates a female noun.
● Common gender: indicates nouns that can be either a male or a female.
● Neuter gender: indicates nouns that are neither male nor female.

1. Masculine gender
For example; man, king, fox, cock, father, brother, actor, bachelor, horse,
hero, tiger, etc. These are nouns that possess male characteristics, and hence, they
are under the masculine gender.
• The man was waiting outside for his food.
• My father is driving right now.
• The fox attacked his own kids.
• He is the hero of our family.

2. Feminine gender
For example; queen, girl, sister, mother, actress, lady, hen, women, cow, etc.
All these nouns possess female properties.
● The girl was waiting for her mother.
● I saw the actress ruining her own dress.
● The queen of England will be leaving her throne soon.
● That lady was looking at me as if I was her daughter.

3. Common gender
For example; teacher, cousin, friends, staff, workers, neighbour, student,
person, servant, etc. All these nouns are not specified, whether it is a male or a
female. It can be either of them.
● My cousin will visit me on Wednesday.
● The worker was not feeling very great.
● My friends are over here!
● The student is not willing to give the exam.

4. Neuter gender
For example; table, book, pen, bus, radio, song, school, rock, etc. These nouns
don’t have any gender.
● I want a new pen.
● The car is not going to start.
● My school is opening tomorrow.
● Get on the bus already!

35
Masculine to Feminine Gender Rules:

There are various rules to convert masculine to feminine genders or vice versa.

Masculine to Feminine Gender by adding a syllable (_ess, _ine, _a, etc.)

A masculine noun can be transferred to feminine by adding a syllable as shown
below:

Masculine Noun Feminine Noun Masculine Noun Feminine Noun

author authoress Poet poetess

hero heroine Sultan sultana

czar czarina Negro negress

signor signora Host hostess

actor actress Prince princess

founder foundress Tiger tigress

hunter huntress Waiter waitress

emperor empress master mistress

Masculine to Feminine Gender by replacing a word before or after the noun

A feminine gender can be formed from a masculine gender by replacing a word as
shown below:

Masculine Noun Feminine Noun Masculine Noun Feminine Noun

manservant maidservant grandfather grandmother

landlord landlady peacock peahen

salesman saleswoman washerman washerwoman

Masculine to Feminine Gender by using a different word

Sometimes, the feminine form of the gender is totally different from the masculine
form as shown below:

Masculine Noun Feminine Noun Masculine Noun Feminine Noun

lord/gentleman lady man woman

monk nun bull cow

36
 buck doe horse mare

husband wife son daughter

daddy mummy bull cow

nephew niece wizard witch

Practice work 24:

Write the gender names for the given words:

1. prince _______________ 6. prophet _______________

2. sow _______________ 7. milkman _______________
3. landlord _______________ 8. queen _______________
4. host ________________ 9. grandmother
_______________
5. songster _______________ 10. teacher _______________

Practice work 25:

Identify the genders in the following sentence and write which gender it is.

1. Grandmother makes ladoo for me.__________

2. The soldiers were rewarded for their bravery.____________
3. The boy stood on the burning deck._______________
4. The girl is fond of music._________________
5. The rose smells sweet.___________________
6. Iron is a useful metal.______________
7. Who threw a stone?_______________
8. The old crow tried to sing.______________________
9. There is no picture in the book.______________
10. The ship sustained heavy damage.______________

Practice work 26:

Write the masculine form of the underlined words

1. My sister played badminton with her friend.

2. The poor woman has not rupee.
3. My aunt is a teacher.
4. The headmistress wants to speak to you.
37
5. The queen stays in a castle.

38
 15. Degrees of Comparison
An adjective is a part of speech that is used to qualify a noun or a pronoun. It means,
it highlights the quality of the noun or the pronoun in the sentence. The various degrees
of comparison of adjectives denote the levels of the quality of the noun mentioned.
These degrees are also known as the forms of the adjective. There are three degrees
in which an adjective can be formed/ compared. They are as follows:
1. Positive Degree
2. Comparative Degree
3. Superlative Degree
Positive Degree of the Adjective:
The primary form of the adjective is called the positive degree. It is the adjective itself.
For example,
● Ron is tall.
● The bridge is long.
● Michael is a bad person.
● Monica is studious.
● The scenery is beautiful.
Comparative Degree of the Adjective:
The comparative degree of the adjective is used when two persons or things are
compared. To change the positive degree into comparative, the adjective is adjoined
with ‘er’ or ‘more’. If we take the previous examples into consideration, they are written
in the comparative degree as follows:
● Rohan is taller than Dhruv.
● The Howrah bridge is longer than the Victoria bridge.
● Misha is worse than Adi.
● Monica is more studious than Mala.
● The scenery in this room is more beautiful than the one in that room.
Superlative Degree of the Adjective:
When comparing three or more nouns or subjects, the superlative degree is used in the
sentence. Let us, again, take the above three adjectives and write them in the
superlative degree. They can be written as follows:
1. Rohan is the tallest person in the room.
2. The Howrah bridge is the longest bridge in the world.
3. Misha is the worst person I’ve seen.
4. Monica is the most studious student in the room.
5. That scenery is the most beautiful scenery of all.

39
A. Formation of comparative & superlative degrees by addition of ‘-er’ and ‘-
est’ to the positive degree.

Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

bright brighter brightest

bold bolder boldest

rich richer richest

high higher highest

long longer longest

sweet sweeter sweetest

strong stronger strongest

young younger youngest

B. Formation of comparative & superlative degrees of adjectives by addition

of ‘_r’ and ‘_st’ to the positive degree ending in ‘e’.

Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

brave braver bravest

nice nicer nicest

wise wiser wisest

large larger largest

simple simpler simplest

C. Formation of comparative & superlative degrees of adjective by addition

by deleting the final ‘y’ and adding ‘ier’ and ‘iest’.

Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

costly costlier costliest

dry drier driest

40
 heavy heavier heaviest

easy easier easiest

happy happier happiest

D. Formation of comparative & superlative degrees of adjective when the

positive degree ends in a consonant with a vowel before it, we double the
consonant & then add ‘-er’ and ‘-est’.

Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

big bigger biggest

fat fatter fattest

thin thinner thinnest

dim dimmer dimmest

E. Formation of comparative & superlative degrees of adjective by placing

‘more’ and ‘most’ before the positive form.

Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

difficult more difficult most difficult

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

careful more careful most careful

popular more popular most popular

F. The different forms of irregular adjectives.

Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

bad worse worst

far farther farthest

little less least

much more most

Practice Work 27:

Fill the following sentences with the appropriate form of adjectives.

(Comparative or Superlative):

41
 1. My apartment is (small) ________ than hers.
2. The bouquet is (beautiful) ________ than the one kept on the table.
3. This is the (comfortable) ________sofa I have ever used for sitting.
4. Who is the (rich) ________kid in the world?
5. This is one of the (bad) ________films that I have recently seen.

16. Reading Comprehension:

Why Reading Comprehension is important….?
⮚ Exercises our brain.
⮚ Enhances concentration.
⮚ Improves vocabulary and language skills.
⮚ Develops imagination.
⮚ Helps to develop empathy.
⮚ Reading is fun.
⮚ It is a great way to spend time together.

1. Read the following story carefully and answer the questions that
follow:
There was a farmer who sold a pound of butter to a baker. One day the baker
decided to weigh the butter to see if he was getting the right amount, which he
wasn’t. Angry about this, he took the farmer to court.
The judge asked the farmer if he was using any measure to weigh the butter. The
farmer replied, “Your Honour, actually, I don’t have a proper measure, but I do
have a scale.”

The judge asked, “Then how do you weigh the butter?”

The farmer replied - “Your Honour, long before the baker started buying
butter from me, I have been buying a pound loaf of bread from him. Every
day when the baker brings the bread, I put it on the scale and give him the
same weight in butter. If anyone is to be blamed, it is the baker.”

Answer the following questions.

1. Why did the baker take the farmer to court?
___________________________________________________
2. How does the farmer weigh the butter?
____________________________________________________
3. Who was the culprit?
____________________________________________________
4. Plural form of loaf is ________.
2. Read this passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Sensory Nerves
Nerves are like telephone cables. They carry information between the brain and the
other parts of the body. The sensory nerves are one set of nerves. This set carries

42
 information from your nerves. This set carries information from our senses to your
brain, telling it what is happening around you.
Messages about how objects feel are sent through the sensory nerves to the brain
to be understood. The sense of touch is very important. It is one of your five senses.
Receptor cells under your skin send messages through sensory nerves to your brain
about what your fingers are feeling.
Blind people cannot see to read, so they learn a special alphabet of raised dots,
called Braille. They feel these dots with their fingertips.
Answer the following questions:
1. What do nerves carry between the brain and the other parts of the body?
a. food b. information c. blood

2. What do sensory nerves do?

______________________________________________________________
3. Touch is one of the five senses. Name the other four.
______________________________________________________________
4. How do blind people read?
______________________________________________________________
5. Can your fingers tell you how something feels? What are the things you can
come to know by touching?
______________________________________________________________

17. Picture Composition

Why is composition important?
⮚ Imagination can be inspired and stimulated through constant practice in
writing.
⮚ Writing can improve your language, hence abilities in writing, speaking,
listening and reading language can all be improved.
⮚ Composition can definitely help us to express all the thoughts in our
mind and all the feelings in our heart.
Picture Composition 1:

43
 This is a set of pictures which tells a story. The outlines given below tell the
same story. Study the picture and the outlines, then write the story in complete
sentences.
A cat was about to eat a bone – another cat tried to seize it – both quarrelling –
a third cat snatched it and ran off.
Write your answers in your note book

Picture Composition 2:

Imagine that you are standing on the shore, watching these children. Write a few
paragraphs about this situation in your practice book. Draw or stick a related picture
with a suitable title. You can use these clues—
give the place a name - who are the boys - where do they live - where are they going
- what are they saying – did you talk to them – did you join them
Write your answers in your note book

Picture Composition- 3

This is a set of pictures which tells a story. The outlines given below tell the same
story. Study the picture and the outlines, then write the story in complete sentences
in your notebook.
A man bought bananas – threw a banana skin on ground – bought newspaper -
walking back – stepped on banana skin – fell - lesson.
Write your answers in your note book
44
45
 18. Crossword puzzle
Want to know more about the wonders of solving crossword puzzles?
Here are the reasons why crosswords are good for you.
⮚ Improves your vocabulary
⮚ Enhances your problem- solving abilities
⮚ Enhances your memory
⮚ Boosts your mood
⮚ Lowers your stress level
⮚ Makes you more productive and proficient
⮚ Reduces chances of memory-related mental disorders
⮚ Boosts your social skills

Across Down

2. above 15. follow 1. wrong 12. thin

5. on 16. long 3. top 13. smile

6. same 17. none 4. heavy 14. listen

8. nasty 19. play 7. leave 17. never

9. dry 20. out 9. best 18. night

10. full 21. late 11. push

46
 13. slow 22. first

2.
2

1 5

3 4

6 7

8
I
9 10

11

12 13

14

15

16

Across Down
MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININE
3. BULL _______ 1.______ ACTRESS

5. . MAN _______ 2. WAITER _______

6. FOX _______ 4. HUSBAND _______

9. _______ PRINCESS 7. NEPHEW ________

10. _______ EMPRESS 8.. ______ AUNT

12. STALLION _______ 11. _______ GOOSE

13. BROTHER _______

14. KING _______

15.______ DUCK

16. ________ WITCH

19. Story writing

47
Story writing is a narration, it can be featural, imaginary, moral stories or related to
science. As long as it is interesting, people like it. Therefore, story narration/writing
should seem to be credible.
Tips to know:
◈ Think proper events that come to your mind.
◈ Develop your characters.
◈ Write a catchy first paragraph.
◈ Use meaningful dialogues wherever necessary.
◈ Use setting and context.
◈ Set up plot.
◈ Create, conflict, tension or suspense.
◈ Build a climax. Give a proper ending.
◈ Don’t break the chronological order throughout the story.
1. Write a story using these outlines:

A small boy - lives with mother - develops the habit of stealing - mother does
not check - develops the habit when grows - caught-punished.
Habit of Stealing
There was a boy named Rahul who lived in a small house with his mother in the city
of Mysore. When he was about 7-8 years old, he developed the habit of stealing
things in his class from other children’s bags and pencil boxes.
Rahul’s mother even after seeing his box, did not ask, from where did he get the
expensive pencils, erasers and pens. She was rather happy to see that her son never
demanded such things from her. Time passed on and gradually Rahul started stealing
more things from his friends and classmates. He did not even hesitate to steal
money. He started enjoying his life more than he could actually afford to, and this
habit made him a perfect thief.
Once when he entered one house to steal the things, he was caught red handed and
was handed over to the police. He was badly beaten by the police and when he was
asked why and how he became a thief, he blamed his mother by saying that if she
had stopped him from the very childhood, he would not be a thief.
2. Write a story using these outlines:

A poor cobbler – earned a bare living – but happy and contented – his
neighbour had plenty of money, but was not happy – wondered how the cobbler
could be so happy- questioned him-he replied that he was content with what he
had – rich man gave him five thousand rupees as present – cobbler became
unhappy from that time – afraid that the money would be stolen – could not
sleep - returned the money to the rich man.
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 20. Creative writing
Why creative writing…?
✔ Improves the quality of reading and writing
✔ Develops communication and persuasion skills.
✔ Builds confidence
✔ Stimulates imagination
✔ Helps discover the inert qualities and true identity
✔ Helps to improve the aspects of learning a language like vocabulary, spelling,
punctuation, grammar.

Write about a time you felt really happy. What happened? What made you
feel happy?

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My Daily Routine

Example : My daily routine

My name is Amit. I always wake up at 6 o’clock in the morning. Then I wash my face
and brush my teeth. After that, I do some exercises then I put my clothes on and
prepare my school bag. Next, I have my breakfast and wait for the school bus. At 8
o’clock I go to school. After that, I often take my lunch break and talk with my
friends. In the evening, I go back home and take a rest. Next, I usually watch TV and
chat with my family, then I do my homework and help my mother. At 9 o’clock I have
my dinner and then, I read some books and go to sleep.
Write about your DAILY ROUTINE
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How I spend my holiday

Example:

How I spend my holiday(Sunday)

Sundays generally have a fixed routine for the TV programmes. But last Sunday, it was
quite different. On Monday I had two tests English and Mathematics. Due to
unavoidable circumstances, I had not been able to do any revision. So, I had planned
to get up early and had set the alarm clock to wake me up, but I got up very late. I
had to skip through my lessons in English to make up for the lost time…..
Write about how you spend your holiday.

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Giving your Introduction

Example: Giving your Introduction

My name is Aditi. I am 23 years old. I am from Mangalore. I have done M.Sc. in
Chemistry from Mangalore university. I can speak three languages, Hindi, Kannada,
and English. I have a brother and a sister. My dad is a doctor and my mom is a teacher.
In my free time I like to play football and basketball. I like cooking North Indian food.
During the weekends I like to go to the beach.

Write about yourself

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My Family

Example: My Family

I belong to a middle-class nuclear family of 3 members- dad, mom and me. We live in
Mysore.In my extended family, I have my grandparents who stay in a village in
Sakleshpur.

My Dad is a software engineer in an IT company located in our city. My mom too is a

software engineer in another IT company located in our city.

I visit my grandparents every summer and winter holidays. My grandfather tells me

stories about warriors, great leaders, and sometimes even about fairies. My
grandmother makes tastiest pickles in the world and I take one big bottle of pickle,
every time we return to Mysore.

We all help each other during tough times and share happy moments during good
times. My Family always motivates me to be a good person and help people in need.

I feel blessed to have such a superb family and I love my family so much!

Write about your family

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THANK YOU
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