Class 7

Mathematics Prerequisite

22
Mathematics
KNOWLEDGE

2D shapes
Shapes that you can draw on a piece of paper are 2D shapes.

Vertex and Edge

A vertex (plural: vertices) is a point where two or more lines meet.

An edge is a line segment that joins two vertices.

And this pentagon has 5 vertices and 5 edges.

Types of triangles

There are three special names given to triangles that tell how many sides (or angles) are equal.
There can be 3, 2 or no equal sides/angles:

Equilateral Triangle Isosceles Triangle Scalene Triangle

Three equal sides Two equal sides No equal sides
Three equal angles, always 60° Two equal angles No equal angles
Triangles can also have names that tell you what type of angle is inside:

Acute Triangle Right Triangle Obtuse Triangle

All angles are less than 90° Has a right angle 90° Has an angle more than 90°

Sequence
A sequence is a list of things (usually numbers) that are in order.

(“term” , “element” or “member” mean the same thing)

A sequence, in mathematics, is a string of objects, like numbers, that follow a particular pattern.

The individual elements in a sequence are called terms. Some of the simplest sequences can be
found in multiplication tables:

▪ 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, …

Pattern: “add 3 to the previous number to get the next number”
▪ 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, …
Pattern: “add 12 to the previous number to get the next number”
▪ 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, …
Pattern: “add 5 to the previous number to get the next number”
▪ 25, 21, 17, 13, 9, …
Pattern: “subtract 4 from the previous number to get the next number”
We can also create sequences based on geometric objects:
Triangle Numbers Pattern: “add increasing integers to get the next number”

Square Numbers Pattern: “add increasing odd numbers to get the next number”

1 4 9 16 25
The sequences of triangle and square numbers also have numerical patterns like the ones we saw at
the beginning. To find the following triangle numbers we have to add increasing integers to the last
term of the sequence (+2, +3, +4, …). To find the following square numbers we have to add
increasing odd numbers (+3, +5, +7, …).

Area
What is area and how do we measure it?

Area is a measure of space on a flat surface.

We measure area by counting the number of squares that fit inside the shape.

The squares can be of any size. We usually use squares with sides 1 cm long.

We call them square centimetres or 𝒄𝒎𝟐 .

We can also use square metres or 𝒎𝟐 which are squares with sides 1 metre long. They are used for
measuring larger areas.
Quicker way to count the number of squares inside the rectangle

Count the There are There are 5 rows of 4.

number of four squares
squares in 5 × 4 = 20 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
in one row.
one row.
5 × 4 = 20 𝑐𝑚2

The formula for finding the area of a rectangle is: 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 × 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉

This rectangle covers 25 squares (25 𝑐𝑚2).

It has a width of 5 cm.

What is its length?

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 × 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉

So something times 5 equals 25:

? × 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟓
? = 𝟐𝟓 ÷ 𝟓
? =𝟓
Circle
A circle is a shape with all points the same distance from its center.
A circle is named by its center.
Thus, the circle to the right is called circle A since its center is at point A.
Some real world examples of a circle are a wheel,
a dinner plate and (the surface of) a coin.

These set of points form the perimeter of the circle.

The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle.
The distance across a circle through the center is called the diameter.
A real-world example of diameter is a 9-inch plate.

The radius is the distance from the centre of the circle to any point
on its perimeter (circumference).
If you place two radii (The plural of radius is radii) end-to-end in a circle,
you would have the same length as one diameter.
Thus, the diameter of a circle is twice as long as the radius.

A chord is a line that joins two points on the circumference of a circle.

Parts of a Circle

An arc is a part of the circumference.

A sector is the part of a circle between two radii.

A segment is the part of a circle

that is between a chord and the circumference.

A semicircle is a half of a circle.

SKILLS

Measure line segment using ruler

Let there be a line-segment AB.

We have to measure its length.

The scale is placed along the line-segment putting its zero (0) mark at A. We see the end B is at the 3
cm mark of the scale. So the length of the line-segment AB = 3 cm.

Measure line segment using Dividers

It is used in measuring the length of a line segment.
It can also be used in map reading, it measures the distance
between two points on a map and that distance
can be used to know the actual distance using a scale.
It can be used to divide a segment into
several divisions of same length.

Measure angle using protractor

Protractors usually have two sets of numbers
going in opposite directions.

Be careful which one you use!

When in doubt think "should this angle be

bigger or smaller than 90° ?"

Draw line segment using ruler or straight edge

A line-segment has two end points.

Mark two points and Use the ruler or straight This is how you draw a
label them. edge to join the points. line segment.
Drawing 2D shapes on a grid Drawing 2D shapes on a coordinate grid

Draw a circle or an arc using compass

A compass is an instrument
used to draw circles or the parts Hinge
of circles called arcs.
It consists of two movable arms Pencil
hinged together where one arm
has a pointed end and the other arm Hold for a pencil
holds a pencil. (clamp)

Note that a compass is also called Compass needle

a pair of compasses.

To draw a circle (or arc) with a compass:

Make sure that the hinge at the top of the compass is

tightened so that it does not slip.
Tighten the hold for the pencil so it also does not slip.
Secure a sharp pencil in the clamp of a compass so
the point of the compass and the point of the pencil
are level when the compass is closed.

Adjust the angle of the arms so that

they span the full desired radius.
Put the sharp end of a compass down firmly wherever
you want the middle of your circle to be.
Put the pencil point gently down on the paper.
Keep the compass upright and hold the compass
at the top.
Turn the compass so that the pencil draws a circle.

To draw a circle of radius 4 cm

Step 1: Use a ruler to set the distance from the point of the compass
to the pencil's lead at 4 cm.
Step 2: Place the point of the compass at the centre of the circle.
Step 3: Draw the circle by turning the compass through 360̊ .