Construction and Building Materials 332 (2022) 127362

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Construction and Building Materials

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Effect of fine aggregate gradation on the rheology of mortar

Tian Li a, Yichuan Zhou a, Jiang Zhu a, Jiaping Liu a, b, *
a
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
b
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This study investigates the effect of fine aggregate (FA) gradation on the rheology of mortar. For the convenience
Rheology of analysis, spherical glass beads with a specific gravity of 2.50 were employed as FA. The mortar mixtures were
Fine aggregate gradation proportioned with water-to-cement ratio of 0.3 and volumetric content of FA of 0.1–0.5. The results indicated
Coupled effect
that the FA gradation had an influence on the rheology of mortar, and the influence increased with the increase
Equivalent diamete-to-paste film thickness
ratio
in volume fraction of FA. According to hydrodynamics, the effect of FA gradation can be attributed to the coupled
effect of packing fraction, specific surface area, and equivalent diameter of FA. This coupled effect can be
evaluated by the parameter D/PFT. In addition, the rheological parameters of mortar (relative yield stress and
relative plastic viscosity) increased monotonically with the increase in D/PFT, and exponential functions can
well express their relationships.

1. Introduction Smith et al. [15] suggested that optimizing the gradation of FA could
improve the flowability of mortar effectively. The reason for this sug­
The rheology of cement-based materials is an important property gestion is that FA with optimal grading has the largest ϕm and the lowest
that determines their flowability, stability, and application [1–3]. specific surface area (SSA). In addition, Hu [16] reported that graded FA
Rheology involves complex physical and chemical interactions, and can provide mortar with lower yield stress (τ0 ) and plastic viscosity (ηpl )
some difficulties are often encountered in performing related studies. In than single-size FA due to the higher ϕm of graded FA. Therefore, based
order to overcome these difficulties, the multi-scales approach was on the above studies and the relationship between flowability and
employed [4,5]. According to the simplest multi-scales approach, rheology [17–19], it is reasonable to believe that effect of FA gradation
cement-based materials can be considered as two-component composite on the rheology of mortar can be attributed to the effect of gradation on
materials with solid particles suspend in a liquid. In the case of mortar the ϕm and SSA of FA.
system, the liquid is cement paste and the solid particles are fine From the perspective of packing fraction, well-graded FA takes on a
aggregate (FA) particles. larger ϕm . This means that there is more excess paste, which results in a
FA, as a fundamental component, can affect the rheology of mortar lower τ0 and ηpl of mortar [20,21]. From the perspective of specific
[6–11]. The properties of FA can be divided into two categories, namely surface area, graded FA usually contains more fine particles compared to
chemical and physical properties. The chemical property of FA mainly single-size FA. More fine particles mean a larger SSA. In general, a larger
refers to the lithology of FA, and the effect of lithology can be attributed SSA of FA results in a higher τ0 and ηpl of mortar [22]. Therefore, it is
to the strength of the adsorption of FA of different lithology to water- more reasonable to consider the coupled effect of ϕm and SSA. This
reducer [12]. The physical properties of FA include size, gradation, coupled effect can be evaluated by paste film thickness (PFT). It is well
and morphology. The effect of size has been investigated by the authors known that PFT is directly related to the rheology of mortar [23–26].
in a previous study [13], and the effect of morphology is another study Concretely, a larger PFT indicates a lower τ0 and ηpl . However, this is not
that the authors will undertake. What this paper focuses on is the effect
the case in some of the reported studies. For example, K. Wang [27]
of gradation. In fact, a number of studies on this subject have been re­
investigated the effects of size and uncompacted voids of FA on the
ported. G. De Schutter et al. [14] evaluated the effect of FA gradation on
flowability of mortar. Results showed that, for a given PFT, graded FA
the flowability of mortar. Results showed that the mortar prepared with
can provide mortar with a lower τ0 compared to single-size FA. This
FA having a higher packing fraction (ϕm ) exhibited better flowability.

* Corresponding author at: College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Liu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127362
Received 20 December 2021; Received in revised form 27 March 2022; Accepted 30 March 2022
Available online 5 April 2022
0950-0618/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
T. Li et al. Construction and Building Materials 332 (2022) 127362

indicates that there should be other parameters of FA, in addition to ϕm Table 2

and SSA, can affect the rheology of mortar. Related properties of the PC-52.5.
The aim of this study is to clarify how FA gradation affects the Water Initial Final Specific Apparent
rheology of mortar. For the convenience of analysis, spherical glass requirement setting time setting time surface area density (g/
beads of different gradations were employed as FA. In addition, a (%) (min) (min) (cm2/g) cm3)
parameter was introduced to evaluate the effect of FA gradation based 27.60 141 182 320 3.07
on hydrodynamics.

2. Experimental details

2.1. Materials and mix proportions

2.1.1. Materials
Type I Portland cement 52.5 (PC-52.5) was used as the cementing
material. The chemical compositions and related properties of the PC-
52.5 are depicted in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. A
polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer (PCE) having a solid content of
20% was used as the water reducer. Drinkable water with a temperature
of 20 ◦ C was used as mixing water. To eliminate the morphology effect of
particles [6–8] and the adsorption effect of non-silica materials on PCE
[28], spherical glass beads (SGB) of different gradations were employed
as FA. The specific gravity of the SGB is 2.50, and the gradation curves of
the SGBs are shown in Fig. 1. The G1 and G15 are the upper limit and
lower limit of FA gradation recommended by GB/T 14684–2011 ‘‘Sand
for construction”, respectively [29]. In addition, as the scale of this study
is mortar, the mass of FA particles larger than 4.75 mm and smaller than
0.75 mm was limited to zero.

2.1.2. Mixture proportions and mixing procedure Fig. 1. Gradation curves of the SGBs.
The water-to-cement ratio and PCE-to-cement ratio, by mass, were
fixed at 0.3 and 0.08 %, respectively. The contents of FA varied from 250
to 1250 kg/m3 that correspond to 10 % to 50 % of the volume of mortar Table 3
mixture, respectively. The detailed proportions of mortar mixtures are Mixture proportions of mortar mixtures.
presented in Table 3. Each mortar mixture was given an identification Mixture Cement(kg/m3 Water(kg/m3 PCE(kg/m3 FA(kg/m3
code of M− GX− Y, in which M denotes the mortar, GX denotes the
M− GX− 10 1438.31 426.89 5.75 250
gradation of FA, and Y denotes the FA volume. The mortar mixtures M− GX− 15 1358.41 403.18 5.43 375
were prepared according to ASTM C 305 [30]. M− GX− 20 1278.50 379.46 5.11 500
M− GX− 25 1198.59 355.74 4.79 625
M− GX− 30 1118.69 332.03 4.47 750
2.2. Properties of fine aggregate
M− GX− 35 1038.78 308.31 4.16 875
M− GX− 40 958.88 284.59 3.84 1000
2.2.1. Packing fraction M− GX− 45 878.97 260.88 3.52 1125
The packing fraction (ϕm ) was measured according to the wet M− GX− 50 799.06 237.16 3.20 1250
packing method, and the measurement specifics can be referred to [31].
Each sample was measured three times to improve the reliability, and
The PSD of FA was measured using Camsizer X2 due to the fact that
the average of the three measurements was taken as the representative
Camsizer X2 can measure a large range of particle sizes (from 0.8 µm to
value.
8 mm) [33,34]. The measuring procedure was as follows: 1) place the
sample particles into a chute with a certain vibration frequency; 2) take
2.2.2. Equivalent diameter and specific surface area
pictures using BASIC and ZOOM cameras as the sample particles fall
The equivalent diameter was characterized using surface area
freely into a receiving bin by gravity; 3) import the pictures into an
average diameter (Ds ) because the Ds can balance the effect of small
image analysis software; 4) process the pictures using the image analysis
particles and large particles on the average particle diameter [32]. Ds
software to obtain the PSD of the sample particles. Fig. 2 shows the
can be calculated by Eq. (1) based on the particle size distribution (PSD)
Camsizer X2 and the computer used for running the image analysis
of FA.
software. Fig. 3 shows the PSDs of FA of different gradations.
j
∑ The specific surface area (SSA) can be determined by Eq. (2) [35].
Ds = 1/ (xvi /Di ) (1)
j
∑
i=1
SSA = 6xvi /Di (2)
where Di is the average size diameter between two successive particle i=1

sizes (mm); xvi is the corresponding volume fraction passing between

two successive particle sizes.

Table 1
Chemical compositions of the PC-52.5 (wt %).
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 TiO2 K2 O Na2O Loss

18.92 4.22 2.84 62.18 1.26 3.79 0.25 0.66 1.26 2.54

2
T. Li et al. Construction and Building Materials 332 (2022) 127362

Fig. 2. Camsizer X2 (left) and computer (right) for running image analysis software.

Fig. 4. Shearing protocol for the rheology test.

Fig. 3. Particle size distributions of FAs of different gradations.

2.3. Rheology measurement of mortar mixtures τr = τm0 /τp0 (4)

The rheology of mortar mixture was measured using a RST-SST ηr = ηmpl /ηppl (5)
rheometer with a four-blade rotor. The length and width of each blade
of the rotor are 40 mm and 10 mm, respectively. In addition, a cylin­ where τm m
0 and ηpl are the yield stress and plastic viscosity of mortar,
drical container with a diameter of 80 mm and a height of 120 mm was respectively; τp0 and ηppl are the yield stress and plastic viscosity of cement
employed to match the rotor. Fig. 4 shows the shearing protocol for the
paste, respectively.
rheology test. The measuring procedure was as follows: (a) place a
mortar mixture into the container, and then increase the shear rate of the
3. Results
rotor from 4 to 100 rpm by four steps (corresponding to the ascending
stage); (b) decrease the shear rate from 100 rpm to 5 rpm by seven steps
3.1. Properties of fine aggregate
(corresponding to the descending stage); (c) increase the shear rate to
50 rpm again (corresponding to the segregation control stage). The
The packing fraction (ϕm ), equivalent diameter (Ds ), and specific
duration of each step is 20 s.
surface area (SSA) of FA of different gradations are shown in Fig. 5. The
The yield stress and plastic viscosity can be obtained by Eq. (3) using
values of ϕm all exceed 0.64, indicating that the combination of multiple
the data of shear rate and shear stress in the descending stage [36]:
particle sizes can increase the packing fraction of solid particles [38,39].
dγ In addition, the SSA decreased with increasing Ds , and their relationship
τ = τ0 + ηpl (3)
dt can be well expressed as a power function, as shown in Fig. 6.

where τ(Pa) is the shear stress at the shear rate of dγ

dt (1/s); τ0 (Pa) is the 3.2. Rheology measurement of mortar mixtures
yield stress; ηpl (Pa/s) is the plastic viscosity.
The relative yield stress (τr ) and relative plastic viscosity (ηr ) can Fig. 7 presents the relative yield stress (τr ) and relative plastic vis­
reflect the effect of FA properties on the rheology of mortar compared to cosity (ηr ) of mortar mixtures made with FA of different gradations. As
τ0 and ηpl [7,37], and they can be calculated by the following equations: expected, for a given gradation of FA, the τr and ηr increased exponen­
tially with the increase ϕ of FA. This phenomenon can be fitted by a

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T. Li et al. Construction and Building Materials 332 (2022) 127362

Fig. 5. ϕm (a), Ds (b), and SSA (c) of FA of different gradations.

1.58 and 2.48.

4. Discussion and analysis

From Section 3.2, it is known that the FA gradation has an influence

on the rheology of mortar. In this part, the effect of FA gradation will be
discussed and analyzed, and a parameter will be introduced to evaluate
this effect.
As shown in Fig. 5, the FA of different gradation has different packing
fraction, specific surface area and equivalent diameter. The effect of FA
gradation on the rheology of mortar should be attributed to the coupled
effect of these three parameters. However, the precise mathematical
form of this coupled effect is unknown.
In a particle suspension system, four types of forces exist: colloidal,
Brownian, hydrodynamic, and contact forces [41]. In the case of a
mortar system, Brownian forces of FA particles and colloidal forces be­
tween FA particles are absent due to the sufficiently large size of FA
particles [42]. As for the remaining two types of force, which one
dominates depends on the volume fraction of FA. When the volume
Fig. 6. Relationship of SSA and..Ds fraction of FA exceeds a critical value, the contact force between FA
particles dominates. Otherwise, the hydrodynamic force between FA
model proposed by Chateau et al [37,40]. For a given ϕ of FA, mortar particles and cement paste should be given priority. The critical value
mixtures made with FA of different gradations presented different for the volume fraction is about 0.8 times the packing fraction of FA
rheological behaviors. This indicates that the FA gradation can affect the [43]. In this study, the volume fractions of FA were all below the critical
rheology of mortar. Furthermore, the effect of FA gradation increased value, so the hydrodynamic force dominated. When the mortar is in
with the increase in ϕ of FA. For example, when ϕ was 0.4, the τr and ηr flow, the interstitial cement paste between neighboring FA particles
of the mortar made with G15 were respectively 1.17 and 1.37 times that provides a viscous stress to prevent the mortar from flowing [44,45].
of the mortar made with G4. While ϕ was 0.5, these multiples became This viscous stress (τiv ) is the source of stress for the macroscopic

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T. Li et al. Construction and Building Materials 332 (2022) 127362

Fig. 7. τr (a) and ηr (b) of mortar mixtures.

viscosity of mortar and is expected to be:

τiv ≈ ηppl × γ̇micro (6)

where γ̇ micro is the microscopic shear rate of the interstitial cement paste.
The γ̇micro is proportional to the macroscopic shear rate of mortar (γ̇ macro ),
and their relationship can be expressed as follows [46,47]:
D
γ̇ micro γ̇ (7)
L macro

where D is the diameter of FA particles; L is the separation distance

between neighboring FA particles, and its value is equal to twice the
PFT. Thus, the plastic viscosity of mortar (ηm
pl ) is proportional to the
plastic viscosity of the interstitial cement paste (ηppl ), and their rela­
tionship can be described as follows:
D p
ηmpl η (8)
PFT pl
Further, it can be obtained:
Fig. 8. D/PFT, τr , and ηr of mortar mixtures made with a 50% volume fraction
D
ηr (9) of FA.
PFT
From Eq. (9), it is clear that the ηr is proportional to D/PFT. In our dissipation corresponds to a higher viscous stress. Therefore, the mor­
previous work [13], we found that the τr is also proportional to D/PFT. tar with a larger D/PFT takes on a higher ηr ; Yield stress is the shear
The PFT is defined as the average thickness of paste film coating FA stress corresponding to the critical deformation of materials. For a
particles and can be calculated by Eq. (6). mortar mixture with a greater D/PFT, the shear stress required for
(1 − ϕ) − ϕ(1 − ϕm )/ϕm critical deformation is greater, so it has a higher τr .
PFT = (10) In addition, graphs of the relationships between τr , ηr , and D/PFT
SSA × ϕ
were constructed for all mortar mixtures, as shown in Fig. 9. The τr
Then, the D/PFT can be calculated by Eq. (11). increased monotonically with the increase in D/PFT, and their rela­
D D × SSA × ϕ tionship can be fitted by an exponential function with a good correla­
= (11) tion. Similar phenomenon was observed for ηr . This means that D/PFT
PFT (1 − ϕ) − ϕ(1 − ϕm )/ϕm
can be used as a macroscopic parameter to evaluate the rheology of
where D is the equivalent diameter of FA particles. mortar. As long as the D/PFT is higher, the τr , and ηr of mortar will be
As shown in Eq. (11), for a given volume fraction of FA, the D/PFT higher, regardless of the type of FA used.
can evaluate the coupled effect of equivalent diameter, packing fraction,
and specific surface area of FA. Therefore, an attempt was made to 5. Conclusions
analyze the effect of FA gradation on the rheology of mortar based on
D/PFT. Here, the mortar mixtures made with a 50% volume fraction of In this paper, the effect of FA gradation on the rheology of mortar
FA of different gradations were used as a case study. was investigated. Based on the test results, the following conclusions can
As shown in Fig. 8, it can be found that the greater the D/PFT, the be summarized:
greater the τr , and ηr . At a given macroscopic shear rate, the interstitial
cement paste of a mortar mixture with a larger D/PFT are more strongly 1) The FA gradation can affect the rheology of mortar, and the effect of
sheared, resulting in higher energy dissipation. This higher energy FA gradation increased with the increase in volume fraction of FA.

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T. Li et al. Construction and Building Materials 332 (2022) 127362

Fig. 9. τr (a) and ηr (b) as a function of..D/PFT

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