Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Risk Factors Underlying
Disasters

CO_Q1_DRRR SHS
Module 2
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Risk Factors Underlying Disasters
First Edition, 2021

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Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Risk Factors Underlying
Disasters
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

ii
 What I Need to Know

This module is intended to help you understand the risk factors underlying
disasters. This course focuses on the application of scientific knowledge and the
solution of practical problems in a physical environment.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the risk factors underlying disasters.
2. describe each Risk factors underlying disasters.
3. utilize the gained knowledge in real life situations to avoid harm and assure
safety.
4. appreciate the importance of understanding the risk factors underlying disasters
to mitigate the effects of disaster and practice mitigation measures as early as
necessary.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is the process or condition, often development-related,

that influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and
vulnerability or reducing capacity?
a. risk factor
b. disaster risk

c. natural hazard

d. man-made hazard

2. Which of the following is NOT an element which causes disaster?

a. exposure

b. hazard

c. risk
d. vulnerability

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3. Which of the following BEST describes hazard?
a. loss of life or injury naturally
b. a phenomenon or human activity
c. potentially damaging physical event
d. reduction of vulnerability and exposure

4. Which of the following risk factors BEST describes the cause of COVID-19
pandemic?
a. climate change
b. weak governance
c. globalized economic development
d. poorly- planned and managed urban development

5. It refers to the changes that can be attributed “directly or indirectly to

human activity altering the composition of the global atmosphere and
additionally to the natural climate variability observed over comparable
periods of time”?
a. deforestation
b. climate change
c. global warming
d. carbon footprint

6. How will reduction of the level of vulnerability and exposure be possible?

a. proper knowledge on disaster risk
b. potentially damaging physical even
c. increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazard
d. by keeping people and property as distant as possible from hazards

7. Which of the following risk factors affect with inequality?

a. poverty
b. climate change
c. weak governance
d. globalized economic development

8. Unwillingness to assume their roles and responsibilities in governing

disaster risk unit, falls under which of the following risk factors?
a. climate change
b. weak governance
c. poverty and inequality
d. environmental degradation

9. Which among the groups suffer more adverse effects when an earthquake
causing disaster occurs?
a. men and women
b. children and women
c. old persons and women
d. old persons and children

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Module 2
10. The occurrence of landslides in the Philippines is increasing. This
kind of disaster will fall under which of the following risks?
a. poverty and inequality
b. climate change and weak governance
c. climate change and environmental degradation
d. climate change and globalized economic development

11. The ages below are average years ranges affected by specific situations
happening as a disaster occurs. Which of the following age ranges are
“Most Stressed-Out” after a disaster according to Asian Disaster
Preparedness Center (ADPC)?
a. 16-20
b. 20-30
c. 30-40
d. 40-60

12. Which of the following risk factors is the result in an increased

polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale?
a. climate change
b. poverty and inequality
c. environmental degradation
d. globalized economic development

13. Which of the following is NOT a contributor to the worst outcomes

when a disaster happened?
a. displacement
b. can handle stress
c. death of someone close
d. massive loss of property

14. Who among the following groups of people are more likely to live in
hazard-exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures
based on most studies in Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC)?
a. middle class
b. senior citizens
c. young professionals
d. impoverished people

15. It is a risk factor that is both a driver and a consequence of disasters,

reducing the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological
needs, what is it?
a. climate change
b. weak governance
c. poverty and inequality
d. environmental degradation

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Module 2
 Lesson
Differentiating Risk Factors
1 Underlying Disaster

In this module, the learner will understand that disaster can bring about
many devastating effects. Upon identifying the risk factors underlying disaster, this
will provide ideas to mitigate the effects of disasters that can lead to death,
destruction of infrastructures, loss of livelihoods, and even non-physical events like
emotional and psychological aspects.

What’s In

At Risk…

Disaster can affect everyone. It does not discriminate between and among
social classes, gender, creed, race, and nationality. But certain risk factors put those
affected in a position where they will have graver or longer-lasting post-disaster
stress reactions. These aggravating factors contribute to evident differences in the
stress reactions of certain individuals with certain characteristics.

Activity 1.1:
Direction: Read the scenario below. Based on your understanding of disaster from
the previous module, enumerate or list down the risks that are reflected from the
text.

Gina, an 18-year-old resident of Tacloban City, just got laid off from her job as a sales clerk in a medium- s
residents were killed, including her

childhoodfriends playmates.
and former Composite Art Background:
Medico International (2013) Taifun-Nothilfe Philippinen
2013. Photograph. https://www.flickr.com/photos/
35576425@N08/11190702586 Licensed underCC BY-SA
2.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/?
ref=ccsearch&atype=rich

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 Identified Risks:

1. Typhoon 4. Destruction of Houses or

2. Landslides Infrastracture
3. Floods 5. Severe Tropical Storm

What’s New

Activity 1.2 Identifying Risk Factors

Direction: Read the news article about an earthquake. After you have read the
article, answer the guide questions.

6.4-Magnitude Earthquake Shakes Southern Philippines

MANILA • A strong 6.4-magnitude earthquake shook the southern Philippines
yesterday, sending frightened residents fleeing from buildings, officials and
eyewitnesses said.

The quake struck off the coast of the southern town of Manay at 3.16 pm at a depth
of 14km, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) said
in a statement.

While there were no immediate reports of serious destruction, the institute said it
expects the earthquake to have caused some damage.

A lot of people ran from their homes because a lot of items were falling inside," The
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is a service
institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) that is principally
mandated to mitigate disasters that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes,
tsunami and other related geotectonic phenomena. PHIVOLCS science researcher
John Deximo said.

The Philippines lies on the so-called Ring of Fire, a vast Pacific Ocean region where
many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

At least two people were killed and scores injured when a 6.5-magnitude quake
struck the central Philippines in July last year.

The most recent major quake to hit the Philippines was in 2013, when a 7.1-
magnitude quake left more than 220 people dead and destroyed historic churches in
the central islands.

France-Presse, Agence, “6.4-Magnitude Earthquake Shakes Southern Philippines”THE STRAIT TIMES

ASIA, 09 September 2018, SGT https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/64-magnitude-
earthquake-shakes-southern-philippines

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Guide Questions:
1. What risk/s can you identify from the news article?
 The risk that I can identify is Earthquake and Destruction of Houses. That’s all that I can
identify, many people died too said in the news article.

2. What do you think are the factors that affect the disaster risks from the preceding
article?
 Geographical position - we are located in a typhoon-prone area, with 18-22
typhoons per year on the horizon. Plate tectonics - We are a product of plate
movement and are placed near plate borders. As a volcanic island, the
Philippines is prone to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Poverty -
Poverty contributes significantly to catastrophe risk, such as a powerful
typhoon. Poor people lack adequate shelter, making them vulnerable to
typhoons.

What is It

RISK FACTORS

Disaster risk as defined in the first module, has three important elements
such as:
1. Exposure - the “elements at risk from a natural or man-made hazard event
(Quebral, 2016).
2. 2. Hazard-a potentially dangerous physical occurrence, phenomenon or
human activity that may result in loss of life or injury, property damage, social and
economic disruption, or environmental degradation.
3. Vulnerability - the condition determined by physical, social, economic and
environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a
community to the impact of hazard (Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United nation, FAO 2008).
Reduction of the level of vulnerability and exposure is possible by keeping
people and property as distant as possible from hazards. We can not avoid natural
events from occurring, but we can concentrate on addressing the reduction of risk
and exposure by determining the factors causing disasters.
Risk Factors are processes or conditions, often development-related, that
influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and vulnerability
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or reducing capacity.
The following are also taken into consideration when risk factors underlying
disaster are involved:
⚫ Severity of exposure - which measures those who experience disaster first- hand
which has the highest risk of developing future mental problems, followed
by those in contact with the victims such as rescue workers and

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 health care practitioners and the lowest risk are those most distant like those
who have awareness of the disaster only through news.
⚫ Gender and Family - the female gender suffers more adverse effects. This
worsens when children are present at home. Marital relationships are placed
under strain.
⚫ Age - adults in the age range of 40-60 are more stressed after disasters but in
general, children exhibit more stress after disasters than adults do.
Magbool, Irfan, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, ADPC, 31 December 2012,
https://www.adpc.net/igo/contents/adpcpage.asp?pid=1266&dep=RIG

⚫ Economic status of country - evidence indicates that severe mental problems

resulting from disasters are more prevalent in developing countries like the
Philippines. Furthermore, it has been observed that natural disasters tend to
have more adverse effects in developing countries than do man- caused
disasters in developed countries.
Magbool, Irfan, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, ADPC, 31 December 2012,
https://www.adpc.net/igo/contents/adpcpage.asp?pid=1266&dep=RIG

Factors which underlie disasters:

1. Climate Change - can increase disaster risk in a variety of ways – by altering
the frequency and intensity of hazards events, affecting vulnerability to hazards, and
changing exposure patterns. For most people, the expression “climate change”
means the alteration of the world’s climate that we humans are causing such as
burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and other practices that increase the carbon
footprint and concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This is in line
with the official definition by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) that climate change is the change that can be attributed “directly
or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere
and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable
time periods”
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, “Climate Change and Disaster Risk
Reduction”, September 2008
https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/dra/vcp/documents/7607_Climate-Change-DRR.pdf

2. Environmental Degradation - changes to the environment can influence the

frequency and intensity of hazards, as well as our exposure and vulnerability to these
hazards. For instance, deforestation of slopes often leads to an increase in landslide
hazard and removal of mangroves can increase the damage caused by storm surges
(UNISDR, 2009b). It is both a driver and consequence of disasters, reducing the
capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological needs. Over consumption
of natural resources results in environmental degradation, reducing the
effectiveness of essential ecosystem services, such as the mitigation of floods and
landslides. This

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leads to increased risk from disasters, and in turn, natural hazards can further
degrade the environment.

Prevention Web. Editor, “Environmental Degradation”, Prevention Web. The Knowledge

Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 12 November 2015
https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/environmental-degradation

3. Globalized Economic Development - It results in an increased polarization

between the rich and poor on a global scale. Currently increasing the exposure of
assets in hazard prone areas, globalized economic development provides an
opportunity to build resilience if effectively managed. By participating in risk-
sensitive development strategies such as investing in protective infrastructure,
environmental management, and upgrading informal settlements, risk can be
reduced. Dominance and increase of wealth in certain regions and cities are
expected to have increased hazard exposure (Gencer, 2013).

Prevention Web. Editor, “Globalized Economic Development”, Prevention Web. The

Knowledge Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 12 November 2015
https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/globalized-economic-development

4. Poverty and Inequality - Impoverished people are more likely to live in

hazard- exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures. The lack
of access to insurance and social protection means that people in poverty are often
forced to use their already limited assets to buffer disaster losses, which drives them
into further poverty. Poverty is therefore both a cause and consequence of disaster
risk (Wisner et al., 2004), particularly extensive risk, with drought being the hazard
most closely associated with poverty (Shepard et al., 2013). The impact of disasters
on the poor can, in addition to loss of life, injury and damage, cause a total loss of
livelihoods, displacement, poor health, food insecurity, among other consequences.
Vulnerability is not simply about poverty, but extensive research over the past 30
years has revealed that it is generally the poor who tend to suffer worst from
disasters (DFID, 2004; Twigg, 2004; Wisner et al., 2004; UNISDR, 2009b).
Prevention Web. Editor, “Poverty and inequality”, Prevention
Web. The Knowledge Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 12
November 2015 https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/poverty-
inequality

5. Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development - A new wave of

urbanization is unfolding in hazard-exposed countries and with it, new opportunities
for resilient investment emerge. People, poverty, and disaster risk are increasingly
concentrated in cities. The growing rate of urbanization and the increase in
population density (in cities) can lead to creation of risk, especially when
urbanization is rapid, poorly planned and occurring in a context of widespread
poverty. Growing concentrations

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of people and economic activities in many cities are seen to overlap with areas of
high-risk exposure.
Prevention Web editor, “Poorly planned and managed urban development “, Prevention Web. The
Knowledge Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 12 November 2015
https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/poorly-planned-managed-urban-development

6. Weak Governance - weak governance zones are investment environments in

which public sector actors are unable or unwilling to assume their roles and
responsibilities in protecting rights, providing basic services and public services.
Disaster risk is disproportionately concentrated in lower-income countries with
weak governance (UNISDR, 2015a). Disaster risk governance refers to the specific
arrangements that societies put in place to manage their disaster risk (UNISDR,
2011a; UNDP, 2013a) within a broader context of risk governance (Renn, 2008 in
UNISDR, 2015a). This reflects how risk is valued against a backdrop of broader
social and economic concerns (Holley et al., 2011).
Prevention Web. Editor, “ ”Prevention Web. The Knowledge Platform for Disaster Risk
Reduction. Nov. 12, 2015 https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/weak-governance

7. Geographical Location - The Philippines is one of the most vulnerable

countries in the world to natural disasters. The country's location makes it
vulnerable to storms that cause flooding, mudslides, and typhoons. Furthermore,
the Philippines is vulnerable to tsunamis due to the presence of offshore trenches
such as the Manila Trench. Regrettably, the list does not stop there. The Philippines
also sits above the Ring of Fire, a path that runs through the Pacific Ocean basin.
https://borgenproject.org/natural-disasters-in-the-philippines/

Certain factors are related to a survivor’s background and recovery is

hampered if survivors: were not functioning well before the disaster; have no
experience dealing with disasters; must deal with other stressors after the disaster;
have low self-esteem; feel uncared for by others; think they exercise little control
over what happens to them; and unable to manage stress.
More factors contributory to worse outcomes: death of someone close; injury
to self or family member; life threat; panic, horror, or similar feelings; separation
from family; massive loss of property; and displacement.

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 What’s More

Activity 1.3: What is the Risk Factor?

Direction: Analyze the given situation by identifying the correct risk factor. Write
only the letter that corresponds to your answer. To facilitate your task, accomplish
the given table below:

A. Climate Change

B. Environmental Degradation
C. Globalized Economic Development

D. Poverty and Inequality

E. Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development

F. Weak Governance
G. Geographical Location

Situation Factor Underlying

Disaster

unwillingness to assume their roles and responsibilities F

in governing disaster risk department
rising sea levels A

cities located in low-altitude estuaries such as Marikina E

City, Philippines are exposed to sea-level rise and
flooding.
houses are built with lightweight materials D

effects in developing countries C

deforestation that can lead to landslide B

global Warming A

garbage slide killed that over 200 people in an informal D

settlement in Manila, the Philippines,
fragmented responsibilities for drought risk E
management

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 Stop and Reflect

Now review your previous activities 1.3. Do you think that the given
ideas/concepts are clear for you to differentiate risk factors underlying
disasters? Agree or Disagree?

 Agree. It was so clear and I clearly understand the lesson

for today. I can now differentiate the acitivity 1.3 thanks
to this module for expanding my knowledge about
Disaster risk.

What I Have Learned

Exit Ticket
ned so much from this module? What are the three things that you learned today? What are the two things you f

3 Things I learned Today1. Earthquakes

2. Typhoons
3. Floods
What I Can Do

2 Things I Found Interesting1. How to survive earthquake.

2. What to do if your house is made up of light materials.

1 Question I have None

Now that you have already learned and understand the lessons, focusing on risk
factors underlying disasters. It is time to work to demonstrate your learning gains.
Are you ready? Sure, you are!

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Activity 1.4 Am I Ready?
Direction: Suppose you are invited by the SK Chairman in your barangay as a
resource speaker to your fellow age group during an Environmental Awareness
Activity and you were asked to give emphasis on the risk factors underlying disasters
so that young people will be equipped with knowledge on how to mitigate the effects
of a disaster. Have a concept in mind of how you are going to deliver the
information. Write down what you want to deliver to the audience. The given rubrics
below will be used for scoring.
Rubrics for creating a speech.

4 3 2 1

The speech The speech

The speech The speech is
is on topic is on topic
adheres to neither on
Content but the and the
the topic nor has
substance is substance is
theme/topic. substance.
satisfactory. fair.

Ideas and pieces

Some pieces
The speech is of information
of
very well seem to be
Organization Clear words information
organized randomly
of Thoughts are used. are not clear
and arranged and
and hard to
informative. improvement is
follow.
needed.

Cox, Janelle. "Writing Rubrics." ThoughtCo, Feb. 19, 2020, thoughtco.com/writing-

rubric-2081370.

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 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is the process or condition, often development-

related, that influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of
exposure and vulnerability or reducing capacity?
a. risk factor
b. disaster risk
c. natural hazard
d. man-made hazard

2. Which of the following is NOT an element which causes disaster?

a. exposure
b. hazard
c. risk
d. vulnerability

3. Which of the following BEST describes hazard?

a. loss of life or injury naturally
b. a phenomenon or human activity
c. potentially damaging physical event
d. reduction of vulnerability and exposure

4. Which of the following risk factors BEST describes the cause of

COVID- 19 pandemic?
a. climate change
b. weak governance
c. globalized economic development
d. poorly- planned and managed urban development

5. It refers to the changes that can be attributed “directly or indirectly to

human activity altering the composition of the global atmosphere and
additionally to the natural climate variability observed over comparable
periods of time”?
a. deforestation
b. climate change
c. global warming
d. carbon footprint

11
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Module 2
6. How will reduction of the level of vulnerability and exposure be possible?
a. proper knowledge on disaster risk
b. potentially damaging physical even
c. increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazard
d. by keeping people and property as distant as possible from
hazards

7. Which of the following risk factors affect with inequality?

a. poverty
b. climate change
c. weak governance
d. globalized economic development

8. Unwillingness to assume their roles and responsibilities in governing

disaster risk unit, falls under which of the following risk factors?
a. climate change
b. weak governance
c. poverty and inequality
d. environmental degradation

9. Which among the groups suffer more adverse effects when an earthquake
causing disaster occurs?
a. men and women
b. children and women
c. old persons and women
d. old persons and children

10. The occurrence of landslides in the Philippines is increasing. This

kind of disaster will fall under which of the following risks?
a. poverty and inequality
b. climate change and weak governance
c. climate change and environmental degradation
d. climate change and globalized economic development

11. The ages below are average years ranges affected by specific situations
happening as a disaster occurs. Which of the following age ranges are
“Most Stressed-Out” after a disaster according to Asian Disaster
Preparedness Center (ADPC)?
a. 16-20
b. 20-30
c. 30-40
d. 40-60

12
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12. Which of the following risk factors is the result in an increased
polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale?
a. climate change
b. poverty and inequality
c. environmental degradation
d. globalized economic development

13. Which of the following is NOT a contributor to the worst outcomes

when a disaster happened?
a. displacement
b. can handle stress
c. death of someone close
d. massive loss of property

14. Who among the following groups of people are more likely to live in
hazard-exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing
measures based on most studies in Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
(ADPC)?
a. middle class
b. senior citizens
c. young professionals
d. impoverished people

15. It is a risk factor that is both a driver and a consequence of disasters,

reducing the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological
needs, what is it?
a. climate change
b. weak governance
c. poverty and inequality
d. environmental degradation

13
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 Additional Activities

Activity 1.5 Fill Me!

Direction: Supply the missing letters to complete the word/s that described
the various effects of disaster. Statements are provided as clues.
1. The elements at risk from a natural or man-made hazard event.

_X__S__E
EXPOSURE

2. These are processes or conditions, often development-related, that

influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and
vulnerability or reducing capacity.

D_S___ E_ R__ _
DISASTER RISK

3. The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and

environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a
community to the impact of hazard.

_U_N__A__L__Y
VULNERABILITY

4. Damage to both public and private infrastructures

I_F__S_R__T_ R_ D__A_ E
INFRASTRACTURE DAMAGE

5. Many people must abandon their homes and seek shelter in other regions
which may cause large influx of refugees that disrupt accessibility of health
care and education, as well as food supplies and clean water

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P__E_T_ _L D_S__A__M_N_
POTENTIAL DISPLACEMENT

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Answer Key

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References
France-Presse, Agence, “6.4-Magnitude Earthquake Shakes Southern Philippines” ,
09 September 2018. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/64-
magnitude-earthquake-shakes-southern-philippines

Magbool, Irfan, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, ADPC, 31 December 2012.

https://www.adpc.net/igo/contents/adpcpage.asp?pid=1266&dep=RIG

International Stratgegy for Disaster Reduction, “Climate Change and Disaster Risk
Reduction”, September 2008. https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/dra
/vcp / documents/7607_Climate-Change-DRR.pdf

Prevention Web. Editor, “Environmental Degradation”, 12 November 2015.

https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/environmental-degradation

Prevention Web. Editor, “Globalized Economic Development”, 12 November 2015.

https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/globalized-economic-development

Prevention Web. Editor, “Poverty and inequality”, Prevention Web”, 12 November

2015. https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/poverty-inequality

Prevention Web editor, “Poorly planned and managed urban development “, 12

November 2015. https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/poorly-planned-
managed-urban-development

Prevention Web. Editor, “The Knowledge Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction”, 12
November 2015. https://www.preventionweb.net/risk/weak-governance

International Stratgegy for Disaster Reduction, “Climate Change and Disaster Risk
Reduction”, September 2008, https://www.wmo.int/pages
/prog/dra/vcp/documents/7607_Climate-Change-DRR.pdf

Patrick Mahar | Julia A. Lynch | Joseph Wathen | Eric Tham | Stephen Berman
|Sathyanarayanan Doraiswamy | Allen G.K. Maina “Disasters and their
Effects on the Population: Key Concepts,” https://www.aap.org/en-
us/Documents/disasters_dpac_PEDsModule1.pdf

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Magbool, Irfan, “Asian Disaster Preparedness Center”, 31 December 2012,
https://www.adpc.net/igo/contents/adpcpage.asp?pid=1266&dep=RIG

Backer Jonathan, “Studies on Emergencies and Disaster Relief Guidance Note on

Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction in to the CCA and UNDAF”, UNDG
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Cox, Janelle. "Writing Rubrics." ThoughtCo, Feb. 19, 2020, thoughtco.com/writing-

rubric-2081370.

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