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A. LISTENING. You will listen to each section twice.

Section 1: Questions 01 – 09.
Questions 01 – 03. Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.
01. ‘Extremophiles’ are life forms that can live in _______.
A. isolated areas B. hostile conditions C. new habitats
02. The researchers think that some of the organisms they found in Antarctica are _______.
A. new species B. ancient colonies C. types of insects
03. The researchers were the first people to find life forms in Antarctica _______.
A. in the soil B. under the rock surface C. on the rocks
Questions 04 – 09. Complete the sentences below, write ONE word for each answer.
How the extremophiles survive
04. Access to the sun’s heat can create a __________ for some organisms.
05. The deeper the soil, the higher the __________ of salt.
06. Salt can protect organisms against the effects of __________, even at very low temperatures.
07. Salt plays a part in the process of __________, which prevents freezing.
08. The environment of __________ is similar to the dry valleys of Antarctica.
09. This research may provide evidence of the existence of extraterrestrial life forms and their possible
__________ on other planets.
Section 2: Questions 10 – 14. Choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
10. How did Charles feel about the space travel as a boy?
A. He thought it was unlikely to happen.
B. He regarded it as more than science fiction.
C. He was fascinated by the idea of it.
D. He showed no particular interest in it.
11. What did Charles consider to be the hardest part of the training?
A. feeling trapped in the heavy spacesuit
B. endlessly practicing the lunar surface landing
C. constantly being afraid of making a mistake
D. being unable to move his arms and hands
12. What was Charles’s reaction when he first found out he was going to the moon?
A. He realized he had to be cautious.
B. He felt proud to be given the opportunity.
C. He tried to control his excitement.
D. He reflected on his chances of survival
13. How did the crew feel when they had landed on the moon?
A. They felt as if they were coming home.
B. They realized they had achieved something special.
C. They were afraid of what they might find on the surface.
D. They were worried about how they would take off again.
14. What does Charles feel was the most memorable part of his mission?
A. nearly falling into a crater
B. walking on the moon’s surface
C. seeing things never seen before
D. holding a piece of the moon
Section 3: Questions 15 – 20. Complete the sentences.
 A Trip in the Rainforest
15. Richard and Matthew abandoned their boat because they couldn’t get past a ____________.
16. They decided to walk through the jungle as far as the ____________ marked on the map.
18. The first sign of human activity that they found was a ____________.
19. In a deserted camp, they found some soup made from unusual ________ and ________.
20. Richard says that by the time they had reached the camp, they were lacking in ____________.
22. Before leaving the camp, they left the sum of ___________ to thank their host.
B. LEXICO – GRAMMAR
Section 1: Choose the best options (A, B, C, or D) that best complete the following sentences.
21. The local authority expressed regret as US drone strike has _______ killed innocent hostages.
A. incongruously B. vehemently C. inadvertently D. graciously
22. These days the castle is swamped with _______ of tourists.
A. mobs B. throngs C. shoals D. cliques
23. He left the meeting early on the unlikely _______ that he had a sick friend to visit.
A. excuse B. pretext C. motive D. aim
24. He decided to withdraw from the powerboat race as he could see a(n) _______ of danger.
A. prediction B. foreboding C. omen D. dearth
25. I slipped briefly back into sleep and emerged when breakfast was being served outside in a(n)
_______ garden-courtyard.
A. whimsical B. extravagant C. extortionate D. enchanting
26. He has a momentary _______ of concentration and before he knew it the car has spun out of
control.
A. lapse B. loss C. slip D. mistake
27. In the hands of a careless driver, a car becomes a _______ weapon.
A. fatal B. mortal C. lethal D. venal
28. He glanced at Juliet accusingly and she looked _______ abashed.
A. completely B. absolutely C. utterly D. suitably
29. We were sorted out into groups according to the types of honors and quite a long wait _______.
A. ensued B. eventuated C. supervened D. transpired
30. The Prime Minister will decide whether to release the prisoner or not; that’s his _______.
A. derogatory B. abdication C. prerogative D. humanity
31. His new play is not only interesting but also unique. It is really off the beaten _______.
A. road B. path C. route D. track
32. That Peter was born and brought up in a rich family is as clear as the _______.
A. nose on his face B. tip of his tongue C. back of his hand D. hair on his head
33. I will try to finish the job to the best of my _______.
A. knowledge B. ability C. means D. command
34. Tim said the meal was _______, so we didn’t have to worry about the price.
A. on the house B. on his expenses C. for him D. for his money
35. Let Hercules himself do what he may, for a cat will mew and a dog will have his _______.
A. day B. time C. month D. year
36. Breaking his leg _______ a blow to his chances of becoming a professional footballer.
A. brought B. caused C. dealt D. struck
37. In the acting career, the moment one first cut his _______ will be the most memorable with
embarrassment and pride bubbling up inside.
A. nails B. teeth C. fingers D. hair
38. His French is roughly _______ with my Japanese, so communication was rather difficult.
A. in harmony B. on a par C. on equal term D. on good terms
39. Max has been _______ my ears all night about his new job.
A. bending B. deafening C. rolling D. biting
40. The fighting has stopped, so to _______, the war is over.
A. all pins and needles B. all chop and change
C. all prim and proper D. all intents and purposes
41. We would sooner Mr. Tam _______ us the urgent information the other night.
A. would have sent B. had sent C. sent D. had been sent
42. Would you be _______ my letter while I am away?
A. too good as forward B. so good as to forward
C. as good as to forward D. so good as forwarding
43. He _______ us on the last day of the congress, so his presence at the opening ceremony was
something of a surprise.
A. could have joined B. had to joined C. was about to join D. was to join
44. You could have done _______ inviting Sam to the party.
A. better or worse than B. a lot worse than C. much better D. nothing as worse as
45. He works until nine o’clock every evening, and that’s quite _______ the work he does over the
weekend.
A. except for B. apart from C. without D. but for
46. I would rather go skiing _______ picnicking this weekend.
A. than going B. than to going C. than to go D. than go
47. It is mandatory that smoking in public _______.
A. is prohibited B. be prohibited C. prohibiting D. must be prohibited
48. In geometry, an ellipse may be defined as the locus of all points _______ distances from two fixed
points is constant.
A. the sum of whose B. of which the sum C. whose sum of D. which the sum of
49. Tom gripped his brother’s arm lest he _______ by the mob.
A. would be trampled B. were trampled C. be trampled D. could have been trampled
50. The mini dress was _______, but now it is making a comeback.
A. a fad once thought to be finished B. once thought a fad to be finishing
C. thought a fad to be finished once D. once thought to be a finishing fad
51. If you never put oil into your car engine, one day it will _______.
A. flake out B. shut down C. seize up D. run off
52. If you pay the restaurant bill with your credit card, it will _______ with you later.
A. settle down B. settle up C. pay back D. pay off
53. In those days, doctors ladled _______ antibiotics to patients.
A. with B. on C. in D. out
54. Let’s find out a place where we can _______ the storm.
A. wait out B. wear off C. wind down D. shrug off
55. The schoolboy winced _______ the sight of the cane in the headmaster’s hand.
A. at B. for C. by D. of
56. I was completely bowled _______ by their warm reception.
A. with B. up C. off D. over
57. I am not _______ liberty to tell you anything about his private life.
A. in B. at C. by D. on
58. The figure is more _______ 200, I think.
A. of B. at C. like D. with
59. Their performances are really _______ compare. How amazing!
A. out of B. over C. within D. beyond
60. The party was _______ full swing when I arrived. Everyone was singing and dancing.
 A. in B. on C. about D. with
Section 2: Supply the correct forms of the words given.
61. To the __________, most computer systems seem complex and difficult to understand.
(INITIATIVE)
62. The pieces of evidence fell into place with the __________ precision of a well-made jigsaw puzzle.
(VOICE)
63. Parents have deep __________ about following business values to be used in schools. (GIVE)
64. For many people, social networking offers them a feeling of __________ from the real world.
(ESCAPE)
65. Not sick, Mai guessed, but probably __________ now that she drank a lot at the party last night.
(HANG)
66. The boats surrounded the whales, drove them into nets, where they became __________ and were
rendered helpless by harpoon thrusts. (MESH)
67. “P” is a __________ consonant. (LIP)
68. Perhaps __________, recent computer modeling studies predict fewer tropical cyclones if the ocean
heats up further as a result of global warming. (INTUITION)
69. New immigrants have been successfully __________ into the community. (SIMILAR)
70. We have to learn good examples, to look at our behavior and to stop being __________. (RIGHT)
Section 3: Fill in the blank with an appropriate form of one of the words given to make a
meaningful passage.
bridge live allegation sequential name
healthy corporate accompany license gainful
William Sydney Porter (1862-1910), who wrote under the (71)__________ of O. Henry, was born in
North Carolina. His only formal education was to attend his Aunt Lina’s school until the age of fifteen,
where he developed his (72)__________ love of books. By 1881 he was a (73)__________ pharmacist.
However, within a year, on the recommendation of a medical colleague of his Father’s, Porter moved to
La Salle County in Texas for two years herding sheep. During the time, Webster’s (74)__________
Dictionary was his constant (75)__________, and Porter gained a knowledge of ranch life that he later
(76)__________ into many of his short stories. He then moved to Austin for three years, and during this
time the first recorded use of his pen name appeared, (77)__________ derived from his habit of calling
“Oh, Henry” to a family cat. In 1887, Porter married Athol Estes. He worked as a draftsman, then as a
bank teller for the First National Bank.
In 1894 Porter founded his own humor weekly, the “Rolling Stone”, a venture that failed within a
year, and later wrote a column for the Houston Daily Post. In the meantime, the First National Bank
was examined, and the (78)__________ indictment of 1886 stated that Porter has embezzled funds.
Porter then fled to New Orleans, and later to Honduras, leaving his wife and child in Austin. He
returned in 1897 because of his wife’s continued (79)__________, however, she died six months later.
Then, in 1898 Porter was found guilty and sentenced to five years imprisonment in Ohio. At the age of
35, he entered prison as a defeated man; he had lost his job, his home, his wife, and finally his invented
name he used to hide his identity. He wrote at least twelve stories in jail, and after (80)__________ his
freedom, went to New York City, where he published more than 300 stories and gained fame as
America’s favorite short story writer. Porter married again in 1907, but after months of poor health, he
died in New York City at the age of 48 in 1910. O. Henry’s stories have been translated all over the
world.
Section 4: Identify 10 mistakes in this passage and suggest corrections.
1 Preserving organisms in museums is one way of retaining them for posterity, but almost people
agree that it would be nice to keep a few of them live in the wild, too. At the moment, which
 species survive, which decline to threatened or even status and which succumb for extinction is
something of a lottery, WORLDMAP is an easy-to-use software that identified geographical
5 patterns in diversity, rarity and conservation priorities. It can perform a range of specialist
biological analysis for infinitely countless numbers of species, with a view to provide data for
research purposes. The program divides the surface area of the world into cells, usually
arranging in a rectangular grid WORLDMAP can also predict the likelihood of a hitherto
10 unobserved species found in an area on the basis of theirs known distribution. Given the
patchiness of most records, which is a useful trick. Furthermore, it can select complementary
areas for preservation. Those are not necessarily cells with the highest individual biodiversity,
but for those which together, maximize what is preserved by picking places with the least
overlapping species.
81.____________ 82.____________ 83.____________
84.____________ 85.____________ 86.____________
87.____________ 88.____________ 89.____________
90.____________
C. READING
Section 1: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions below.
STEP BACK IN TIME
Historical biographer Antonia Fraser reveals the pleasure of studying a bygone era.
Gibbon was inspired to write The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire sitting on the steps of the
Capitol at Rome one evening, listening to the sound of monks chanting vespers. My own inspiration to
become a historical biographer came in rather less elevated circumstances, as a teenager one rainy
Oxford afternoon: I began to read Lytton Strachey’s Eminent Victorians and was in particular
fascinated by his essay on the worldly Cardinal Manning. This was going to be the life for me! Once
back at school I plunged into further research in the convent library. A very different picture emerged.
Gradually as I pursued the topic, I became aware of Strachey's daring sallies into "artistic truth" (as
opposed to historical truth). Nevertheless, I never forgot my original sense of being transported into a
world more vivid than my own.
An ability to convey this sensation is, I believe, at the heart of the matter. If you, the biographer,
don't thrill to your subject, you can hardly in all fairness expect the reader to do so. In a sense (not of
course the commercial sense) the choice of subject is irrelevant so long as it meets that requirement.
You could say that I was extremely lucky to choose Mary Queen of Scots for my first foray since there
proved to be a world-wide public for the troubles of the ill-fated Queen. But you could argue equally
that I made my own luck, since I had always been obsessed by Mary's story from childhood. Nor was
success fore-ordained. It was, after all, the leading publisher Mark Bonham-Carter of (then) Collins
who said to me when I confessed my project, "They say that all books on Mary Queen of Scots sell and
no books on South America do", before adding with a laugh, "Perhaps yours will be the exception."
Nevertheless I did have luck. In the 60s, so-called narrative biography was said to be passé. Mary
Queen of Scots was an early beneficiary from the fact that the public continued to have an appetite for
it, so long as the research was felt to be solid.
The actual research for a biography - now that's a whole other matter. The paramount need for it
historical truth not Stracheyesque truth must be established means that biographers discover for
themselves the reality of Dr. Johnson's wise dictum: "A man will turn over half a library to make a
book."
And what about those fabled things boasted of on blurbs: hitherto unpublished documents?
Obviously it is every researcher's dream to discover such papers, and their discovery once again may
make a project commercial which would not otherwise be so. At the same time, I would issue a caveat
about hitherto unpublished documents. HUDS are not in themselves more valuable than the printed
sources - it's a historical coincidence that one set has become known early on, the other not. One needs
to evaluate them even more closely. Here I speak from personal experience. A series of chances led me
to the discovery of some hitherto unpublished letters of Oliver Cromwell just as I was finishing my
manuscript. 1 blazoned my finds across the text: only to realize at the proof stage, that they might be
unpublished but they were not very important in the grand scheme of things... an expensive mistake.
Where the perils and pleasures of writing historical biography are concerned, there are two perils
which seem to me to raise points of principle. The first is the peril of anachronistic judgements. For
example, in the 16th century more or less everybody took astrology seriously and more or less
everybody enjoyed a jolly afternoon out to see the bears baited. It's no good dismissing the former as
meaningless and cringing from the latter as disgusting.
I would further cite the peril of hindsight. We may know that Henry VIII will marry six times, but he
didn't, and he would have been amazed if it had been predicted at the time of his first marriage to
Catherine of Aragon.
And the pleasures? Manifold! Principal among them however is the opportunity to lead a life less
ordinary. As a biographer. I can rule over kingdoms, lead the cavalry into battle, patronise the great
artists of the past and all without leaving my chair.
91. What did the writer learn while researching historical figure as a teenager?
A. There was a surprising amount of information available.
B. it was not possible to take everything she read as fact.
C. It was necessary to consult a wide range of sources.
92. what does that requirement refer to?
A. the reader's response to a writer’s subject
B. the correct choice of subject
C. the Commercial Appeal of the book
D. the writer’s ability to communicate their enthusiasm
93. what did Mark Bonham-Carter belief about the writer's choice of subject?
A. Her long-standing interest in it may ensure her book’s success.
B. It did not guarantee her book’s success.
C. There are already too many books written on it.
D. It was a wise choice for her first biography.
94. The main point that the writer is making in the fourth paragraph is that _______.
A. a biography is more likely to be successful if it contains new information
B. researchers must be carefully to check all facts thoroughly
C. research material can include inaccurate information
D. intensive reading is crucially important
95. What warning does the writer give to biographers about unpublished documents?
A. They are difficult to obtain as their discovery is down to chance.
B. Their overall significance to the book must be carefully considered.
C. Their use could result in diminished commercial success for a book.
D. It should not be assumed that they are authentic.
96. An example of an anachronistic judgment that the writer gives is _______.
A. not being able to imagine oneself living in the sixteenth century
B. being uninformed about sixteenth century customs and practices
C. viewing the sixteenth century from a twenty-first century perspective
D. focusing only on the negative side of life in the sixteenth century
97. In the article as a whole, the writer implies that her main motivation for becoming a historical
biographer was the chance to _______.
A. carry out intensive research B. become immersed in history
C. discover unpublished documents D. establish historical truth
98. The word elevated is closest in meaning to _______.
A. lofty B. normal C. raised D. high
99. The word passé is closest in meaning to _______.
A. obsolete B. out of fashion C. antique D. archaic
100. The word their in the fifth paragraph refers to _______.
A. blurbs B. researchers
C. unpublished documents D. historical truths
Section 2: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions below.
The Amazonian wilderness harbors the greatest number of species on this planet and is an
irreplaceable resource for present and future generations. Amazonia is crucial for maintaining global
climate and genetic resources, and its forest and rivers provide vital sources of food, building
materials, pharmaceuticals, and water needed by wildlife and humanity.
The Los Amigos watershed in the state of Madre de Dios, southeastern Peru. is representative of the
pristine lowland moist forest once found throughout most of upper Amazonian South America. Threats
to tropical forests occur in the form of fishing, hunting, gold mining, timber extraction, impending road
construction, and slash and burn agriculture. The Los Amigos watershed, consisting of 1.6 million
hectares (3.95 million acres), still offers the increasingly scarce opportunity to study rainforest as it was
before the disruptive encroachment of modern human civilization. Because of its relatively pristine
condition and the immediate need to justify it as a conservation zone and as a corridor between Manu
National Park and the Tambopata-Candamo Reserved Zone, this area deserves intensive, long-term
projects aimed at botanical training, ecotourism, biological inventory, and information synthesis.
On July 24, 2001, the government of Peru and the Amazon Conservation Association, represented by
Enrique Ortiz, signed a contractual agreement creating the first long-term permanently renewable
conservation concession. To our knowledge this is the first such agreement to be implemented in the
world. The conservation concession protects 340,000 acres of old growth Amazonian forest in the Los
Amigos watershed which is located in southeastern Peru. This watershed protects the eastern flank of
Manu National Park and is part of the lowland forest corridor that links it to Bahuaja-Sonene National
Park. The Los Amigos conservation concession will serve as a mechanism for the development of a
regional center of excellence in natural forest management and biodiversity science.
Several major projects are being implemented at the Los Amigos Conservation Area. Louise
Emmons is initiating studies of mammal diversity and ecology in the Los Amigos area. Other projects
involve studies of the diversity of arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Robin Foster has
conducted botanical studies at Los Amigos, resulting in the labeling of hundreds of plant species along
two kilometers of trail in upland and lowland forest. Los Amigos has also been a major field site for
Robin's rapid identification laminated photographic field guides to tropical plants. Michael Goulding is
leading a fisheries and aquatic ecology program, which aims to document the diversity of fish, their
ecologies, and their habitats in the Los Amigos area and the Madre de Dios watershed in general.
With support from the Amazon Conservation Association, and in collaboration with US and
Peruvian colleagues, the Botany of the Los Amigos project has been initiated. At Los Amigos, we are
attempting to develop a system of preservation, sustainability, and scientific research; a marriage
between various disciplines, from human ecology to economic botany, product marketing to forest
management. The complexity of the ecosystem will best be understood through a multidisciplinary
approach, and improved understanding of the complexity will lead to better management. In essence,
we must be informed to make wise management decisions about Amazonian forests. These forests hold
the greatest number of species on our planet and are an irreplaceable resource for present and future
generations. The future of these forests will depend on sustainable management and development of
alternative practices and products that do not require irreversible destruction.
The botanical project will provide a foundation of information that is essential to other programs at
Los Amigos. By combining botanical studies with fisheries and mammology, we will better understand
plant/animal interactions. By providing names, the botanical program will facilitate accurate
communication about plants and the animals that use them. Included in this scenario are humans. as we
will dedicate time to people-plant interactions in order to learn what plants are used by people in the
Los Amigos area, and what plants could potentially be used by people.
To be informed, we must develop knowledge. To develop knowledge, we must collect, organize, and
disseminate information. In this sense, botanical information has conservation value. Before we can
use plant-based products from the forest, we must know what species are useful. We must know what
their names are in order to be able to communicate accurately about them. We must be able to identify
them, to know where they occur in the forest, how of them exist, how they are pollinated and when they
produce fruit (or other useful products). Aside from understanding the species as they occur locally at
Los Amigos, we must have information about their overall distribution in tropical in order to better
understand and manage the distribution, variation, and viability of their genetic diversity and
germplasm. This involves a more complete understanding of the species through studies in the field and
herbarium.
101. The phrase genetic resources refers to _______.
A. plant seeds B. different races of people
C. diverse species of plants and animals D. cells that can be used in genetic cures for diseases
102. In paragraph 2, the author emphasizes that the current environmental condition of Amazonian
South America is _______.
A. mostly unscathed
B. restorable through his project
C. irredeemable everywhere but in the Los Amigos watershed
D. varying from destroyed to virtually pristine
103. The word encroachment in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. intrusion B. augmentation C. infringement D. seepage
104. The author implies in paragraph three that the agreement between Peru and the Amazon
Conservation Association is history primarily because it _______.
A. was the first long-term agreement regarding land in the Amazon Rainforest
B. represented the first time a South American government had agreed to renew a conservation
agreement
C. is essentially a permanent conservation agreement
D. represents the first time such an agreement has been in the form of a renewable contract
105. The author's main purpose in the passage is to _______.
A. demonstrates that conservation efforts have been historically successful and should be continued
B. garner support for opposition to destructive activities in the Los Amigos watershed
C. position the Los Amigos watershed agreement as a success towards the achievement of the vital
goal of conservation the Amazonian rainforests
D. argue that the study pristine rainforest is essential for documenting and studying the myriad
species that the forests contain
106. The author’s tone in the passage can be best described as _______.
A. advocacy for his project over the other competing projects
 B. general praise for conservation projects in Amazonian South America
C. passionate support for his and related projects
D. zealous advocacy for his point of view
107. The work of Louise Emmons, Robin Foster, and Michael Goulding (in paragraph 4) are employed
in the passage as _______.
A. colleagues of the author’s in his botanical project
B. examples of the kinds of activities the author and his colleagues are trying to halt
C. Scientists who are representative of new trends of study in Amazonian botany
D. Scientists involved in projects related and amenable to the author’s
108. The author’s botanical project involved all of the following EXCEPT _______.
A. studying plants in laboratory
B. studying how plants are used by humans and animals
C. facilitating pharmaceutical use of plants
D. labeling plants in the Los Amigos area
109. When the author says that the botanical project will provide names he means that the project will
_______.
A. help recognize new species
B. aid in the standardization of names for new species
C. participate in naming the region’s different zones
D. clarify the conclusion surrounding the names have different organizations working in the Amazonia
110. When the author says that with botanical information has conservation value he means that
_______.
A. A robust understanding of conservationism is aided by botanical information
B. conservationists should strive to preserve botanical information
C. specification is of importance for conservation
D. political discussions about conservation should use botanical nomenclature
Section 2: Choose the most appropriate words to fill in the blank.
The national park movement began in the United States in the 1870 when the team of explorers
suggested that part of the Yellowstone river region be (111)_______ in order to protect its geothermal
(112)_______, wildlife, forests, and (113)_______ scenery for the benefit of future generations. Congress
(114)_______ by creating Yellowstone National Park, the world’s first, in 1872.
The idea proved (115)_______, and the number of national parks in this country grew rapidly, new
parks being set up by presidential (116)_______ and sometimes as a result of gifts by states of the union
or by individuals. Administration of this increasingly complex system was in the hands of U.S. army for
thirty years from 1886, but then Congress created the National Park Service as part of the Department of
the Interior to (117)_______ it.
Today, in addition to what might be thought as typical national parks, the service also manages places
of historic interest, hiking trails, seashores, rivers (118)_______ of scientific interest and memorials. In
all, more than 300 entities are involved, covering over 32 million hectares. Each unit is directed by a
superintendent who is responsible for all aspects of the operation. Staff (119)_______ administrative
personnel and, according to the nature of the unit, park rangers, naturalists, historians, and (120)_______
workers.
111. A. set up B. set aside C. set by D. set in
112. A. tokens B. characters C. features D. traits
113. A. breathless B. optimal C. exceptional D. prominent
114. A. countered B. retrieved C. designated D. responded
115. A. prevailing B. banal C. widespread D. popular
116. A. analogy B. proclamation C. constitution D. dissemination
117. A. oversee B. overlook C. overcharge D. overact
118. A. observatories B. reserves C. reservoirs D. estuaries
119. A. cover B. control C. undergo D. undertake
120. A. maintenance B. sustainable C. protectorate D. conservation
Section 3: Choose the most appropriate word to fill in the blanks.
Ocean water plays a(n) (121)_______ role in supporting life. The great ocean basins hold about 300
million cubic miles of water. From this vast amount, about 80,000 cubic miles of water are sucked into
the atmosphere each year by evaporation and returned by precipitation and drainage to the ocean. More
than 24,000 cubic miles of rain descend annually upon the continents. This vast amount is required to
(122)_______ the lakes and streams, springs and water tables on which all flora and fauna are
dependent. Thus, the hydrosphere permits organic existence.
The hydrosphere has strange characteristics because water has (123)_______ unlike those of any
other liquid. One (124)_______ is that water upon freezing (125)_______ by about 9 percent, whereas
most liquids contract on cooling. (126)_______ this reason, ice floats on water bodies instead of
sinking to the bottom. If the ice sank, the hydrosphere would soon be frozen solidly, except for a thin
layer of surface melt water during the summer season. Thus, all aquatic life would be destroyed and the
interchange of warm and cold currents, which moderates climate, would be (127)_______ absent.
Another outstanding characteristic of water is that water has a heat capacity which is the highest of
all liquids and solids except ammonia. This characteristic enables the oceans to absorb and store vast
quantities of heat, (128)_______ often preventing climatic extremes. In addition, water dissolves more
substances than any other liquid. It is this characteristic which helps make oceans a great storehouse for
minerals which have been washed (129)_______ from the continents. In several areas of the world
these minerals are being commercially exploited. Solar evaporation of salt is widely (130)_______,
potash is extracted from the Dead Sea, and magnesium is produced from sea water along the American
Gulf Coast.
121. A. principle B. principal C. dispensable D. expendable
122. A. replenish B. reinforce C. replete D. restore
123. A. property B. characteristics C. assets D. nature
124. A. alienation B. distinction C. contrast D. inconsistency
125. A. extends B. inflates C. increases D. expands
126. A. For B. By C. In D. With
127. A. remarkably B. vaguely C. unnoticeably D. indefinitely
128. A. so B. hence C. and then D. consequently
129. A. off B. out C. up D. down
130. A. exercised B. exerted C. practiced D. proceeded
Section 4: Fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word.
A new threat to our health seems to have arisen in our midst, confusion and stress brought
(131)_______ by technology. All you need to do or prove this to (132)_______ is to telephone a large
company; a recorded voice will (133)_______ you with a bewildering list of choices, and when you
have finished answering its questions, you will probably be subjected to several minutes of piped music
before you eventually make contact with a human being. But the stress you undergo as a result is
negligible compared to the (134)_______ the telegraph made on people 150 years ago. Until
(135)_______, messages could only travel as fast as a messenger could carry them. But now they could
be sent great (136)_______ in seconds. Before long, (137)_______ cables were laid across the oceans,
and thirty years later, the network reached 20,000 towns around the world.
 Information arrived so quickly, often contradicting what had previously been transmitted,
(138)_______ businessmen had to work much harder to (139)_______ abreast of developments. If we
find difficulty with the Internet, which is technological evolution, (140)_______ revolution, our
ancestors had afar harder task in getting used to the invention in the first place.
Section 5: Fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word.
Negative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment’s
(141)_______ to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional
tourism poses potential (142)_______ to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous
pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, (143)_______ into the
sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened (144)_______ to
forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources and it can force local populations to compete for
the use of critical resources.
Water, and especially fresh water, is one of the most critical natural resources. The tourism industry
generally (145)_______ water resources for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses and personal use of
water by tourists. This can result (146)_______ water shortages and (147)_______ of water supplies, as
well as generating a greater volume of waste water. Tourism can create great pressure on local
resources like energy, food and other raw materials that may already be in short supply. Greater
extraction and transport of these resources exacerbates the physical impacts associated with their
exploitation. Because of the (148)_______ character of the industry, many destinations have ten times
(149)_______ inhabitants in the high season than in the low season. A high demand is placed upon
these resources to (150)_______ the high expectations tourists often have (proper heating, hot water,
etc.).
D. WRITING
Rewrite the following sentences using the words given.
151. Linda was very nervous, which made she look like a bashful girl. (CAME)
→ Such ______________________________________________________.
152. As soon as the funds ran out, they had to abandon the scheme. (PETERED)
→ The instant__________________________________________________.
153. Why did you reveal my plan to Kathy? (BREATHED)
→ I’d ________________________________________________________.
154. David was responsible for the family business as soon as his father died. (CHARGE)
→ Scarcely ___________________________________________________.
155. Your encouragement helped to make things less grievous after such heavy loss. (CUSHION)
→ It was _____________________________________________________.
156. Tina was crazy about stamps so she spends lots of money of them every month. (SPLASHED)
→ Had it _____________________________________________________.
157. He tried hard but couldn’t compensate for what he had done. (AMENDS)
→ Try ______________________________________________________.
158. Experts think that all dogs evolved from wolves. (DESCENDED)
→ All dogs __________________________________________________.
159. We didn’t learn he still managed to live with very little money as a waiter. (EKED)
→ Not until __________________________________________________.
160. Nobody is certain if the project will be permitted to continue. (GO-AHEAD)
→ It’s still ___________________________________________________.