Dr.

Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2015

Electronic Circuits
Chapter 4: Op-Amp

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2015

Content
Introduction

Inverting & Non-Inverting Amplifier

Current-to-Voltage Converter

Instrumentation Amplifier

Integrator and Differentiator

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Introduction
 The integrated circuit operational amplifier evolved soon after development of the
first bipolar integrated circuit.
 The μA-709 was introduced by Fairchild Semiconductor in 1965 and was one of the
first widely used general-purpose op-amps. The new classic μA-741, also by
Fairchild, was introduced in the late 1960s.
 In the ideal op-amp:
 The open-loop gain Aod
approaches infinity

Circuit symbol of Op-Amp  The common-mode output

signal is zero.

 Input resistance Ri is infinite.

 Output resistance Ro is zero.

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Inverting Amplifier
 One of the most widely used op-amp circuits is the inverting amplifier

 The closed-loop gain:

𝑣𝑜 𝑅2
𝐴𝑣 = =−
𝑣𝑖 𝑅1
Inverting op-amp circuit
 The input resistance:

𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅1

Example 1: Using the inverting Op-amp amplifier

to design the circuit such that the voltage gain is
Av = −5. Assume the op-amp is driven by an ideal
sinusoidal source, 𝑣𝑠 = 0.1sin𝜔𝑡 (𝑉), that can
supply a maximum current of 5𝜇𝐴.
Inverting op-amp equivalent circuit
𝑅1 = 20𝑘Ω 𝑅2 = 100𝑘Ω
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Inverting Amplifier – Finite Gain

 We have:
𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣1 𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣𝑂
𝑖1 = 𝑖2 =
𝑅1 𝑅2

 The output voltage is: 𝑣𝑂 = −𝐴𝑜𝑑 𝑣1

𝑣 𝑣
𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣1 𝑣𝐼 + 𝐴 𝐼 𝑣𝑂 + 𝐴 𝑂
𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑑
 We obtain: 𝑖1 = = = 𝑖2 = −
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑣𝑂 𝑅2 1
 Then: 𝐴𝑣 = =−
𝑣𝐼 𝑅1 1 + 1 1 + 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑅 𝑜𝑑 1

Example 2: Consider an inverting op-amp with 𝑅1 = 10𝑘Ω and 𝑅2 = 100𝑘Ω. Determine

the closed-loop gain for: Aod = 102, 103, 104, 105, and 106. Calculate the percent deviation
from the ideal gain.
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Summing Amplifier

 Using superposition theorem to analysis the

summing amplifier, we obtain:

𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝑂 = − 𝑣𝐼1 + 𝑣𝐼2 + 𝑣
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝐼3

 If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3, then:
𝑅𝐹
𝑣𝑂 = − 𝑣 + 𝑣𝐼2 + 𝑣𝐼3
𝑅1 𝐼1

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Non-Inverting Amplifier
 We have:
0 − 𝑣𝐼 𝑣𝐼 − 𝑣𝑂
𝑖1 = 𝑖2 =
𝑅1 𝑅2

𝑣𝑜 𝑅2
 Because 𝑖1 = 𝑖2, then: 𝐴𝑣 = = 1+
𝑣𝑖 𝑅1
Non-inverting op-amp circuit

 In voltage follower circuit: 𝑅2 = 0

𝐴𝑣 = 1 𝑅𝑖 = ∞ 𝑅𝑜 = 0

Example 3: Derive the closed-loop gain of non-

inverting amplifier which has a finite differential
Voltage follower op-amp gain of Aod.
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Current-to-Voltage Converter

 In some situations, the output of a device or

circuit is a current. An example is the output of a
photodiode or photo-detector. We may need to
convert this output current to an output voltage.

𝑣𝑂 = −𝑖2 𝑅𝐹 = −𝑖𝑆 𝑅𝐹
Current-to-voltage converter

𝑣𝐼
 Voltage-to-current converter: 𝑖2 = 𝑖1 =
𝑅1
 Current i2 is independent of the load impedance
or resistance R2.

 NOT practical as the load need to be at ground

Simple voltage-to-current converter potential.
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Voltage-to-Current Converter
𝑣𝐼 − 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑣𝑂
 At the inverting terminal: =
𝑅1 𝑅𝐹

𝑣𝑂 − 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿
 At the non-inverting terminal: = 𝑖𝐿 +
𝑅3 𝑅2

 From these two equations, we obtain:

𝑅𝐹 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑣𝐼 𝑖𝐿 𝑍𝐿
= 𝑖𝐿 +
𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅2
Voltage-to-current converter

𝑅𝐹 𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝐿 𝑅𝐹
 Then: 𝑖𝐿 −1− = 𝑣𝐼
𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅3
𝑅𝐹 1 𝑅𝐹 𝑣𝐼
 If = : 𝑖𝐿 = −𝑣𝐼 =−
𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅2
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Voltage-to-Current Converter
Example 4: Let 𝑍𝐿 = 100Ω , 𝑅1 = 10𝑘Ω, 𝑅2 = 1𝑘Ω, 𝑅3 = 1𝑘Ω, and 𝑅𝐹 = 10𝑘Ω.
If 𝑣𝐼 = −5𝑉, determine the load current iL and the output voltage vO.

𝑖𝐿 = 5𝑚𝐴

𝑣𝑜 = 6𝑉

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Difference Amplifier
 An ideal difference amplifier amplifies only the
difference between two signals. It rejects any
common signals to the two input terminals.

 For example, a microphone system amplifies an

audio signal applied to one terminal of a
difference amplifier, and rejects any 60 Hz noise
signal or “hum” existing on both terminals
Op-amp difference amplifier
𝑅4
𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅2
 The output voltage: 𝑣𝑂 = 1 + 𝑣 −
𝑅4 𝐼2
𝑣𝐼1
𝑅1 1+𝑅 𝑅1
3
𝑅2 𝑅4 𝑅2
 If = : 𝑣𝑂 = 𝑣 − 𝑣𝐼1
𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅1 𝐼2
𝑅2 𝑅4 1 𝑣𝑂 𝐴𝑑
 If ≠ : 𝑣𝑐𝑚 = 𝑣𝐼2 + 𝑣𝐼1 𝐴𝑐𝑚 = 𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 =
𝑅1 𝑅3 2 𝑣𝑐𝑚 𝐴𝑐𝑚
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Difference Amplifier
Example 5: Consider the difference amplifier. Let 𝑅2/𝑅1 = 10 and 𝑅4/𝑅3 = 11.
Determine CMRR(dB).

𝐴𝑑 = 10.042

𝐴𝑐𝑚 = 0.0833

𝐶𝑀𝑅𝑅 = 41.6𝑑𝐵

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Instrumentation Amplifier
 Obtain a high input impedance and a high
gain in a difference amplifier with
reasonable resistor values: DIFFICULT.

 SOLUTION: insert a voltage follower

 Problem: GAIN is not easily to change.

 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER allows us to

Instrumentation amplifier change the gain by changing only a single
resistance value.

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Instrumentation Amplifier
 The current in resistor R1 and R2 is
𝑣𝐼1 − 𝑣𝐼2
𝑖1 =
𝑅1

 The output voltages of op-amps are:

𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑣𝑂1 = 𝑣𝐼1 + 𝑖1 𝑅2 = 1 + 𝑣 − 𝑣
𝑅1 𝐼1 𝑅1 𝐼2
𝑅2 𝑅2
Voltages and currents in instrumentation amplifier 𝑣𝑂2 = 𝑣𝐼2 − 𝑖1 𝑅2 = 1 + 𝑣 − 𝑣
𝑅1 𝐼2 𝑅1 𝐼1
 The output of difference amplifier is:
𝑅4 𝑅4 𝑅2
𝑣𝑂 = 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑂1 = 1+2 𝑣𝐼2 − 𝑣𝐼1
𝑅3 𝑂2 𝑅3 𝑅1

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Instrumentation Amplifier
Example 6: Consider the instrumentation amplifier circuit. Assume that 𝑅4 = 2𝑅3
so that the difference amplifier gain is 2. Determine the range required for resistor
R1 to realize a differential gain adjustable from 5 to 500. Assume that R1 is a variable
resistor varying from 𝑅1𝑓 to 𝑅1𝑓 + 100𝑘Ω

𝑅1𝑓 = 0.606𝑘Ω

𝑅2 = 75.5𝑘Ω

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Integrator and Differentiator

Generalized inverting amplifier Op-amp integrator

𝑣𝐼
 Op-amp integrator: 𝑣𝑂 = −
𝑠𝑅1 𝐶2

 Op-amp differentiator: 𝑣𝑂 = −𝑣𝐼 𝑠𝑅2 𝐶1

Op-amp differentiator

Reading: Microelectronics, Circuit Analysis and Design, D.A. Neamen, 4th edition, p621-670
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Integrator and Differentiator

t
1 1
  Vi  t dt  Vo  t  0 
RC  RC 0
 Vo   Vi t dt  

v  v  0 
 dvi
dvi Vo   Vo   RC
C   dt
dt R

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Q&A

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EXAMPLE

?

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Mạch chuyển đổi dòng sang áp

vo = -Rii

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Mạch chuyển đổi áp sang dòng

AoL    V   V   Vi (1)
Z i    id  0  io  I (2)
V  Vi
1,2  io  I   (3)
R R

io  R2 
Ai   1  
ii  R1 

11/8/2017 Khoa Điện – Điện tử - ĐHBK Tp.HCM

Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2015

Mạch khuếch đại instrumentation

vo = -R2v3 /R1 +(1+R2 /R1)v2

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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2015

Mạch khuếch đại cầu cảm biến

R2 
v0  VREf
R1 1   R / R1  R R2 1   
Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2015

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BÀI TẬP

a) Hãy tìm V-, V+, Vo cho mạch điện sau nếu vs = 9V.
b) Hãy tìm điện trở R sao cho khi nó được nối giữa 2 chân ngõ vào
đảo của KĐTT với đất thì làm cho Vo tăng lên gấp đôi.

Khoa Điện – Điện tử - ĐHBK Tp.HCM

11/8/2017
Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2015

BÀI TẬP

Một mạch âm tần cho

trong hình B14.25 được sử
dụng để thay đổi vị trí của
tín hiệu giữa các kênh
stereo trái và phải liên tục.
a) Nghiên cứu hoạt động
của mạch.
b) Xác định R1 và R2 sao
cho VL/Vi = -1V/V khi
xoay nút được kéo xuống
hoàn toàn VR / Vi=-1V/V
khi xoay nút được kéo lên
tối đa và VL/Vi= -1/√2 khi
nút xoay ở vị trí giữa.
Khoa Điện – Điện tử - ĐHBK Tp.HCM

11/8/2017
Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2015

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