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Math185f09 hw3

The document discusses complex analysis and provides 6 problems related to complex functions and differentiability. It covers topics such as Tauberian theorems, linear transformations of complex spaces, differentiability conditions, and expressing complex functions in terms of real and imaginary parts.

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Bob Cross
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33 views

Math185f09 hw3

The document discusses complex analysis and provides 6 problems related to complex functions and differentiability. It covers topics such as Tauberian theorems, linear transformations of complex spaces, differentiability conditions, and expressing complex functions in terms of real and imaginary parts.

Uploaded by

Bob Cross
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 185: COMPLEX ANALYSIS

FALL 2009/10
PROBLEM SET 3

For a real-valued function of two real variables, u : ΩR → R, we say that u is twice continuously
differentiable if all second-order partial derivatives uxx , uyy , uxy , uyx exist and are continuous on
ΩR . The set of all twice continuously differentiable functions on ΩR is denoted C 2 (ΩR ).

1. We mentioned Tauberian theorems


P in class.n Here is an example of an easy one (easy relative to
other Tauberian theorems). Let ∞n=0 an z be a power series with radius of convergence 1 and
suppose
lim nan = 0.
n→∞
(a) Show that Pm
n=0 n|an |
lim = 0.
m
m→∞
(Hint: Problem 4(a), Problem Set 3, Math 104, Spring 2009.)
(b) Define a function f by
∞
X
f (z) = an z n for all |z| < 1.
n=0
Let x be a real variable and suppose the following left limit exists
lim f (x) = A.
x→1−
P∞
Show that the series n=0 an converges to A.

2. Recall that C is both a real vector space of dimension 2 and a complex vector space of dimen-
sion 1. A function ϕ : C → C is called R-linear if ϕ is a linear transformation of real vector
spaces, ie.
ϕ(λ1 z1 + λ2 z2 ) = λ1 ϕ(z1 ) + λ2 ϕ(z2 ) for all λ1 , λ2 ∈ R and z1 , z2 ∈ C.
It is called C-linear if ϕ is a linear transformation of complex vector spaces, ie.
ϕ(λ1 z1 + λ2 z2 ) = λ1 ϕ(z1 ) + λ2 ϕ(z2 ) for all λ1 , λ2 ∈ C and z1 , z2 ∈ C.
(a) Prove that if ϕ is C-linear, then it is R-linear. Give an example to show that the converse
is false.
(b) Let ϕ : C → C. Prove that the following statements are equivalent.
(i) ϕ is R-linear.
(ii) ϕ satisfies
ϕ(z) = ϕ(1)x + ϕ(i)y
for all z = x + iy ∈ C.
(iii) ϕ satisfies
   
ϕ(1) − iϕ(i) ϕ(1) + iϕ(i)
ϕ(z) = z+ z̄
2 2
for all z = x + iy ∈ C.

Date: September 26, 2009 (Version 1.0); due: October 2, 2009.

1
(iv) ϕ is given by
ϕ(x + iy) = (ax + by) + i(cx + dy)
for some c d ∈ R2×2 .
a b

(c) Let ϕ : C → C. Prove that the following statements are equivalent.


(i) ϕ is C-linear.
(ii) ϕ is R-linear and ϕ(i) = iϕ(1).
(iii) ϕ satisfies
ϕ(z) = ϕ(1)z
for all z ∈ C.
(iv) ϕ is given by
ϕ(x + iy) = (ax − cy) + i(cx + ay)
a c
for some [ −c a] ∈ R2×2 .

3. Let Ω ⊆ C be a region and let f : Ω → C. We will call f complex differentiable at z ∈ Ω if it is


differentiable as defined in the lectures, ie. the limit
f (z + h) − f (z)
lim (3.1)
h→0 h
exists. We will call f real differentiable at z ∈ Ω if there exists a R-linear function ϕ : C → C
such that
f (z + h) − f (z) − ϕ(h)
lim = 0. (3.2)
h→0 h
(a) Prove that if f is complex differentiable at z ∈ Ω, then f is real differentiable at z.
(b) Give an example to show that the converse of (a) is false.
(c) Let f be real differentiable at z ∈ Ω. If the R-linear function ϕ : C → C in (3.2) is also
C-linear, prove that f is complex differentiable at z. In this case, how is ϕ related to the
limit in (3.1)?
(d) Let f be real differentiable at z ∈ Ω. Show that if the limit

f (z + h) − f (z)
lim (3.3)
h→0 h

exists1, then either f or f¯ must be complex differentiable at z. Give an example to show


that f is not necessarily complex differentiable at z. Here the function f¯ : Ω → C is defined
by f¯(z) = f (z) for all z ∈ Ω.

4. (a) Show that the function f : C → C defined by


q
f (z) = |z 2 − z 2 |
satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equation at z = 0 but is not differentiable at z = 0.
(b) Let Ω ⊆ C be a region such that the function
f (x + iy) = |x2 − y 2 | + 2i|xy|
is analytic on Ω but is not analytic on any larger region Ω0 containing Ω. Find all possible
Ω with this property.
(c) Find constants a, b, c ∈ R such that the functions f, g : C → C defined by
f (x + iy) = x + ay + i(bx + cy),
g(x + iy) = cos x(cosh y + a sinh y) + i sin x(cosh y + b sinh y)
are analytic on C.
1Note the difference between (3.1) and (3.3).

2
5. Let Ω ⊆ C be a region. Let f : Ω → C be analytic and u(x, y) = Re f (x + iy), v(x, y) =
Im f (x + iy).
(a) Suppose u, v ∈ C 2 (ΩR ). Show that u and v are harmonic functions, i.e. solutions of the
Laplace equation
∂2ϕ ∂2ϕ
+ = 0,
∂x2 ∂y 2
on ΩR .
(b) Let a ∈ R. Suppose f is analytic on D(0, 1). Which of the following can occur as the real
or imaginary part of f ?
x2 − y 2
x2 − axy + y 2 , x3 − x2 + y 3 , x2 + y 2 − 5x, .
(x2 + y 2 )2
6. We may rewrite any complex function f of two real variables x and y as a function of z and z
via
z+z z−z
x= , y= .
2 2i
(a) Considering z and z as independent variables, show that
   
∂f 1 ∂f ∂f ∂f 1 ∂f ∂f
= −i and = +i .
∂z 2 ∂x ∂y ∂z 2 ∂x ∂y
(b) Show that the Cauchy-Riemann equation may be expressed as
∂f
= 0.
∂z
This may be interpreted as saying that complex differentiable functions must be indepen-
dent2 of z and depend only on z.
(c) Which of the following complex functions of two real variables can be expressed in terms
of a polynomial in z = x + iy?
f1 (x, y) = x2 − y 2 − ixy, f2 (x, y) = x2 + y 2 − 2ixy.

2In fact you may also view this as a reason why there isn’t a ‘quarternion analysis’ similar to complex analysis.
For a quarternion q = x + yi + zj + wk, its quarternionic conjugate q = x − yi − zj − wk can always be expressed in
terms of q:
1
q = − (q + iqi + jqj + kqk),
2
and so we don’t have functions dependent on q but not on q.

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