ELECTRICAL POWER

Academic Year : 2009

2009--10 Semester
Semester--II

RITESH PATEL
Email: [email protected]
p @y
 COURSE INFORMATION

Name: Electrical Power E

Examination
i ti Scheme
S h
Theory 70
Code: 140902 Exam Marks
Lecture: 4 Hours Internal 20
Exam Marks
Lab: -
Continuous 10
Tutorial : - Evaluation Marks
100
Total
Marks

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET

What is the course all about?

• This course introduces the fundamental

concepts and principles of Electrical Power
Generation, Transmission and Distribution
Distribution..

• While giving conceptual understanding of

Electrical Power System, it also setup the
b k
background d which
hi h facilitate
f ilit t the
th students
t d t tot
learn and understand higher level courses of
power system
system..

• This course introduces an overview of power

system
system, generation
generation, transmission lines,
lines
distribution, representation of components
components..
Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET
 Syllabus

• Generation (6 chapters)
• Transmission
• Di t ib ti
Distribution
• Substation
• Power Factor Improvement
• Earthingg

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET

 Co curricular Activities

• Assignment
• Video Lectures
• I d t i l Visit
Industrial Vi it : Substation
S b t ti
• Expert Talk

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET

 What is Electric Current?
The movement of charges such as electrons is called current, and
this electrical current is what powers household appliances.

Charge Passing
Through A Given Area
Electric Current = -------------------------------
Time

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET

 An easier way to think of electric current :
Cars ggoing
g through
g a Toll booth.

The cars could

Th ld represent
electrons or charge, and the
toll booth could represent
p
the cross sectional area of
the wire at a certain point.

If you count the number of cars or electrons, that passed through

the toll booth or a certain cross sectional area of the wire, and
divided that number by the time it took for those cars or charges
to pass, you would get the current!
Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET
Electric current generation - whether
from fossil fuels, nuclear, renewable
fuels, or other sources is usually
based on the:
the

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET

In September of 1831, Michael Faraday made
the discoveryy of Electromagnetic
g Induction.

Faraday attached two wires to a

disc and rotated the disc between
the opposing poles of a horseshoe
magnet creating an electric
current.
t
•If you place a magnet and a conductor (copper wire), in a
room together there will be no electric current generated.
•This is because motion, from our equation for electricity, is
missing!
•An electric current is not generated unless the magnetic
field is moving relative to the copper wire, or the copper wire
is moving relative to the magnetic field
field.
Simple
Si l electric
l t i generators
t f
foundd in
i power plants
l t contain,
t i magnets
t
and copper wire that when put into motion relative to one another
create the electric current that is sent out to homes.

The major problem in

electricity generation
i where
is h d
does the
h
Motion come from
that keeps the
copper wire and
magnets moving
relative to one
another.
another

In this case, wind power applies a force to the blades that turns them.
The spinning blades, spin an armature that turns the copper wire
relative to the magnetic field. As long as the blades spin, electricity
will be generated! Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET
At home,
home electric
current that was
generated by
generators in the power
plant is used to power
electric appliances.

The electric current,

running through the
copper wire causes
the armature to spin
which is how most
motors generate
motion.
Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET
COMPONENTS OF POWER SYSTEM

• Generation
• Transmission
• Distribution

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET

 POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Generation
Primary Transmission(132/220/400/765kV) AC or HVDC
Dhuvaran
K
Karamsad
d
CB

Power Plant Bus-bar Steel Tower (220/66 kV) Bus-bar

X’mer CB 220 kV
Sending end SS (11/220kV)
Primary Tra. SS /
GCET Primary Grid
Commercial/ 66 kV
Industrial Transmission
Customer

Distribution Transformer/ S
Secondary
d T
Transmission(66/132kV)
i i (66/132kV)
Pole mounted X’mer
Urban (11/0.415 kV) Primary Distribution
Customers
V V Nagar

(66/11 kV)

Secondary Distribution Secondary Tra. SS/

Distribution Secondary Grid
Underground Cable
Pole
To Other
Residential 66kV
Customer Residential Substations
Customer
Single line diagram of Power System
COMPONENTS OF POWER SYSTEM
• Generation
G ti
• Transmission
– Sending end Substation (step up trans. SS)
– Primary Transmission
– Primary tran. Substation (Primary Grid)
– Secondaryy transmission
– Secondary tran. Substation)(Secondary Grid)
• Distribution
– Primary Distribution
– Secondary distri.
distri SS (Pole Mounted X X’mer)
mer)
– Secondary Distribution
Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET
 GENERATION
Conventional Methods Non-Conventional Methods
• Thermal Power Plant (70%) • Solar
• Hydro Power Plant (20%) • Tidal
• Nuclear Power Plant (5%) • Wind Green Power
(as it emits
• Diesel Power Plant • Geothermal less pollution)
• Gas Power Plant (2%) • Bio
Bio--mass
• Combine Cycle
y p
plant (3%)
( ) • Fuel cells

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET

Transmission Voltages
g : Indian
Standards
• 765 kV
• 400 kV
• 220 kV
• 132 kV
• 66 kV

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET

Distribution Voltages
g : Indian
Standards
• 11 KV
• 415/240 V

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET

Electrical Power Transmission
1) The generating station converts the energy of gas,
oil, coal or nuclear fuel to electric energy. The
generator voltage
g g is about 15 kV

2) The main transformer increases the voltage to 132-

132-
765 kV. This reduces the current and losses.

3) The high voltage transmission line transports the

energy from the generating station to the large loads,
lik towns.
like t Example:
E l Energy
E generated
t d att Dhuvaran
Dh is
i
transported by a 220 kV line to the substation at
Karamsad.

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET

Electrical Power Transmission
4)) The high
g voltage
g substation reduces the voltage
g to
132--66kV. The substation serves as a node point for
132
several lines.

5) The sub-
sub-transmission lines (132 kV
kV--66 kV) connect
the high voltage substation to the Secondary Grid
(local station).

6) The Primary Distribution lines (11 kV) distribute the

energy along streets or underground. Each line
supplies
li severall step-
step-down
d transformers
f ((PMT))
distributed along the line.

7) The distribution transformer reduces the voltage to

415/240V, which supplies the houses, shopping
centers, etc.. Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET
TRANSMISSION

• Sending End Sub

Sub--Station
• Primary Transmission
• Primary Grid
• Secondary Transmission
• Secondary Grid

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET

DISTRIBUTION

• Primary Distribution
• Pole Mounted Sub
Sub--Station
• Secondary Distribution

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET

TRANSMISSION TYPES

• Overhead Transmission
• Under Ground Transmission

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET

Ritesh Patel EE Dept. GCET