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Modern History of Bihar Part-1: The Arrival of Europeans

The document summarizes the history of Bihar from the arrival of Europeans in the 15th century to the establishment of the Home Rule League in the early 20th century. It discusses key events like the Battle of Buxar in 1764 that gave the British control over Bihar, the famines of 1770 and 1783, the permanent settlement and zamindari system introduced by the British, the revolt of 1857 in Bihar, and Mahatma Gandhi's first satyagraha in Champaran in 1917 against oppressive indigo plantation policies.

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Komal Srivastava
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88 views3 pages

Modern History of Bihar Part-1: The Arrival of Europeans

The document summarizes the history of Bihar from the arrival of Europeans in the 15th century to the establishment of the Home Rule League in the early 20th century. It discusses key events like the Battle of Buxar in 1764 that gave the British control over Bihar, the famines of 1770 and 1783, the permanent settlement and zamindari system introduced by the British, the revolt of 1857 in Bihar, and Mahatma Gandhi's first satyagraha in Champaran in 1917 against oppressive indigo plantation policies.

Uploaded by

Komal Srivastava
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Modern History of Bihar Part-1


The arrival of Europeans:

1. Portuguese - traded in spices for textiles especially cotton


2. British - factory at Alamganj in Patna in 1620 for saltpetre, presently the East
India Company factory at Gulzar Bagh is turned into govt. printing press.
3. Dutch - interested in cotton textiles, saltpetre and food grains.
4. Danes - established the factory at Nepali Kothi in Patna.

Battle of Buxar - 22nd October 1764:

• British won the Battle led by Hector Munro against the combined army of
Mughals under Shah Alam II; Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal and Shuja-Ud-
Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh.
• Two separate Treaties were signed at Allahabad
o With the Mughals on 12th August 1765
o With the Nawab of Awadh on 16th August 1765.
• Mughals and the Nawab of Bengal lost effective control of the province of
Bengal constituting present-day West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand, and
Bangladesh.
• The Company got Diwani Rights of these provinces i.e. collection of revenues.
• Nawab of Awadh paid huge reparations and also ceded some of his territories.

Bihar and Bengal Famine 1770 and 1783:

• In 1783 when famine stuck again, the then Governor-General Warren


Hastings ordered for the massive dome-shaped granary of Golghar.
• Golghar was built by Captain John Garstin in 1786.

Permanent Settlement of Zamindari System:

• It was introduced in Bengal, Orissa, and districts of Benaras and northern


districts of Madras by Lord Cornwallis.
• Its architect was John Shore.
• It declared Zamindars as owners of the land.
• Zamindars could keep 1/11th of the revenue collected and give 10/11th to the
British. They were free to fix the rents and exploited the tenants.
• The rise of absentee landlords and moneylenders.
• Later the Bengal Tenancy Act was passed in 1885 to define the rights of the
tenants.
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Revolt of 1857 in Bihar:

• Governor-General - Lord Canning


• Started on 12th June 1857 in Deoghar district (now in Jharkhand) at the
headquarters of 32nd Infantry Regiment.
• On 3rd July 1857, the revolt started in Patna under bookseller Pir Ali.
• On 25th July 1857, the revolt started in Darbhanga which marked the
beginning of the widespread revolt in Bihar.
• Notable figure: Babu Kuwar Singh of Jagdishpur (currently in Bhojpur
district) occupied Arrah and he also defeated the British with Nana Saheb at
Azamgarh (UP).

Administration of Bihar by the Company:

• East India Company created a post of Deputy Governor to administer Bihar.


Raja Ram Narayan and Shitab Roy were important Deputy Governors after
the Battle of Buxar.
• Revenue Council of Patna was constituted in 1770 later replaced by the
Revenue Chief of Bihar in 1781.
• When Delhi became the capital in 1911, the province of Bihar and Orissa was
carved out from Bengal making Patna its capital.
o 22nd March 1912 Bihar was constituted.
• Educational institutions by British:
o Patna College
o Patna Science College
o Bihar College of Engineering
o Prince of Wales Medical College
o Patna Veterinary College
• of India Act 1935 divided Bihar into two separate provinces of Bihar and
Orissa

Home Rule League in Bihar:

• Established in Bankipore (Patna) on 16th December 1916


• President - Mazhar-ul-Haque
• Vice-Presidents - Sarfaraz Hussain Khan and Purnendu Narain Sinha
• Secretaries - Chandravanshi Sahay and Baijnath Narain Singh

Revolutionary Activities:

• Sachindranath Sanyal - established the branch of Anushilan Samiti in Patna in


1913
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• Bankimchandra Mitra of B.N. College - managed Anushilan Samiti, formed


Hindu Boys Association for teaching Vivekananda’s ideas.
• Benaras Conspiracy Case 1915 - Sachindranath Sanyal and Bankimchandra
Mitra
• Patna Yuvak Sangh formed in 1927
• Bihar Yuvak Sangh 1928 in Motihari - Gyan Shah
• Patliputta Yuvak Sangh 1929 - formed in Patna by Rambriksha Benipuri and
Ambika Kant Singh
• Monthly Magazine YUVAK was started in Patna.
• Female revolutionaries - Kusum Kumari Devi and Gauri Das
• Limitations - religious overemphasis kept Muslims aloof, limited upper-caste
involvement and lack of mass involvement made it a subject of govt.
suppression

Champaran Satyagraha:

• Raj Kumar Shukla invited Mahatma Gandhi to look into the Indigo Planters
problem.
• Gandhi’s his first Satyagraha in 1917. Other leaders Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah
Narayan Singh, Mazhar-ul-Haque, Mahadeo Desai, Narhari Parikh and J B
Kriplani.
• European planters were forcing farmers to plant indigo on 3/20 th of their
lands called the Tinkathiya system.
• It forced the British to appoint a committee to make the inquiry. Gandhi was
also a member. He convinced the committee to abolish the Tinkathiya system
and pay the peasants 25% compensation.

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