GE 109: Introduction to Engineering Product

WEEK 1

BY GROUP G10S1
2019MEB1261 HEMANT MEENA
2019MEB1262 HIMANSHU DHIMAN
2019MEB1264 HRITIK CHOUHAN
2019MEB1265 ISHAN RAJESH SAWANT
2019MEB1266 KALARCHITA K
2019MEB1267 KATTA JOSEPH BABU
2019MEB1268 KAUSTUBH KUMAR

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mage refrence https://cutt.ly/skXmsPp
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Objective

To study about a Jet engine including its working princi-

pal, History, Components, Detailed working with sche-
matic, it’s application, Future innovation and more.

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Working principal
The working of a jet engine is based on Newton's third law of
motion.

Jet engines move the aircraft forward by providing an enormous

amount of thrust. The thrust which helps in moving the aircraft is
produced due to the reaction force of the high-speed jet at the tail
of the Jet engine.

A large spinning turbofan sucks in large quantities of air which

speeds the air up, and splits it into two parts, out of which one part www.mechdiploma.com
continues into the core of the engine and other bypasses the core.

The cooler air that bypasses the core goes till the back of the engine and exits through the nozzle, thus providing some
amount of thrust.

The air which is directed to the core goes through a compressor which squeezes the air that goes through a narrowing
duct thus increasing its pressure. This increases the energy potential of air.

The compressed air is then sent to the combustor where it is mixed with fuel and ignited with electric spark, causing it to
burn with oxygen present in the air. This produces hot expanding gasses and high energy air flow.

These burning gases pass through a turbine located near the nozzle, causing it to rotate. This turbine is attached to the
compressor by a shaft, causing the compressor to rotate.

The hot air is mixed by the cold air which was bypassed by the turbofan with the help of a mixer. These gases are then
expelled out of the nozzle. This causes a forward thrust due to equal and opposite reaction on the engine.

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History
The concept of Jet Engine was started first by
Hero of Alexandria who introduced the “Aeolipile” .
This machine is used to pressurized steam forced
through two jet nozzeles placed on the surface of a
sphere so as to force the sphere to spin rapidly on
the axis.

In WWII, There were a german physicist, Hans Von

Ohain, was at the forefront of research into Jet Pro-
pulsion. During his studies he eastablish an engine
that did not require a propeller. His first attempt to
build jet engine HeS 1. it was built in 1936 which
was not a great success. wikipwedia.org

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 The jet engine was also built by Max Hahn , but ran into a
serious problems with combustion stability. There were
one of the largest german aircraft manufacturers of the
times Ernst Heinkel. He heard of Von Ohain’s work &
promised of the design and started to provide financial
and technical funding. & after two month, all the three
best engineers completed a new engine that ran on hy-
wikipwedia.org
drogen.
As the high-temperature hydrogen exhaust damaged the metal framework, the old HeS 1 engine was re-
fined to run on gasoline, a centrifugal compressor and axial turbine stages. This new engine, the HeS 3b,
was then fitted to a new test airframe, the Heinkel He178. On August 27, 1939 the Heinkel He178 took off
from Marienehe aerodrom and was thus the first jet-powered airplane. In 1940 the engine designer Anselm
Franz developed the Jumo 004 engine with an axial-flow turbojet, as opposed to the centrifugal-flow de-
signs of the original von Ohain engines. This engine was used to propel the Messerschmitt Me262 in 1942,
the only jet fighter airplane in WWII.

At the same time in England Frank Whittle developed his version of jet engine, unaware of Von Ohain,s
achievement. In 1928 Frank Whittle formally submitted his ideas for a Turbo Jet to his superior & after that
he took furthermore ideas & in 1930 he submitted his first patent which was granted in 1932. Unluckily
Whittle was unable to excite either RAF not the government to fund his work but with the help of Rolf -
Dudley Williams & J. tinlling , two ex- RAF men & incorporated with Power Jet Ltd.

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 dailymail.co.uk wikipwedia.org

Power Jets were able to complete and ran the first engine, the whittle unit on April 12 1937.
This achievement triggered the interest of the Air Ministry, which now started to grant mini-
mal amounts money in order to develop a flyable version. On May 15, 1941 the revised engine
W.1 with 3.8 kN thrust and manufactured by Rover was fitted to the Gloster E.28/39 airframe
and took off for a flight of about 17 minutes with a maximum speed of 545 km/h. Rolls-Royce
then took over the development and production of the Whittle engine, which led to the Whit-
tle-type Rolls-Royce Welland and the W.2 engines. These new designs were used to propel the
interceptor Gloster Meteor 1 in 1944.

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Components Of The Jet Engine

https://www.flightliteracy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/14-1-1.jpg

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Cold Section:
Air Inlet: It allows smooth airflow from different directions into the engine.

Compressor or fan: It uses rotating blades to increase the pressure and the
temperature of the air that passes through it.

Bypass ducts: It sends the air coming from the fan to the propelling nozzle.

Shaft: It connects the turbine to the compressor.

Diffuser section: It is used to slow down the compressor delivery air to reduce
flow losses in the combustion chamber.

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Hot Section:
Combustor or combustion chamber: Burning of the fuel occurs here after
the engine is started and the fuel is ignited.

Turbine: It’s series of blades use the energy from the hot gases in the com-
bustion chamber to drive the compressor and other components like the
bypass fan or a helicopter rotor (for helicopter).

Afterburner: It reheats the turbine exhaust gases to produce an extra thrust.

Exhaust or nozzle: Turbine gases pass through this propeller nozzle to pro-
duce a high velocity jet.

Supersonic nozzle: They are used in more powerful jet engines.

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DETAILED WORKING WITH SCHEMATIC
Jet Engine’s working principle involves Newton's 3rd Law of motion. Jet en-
gines move the aircraft forward by providing an enormous amount of thrust.
The thrust which helps in moving the aircraft is produced due to the reaction
force by the high-speed jet at the tail of the Jet engine.

The Basic Components of a Jet engine are Dynamic compressor, fan, Com-
bustor, Turbine and Nozzle.

FIG 1: Basic components of Jet Engine

SOURCE: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/engines.html

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By K. Aainsqatsi - Own work, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4005530

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ROLE OF THE COMPONENTS

Fan: Fan with a low-pressure spool is fixed at the be-

ginning of the jet engine. This draws a large amount
of air with high velocity. A fixed amount of air is
passed to the core and the remaining amount of air
bypasses the core. The bypassed air mixes with the
hot air and thus reduces the noise caused by the
engine.

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Compressor: The air which is passed on to
the core (i.e., centre of the engine) is com-
pressed by the compressor which has multi-
ple layers of metallic blades. The compressor
increases the temperature and pressure of
the intaken air to meet the required conditions
to undergo combustion.

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Combustor: The compressed air passed onto
the combustor. In the combustor, the com-
pressed air is mixed with the fuel and then ig-
nited. The fuel burns in the presence of
oxygen from the compressed air and reaches
high temperatures. The combustion of fuel
provides high energy airflow.

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Turbine: The turbine is connected to the
end of the shaft. The ignited air is respon-
sible for the rotation of the Turbine. The
turbine is connected to a compressor and
is responsible for its rotation. Turbine con-
tains blades which are in the shape of the
airfoil. This allows the blades to rotate
swiftly. The pressure and temperature of
the air drops when it passes through the
turbine.

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Nozzle: The depleted airflow through the turbine, as well as the cold air
that bypasses the engine core, exits the nozzle. The expelled air from the
nozzle creates an exhaust, thus it provides the thrust. This mixer is also
used as a silencer for the Jet engine.

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APPLICATIONS OF THE JET ENGINE
An Aircraft using this type of jet engine could dramatically reduce the time which it takes to
travel from one place to another potentially putting any place on earth within a 90 minutes
flight.
Scramjet vehicle has been proposed for a single stage to tether vehicle where a Mach 12
spinning orbital would pick up a payload from a vehicle at around 100 KM and carry it to orbit.

APPLICATIONS :

1. In aircraft -Fighter plane,Missiles,Rocket, Airplane .

2. Jet propulsion, land and sea transport, racing car.
3. The first use of the jet engine was to power military aircraft.
4. The general electric company used a "Turboprop" jet engine to run an electric generator.
5. The jet engine is not only used on aircraft but on boats, where water jet are used to propel
the the boat forward.
6. Normal type of jet engine is used for domestic purpose i.e. Travelling , carrying goods etc.

Given below are few images showing applications of jet engine.

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Aircraft -Fighter plane
https://images2.alphacoders.com/571/571319.jpg

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a jet-boat
https://www.discoverboating.com/sites/default/files/jet-boat-jet-drive.jpg

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