B.E (IV SEM) MECH.ENGG / Tutorial – 4 B.E (IV SEM) MECH.

ENGG / Tutorial – 4
Engineering Thermodynamics: II Law of Engineering Thermodynamics: II Law of
Thermodynamics (Entropy, Availability and Thermodynamics (Entropy, Availability and
Reversibility) Reversibility)

1) Water is heated at a constant pressure of 0.7 1) Water is heated at a constant pressure of 0.7
MPa. The boiling point is 164.97°C. The initial MPa. The boiling point is 164.97°C. The initial
temperature of water is 0°C. The latent heat of temperature of water is 0°C. The latent heat of
evaporation is 066.3 kJ/kg. Find the increase of evaporation is 066.3 kJ/kg. Find the increase of
entropy of water, if the final state is steam entropy of water, if the final state is steam
(Ans. 6.6967 kJ/kg K) (Ans. 6.6967 kJ/kg K)

2) Two kg of water at 80°C are mixed 2) Two kg of water at 80°C are mixed
adiabatically with 3 kg of water at 30°C in a adiabatically with 3 kg of water at 30°C in a
constant pressure process of 1 atmosphere. constant pressure process of 1 atmosphere.
Find the increase in the entropy of the total Find the increase in the entropy of the total
mass of water due to the mixing process (cp of mass of water due to the mixing process (cp of
water = 4.187 kJ/kg K). water = 4.187 kJ/kg K).
(Ans. 0.0576 kJ/K) (Ans. 0.0576 kJ/K)

3) Each of three identical bodies satisfies the 3) Each of three identical bodies satisfies the
equation U = CT, where C is the heat capacity of equation U = CT, where C is the heat capacity of
each of the bodies. Their initial temperatures are each of the bodies. Their initial temperatures are
200 K, 250 K, and 540 K. If C = 8.4 kJ/K, what is 200 K, 250 K, and 540 K. If C = 8.4 kJ/K, what is
the maximum amount of work that can be the maximum amount of work that can be
extracted in a process in which these bodies are extracted in a process in which these bodies are
brought sto a final common temperature? brought sto a final common temperature?
(Ans. 756 kJ) (Ans. 756 kJ)

4) An adiabatic vessel contains 2 kg of water at 4) An adiabatic vessel contains 2 kg of water at

25°C. By paddle-wheel work transfer, the 25°C. By paddle-wheel work transfer, the
temperature of water is increased to 30°C. If the temperature of water is increased to 30°C. If the
specific heat of water is assumed constant at specific heat of water is assumed constant at
4.187 kJ/kg K, find the entropy change of the 4.187 kJ/kg K, find the entropy change of the
universe. universe.
(Ans. 0.139 kJ/K) (Ans. 0.139 kJ/K)

5) An insulated 0.75 kg copper calorimeter can 5) An insulated 0.75 kg copper calorimeter can
containing 0.2 kg water is in equilibrium at a containing 0.2 kg water is in equilibrium at a
temperature of 20°C. An experimenter now temperature of 20°C. An experimenter now
places 0.05 kg of ice at 0°C in the calorimeter places 0.05 kg of ice at 0°C in the calorimeter
and encloses the latter with a heat insulating and encloses the latter with a heat insulating
shield.(a) When all the ice has melted and shield.(a) When all the ice has melted and
equilibrium has been reached, what will be the equilibrium has been reached, what will be the
temperature of water and the can? The specific temperature of water and the can? The specific
heat of copper is 0.418 kJ/kg K and the latent heat of copper is 0.418 kJ/kg K and the latent
heat of fusion of ice is 333 kJ/kg. heat of fusion of ice is 333 kJ/kg.
(b) Compute the entropy increase of the (b) Compute the entropy increase of the
universe resulting from the process. universe resulting from the process.
(c) What will be the minimum work needed by a (c) What will be the minimum work needed by a
stirrer to bring back the temperature of water to stirrer to bring back the temperature of water to
20°C? 20°C?
(Ans. (a) 4.68°C, (b) 0.00276 kJ/K, (c) 20.84 kJ) (Ans. (a) 4.68°C, (b) 0.00276 kJ/K, (c) 20.84 kJ)
6) Two blocks of metal, each having a mass of 6) Two blocks of metal, each having a mass of
10 kg and a specific heat of 0.4 kJ/kg K, are at a 10 kg and a specific heat of 0.4 kJ/kg K, are at a
temperature of 40°C. A reversible refrigerator temperature of 40°C. A reversible refrigerator
receives heat from one block and rejects heat to receives heat from one block and rejects heat to
the other. Calculate the work required to cause a the other. Calculate the work required to cause a
temperature difference of 100°C between the temperature difference of 100°C between the
two blocks. two blocks.

7) In a steam generator, water is evaporated at 7) In a steam generator, water is evaporated at

260°C, while the combustion gas (cp = 1.08 260°C, while the combustion gas (cp = 1.08
kJ/kg K) is cooled from 1300°C to 320°C. The kJ/kg K) is cooled from 1300°C to 320°C. The
surroundings are at 30°C. Determine the loss in surroundings are at 30°C. Determine the loss in
available energy due to the above heat transfer available energy due to the above heat transfer
per kg of water evaporated (Latent heat of per kg of water evaporated (Latent heat of
vaporization of water at 260°C = 1662.5 kJ/kg). vaporization of water at 260°C = 1662.5 kJ/kg).
(Ans. 443.6 kJ) (Ans. 443.6 kJ)

8) A hot spring produces water at a temperature 8) A hot spring produces water at a temperature
of 56°C. The water flows into a large lake, with a of 56°C. The water flows into a large lake, with a
mean temperature of 14°C, at a rate of 0.1 m3 of mean temperature of 14°C, at a rate of 0.1 m3 of
water per min. What is the rate of working of an water per min. What is the rate of working of an
ideal heat engine which uses all the available ideal heat engine which uses all the available
energy? energy?
(Ans. 19.5 kW) (Ans. 19.5 kW)

9) Air flows through an adiabatic compressor at 9) Air flows through an adiabatic compressor at
2 kg/s. The inlet conditions are 1 bar and 310 K 2 kg/s. The inlet conditions are 1 bar and 310 K
and the exit conditions are 7 bar and 560 K. and the exit conditions are 7 bar and 560 K.
Compute the net rate of availability transfer and Compute the net rate of availability transfer and
the irreversibility. Take T0 = 298 K. the irreversibility. Take T0 = 298 K.
(Ans. 481.1 kW and 21.2 kW) (Ans. 481.1 kW and 21.2 kW)

10) An adiabatic turbine receives a gas (cp = 10) An adiabatic turbine receives a gas (cp =
1.09 and cv = 0.838 kJ/kg K) at 7 bar and 1.09 and cv = 0.838 kJ/kg K) at 7 bar and
1000°C and discharges at 1.5 bar and 665°C. 1000°C and discharges at 1.5 bar and 665°C.
Determine the second law and isentropic Determine the second law and isentropic
efficiencies of the turbine. Take T0 = 298 K. efficiencies of the turbine. Take T0 = 298 K.
(Ans. 0.956, 0.879) (Ans. 0.956, 0.879)

11) Air enters an adiabatic compressor at 11) Air enters an adiabatic compressor at
atmospheric conditions of 1 bar, 15°C and atmospheric conditions of 1 bar, 15°C and
leaves at 5.5 bar. The mass flow rate is 0.01 leaves at 5.5 bar. The mass flow rate is 0.01
kg/s and theefficiency of the compressor is 75%. kg/s and theefficiency of the compressor is 75%.
After leaving the compressor, the airis cooled to After leaving the compressor, the airis cooled to
40°C in an after-cooler. Calculate 40°C in an after-cooler. Calculate
(a) The power required to drive the compressor (a) The power required to drive the compressor
(b) The rate of irreversibility for the overall (b) The rate of irreversibility for the overall
process (compressor and cooler). process (compressor and cooler).
(Ans. (a) 2.42 kW, (b) 1 kW) (Ans. (a) 2.42 kW, (b) 1 kW)