Guidelines on Tree Pruning

Greening, Landscape and Tree Management Section

Development Bureau

First published in February 2007

Latest updated in December 2020
 Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
Part 1. Overall Management.................................................................................. 3
1.1. Objectives ................................................................................................. 3
1.2. Work Plan ................................................................................................. 6
1.3. Timing ..................................................................................................... 11
1.4. Dosage .................................................................................................... 13
Part 2. Best Practice............................................................................................. 15
2.1. Types ....................................................................................................... 15
2.2. Techniques .............................................................................................. 19
2.3. Malpractices ............................................................................................ 23
Part 3. Pruning Scenarios .................................................................................... 26
3.1. Pruning Young Trees .............................................................................. 26
3.2. Pruning Trees Adjacent to Utilities ........................................................ 29
3.3. Pruning Before Wet Season .................................................................... 31
3.4. Pruning Storm-damaged Trees ............................................................... 33
3.5. Pruning Palms ......................................................................................... 37
3.6. Root Pruning ........................................................................................... 38
Part 4. Quality Control ........................................................................................ 39
4.1. Implementation ....................................................................................... 39
4.2. Work Supervision ................................................................................... 40
4.3. Personnel Qualifications ......................................................................... 41
4.4. Equipment and Tools .............................................................................. 42
4.5. Occupational Safety and Health ............................................................. 44
4.6. Cleaning and Disposal ............................................................................ 47
References ........................................................................................................... 50
Appendix 1. Sample Pruning Plan .............................................................. App 1-i
Appendix 2. Adverse Effect of Pruning Malpractices ................................ App 2-i
Introduction

This guidance document presents a recommended standard of good

practice for tree pruning in Hong Kong that helps sustain healthy development of
our precious tree assets. Trees provide a lot of benefits to human beings, wildlife
and the environment, in particular in densely populated cities like Hong Kong.
Trees help to suppress adverse impact from climate change and heat island effect;
provide screening effect against noise and pollutants; improve amenity and
aesthetic value in the city; provide food source and habitats to wildlife and
promote biodiversity in urban environment; and improve air quality by producing
oxygen and absorbing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, etc. Nevertheless,
trees in urban environment interfere with human lives and urban development at
the same time. As they become bigger and older, trees occupy more space on
pavements and the roadsides; interfere with underground utilities; block scenery
views of residents; and create hygienic concerns due to fallen flowers, fruits and
leaves. Tree failures that occur due to extreme weather, poor tree health or poor
structural conditions also threaten human lives and result in property damage.

In order to maximise the benefits and minimise the hazards associated

with trees in our city, well-developed urban forest and well-planned tree
management have become more important. Urban trees should be continuously
cared for throughout their life span through measures such as proper irrigation,
mulching, fertilisation and appropriate mitigation measures, such as pruning and
provision of supporting system. Amongst the various mitigation measures, tree
pruning is essential in every tree maintenance and risk management scheme. Tree
pruning is a practice of removing specific portions of a tree to achieve long-term
maintenance of good tree health, structural integrity, aesthetics and safety of
public and properties. Appropriate pruning parameters (e.g. pruning type, pruning
time and pruning extent) should be carefully determined according to different
pruning objectives, tree species and tree conditions, etc. Given its significance in
ensuring good health and structure of trees, thereby, protecting public safety,
pruning work should follow a set of good working procedures, standards, and
safety guidance, and be performed by registered personnel with adequate
knowledge and skills in tree pruning and work supervision.

This guidance document cross-references relevant local and

international standards, guidance and publications and those published by the

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Greening, Landscape and Tree Management Section (the GLTMS) of the
Development Bureau. Tree management personnel should make reference to this
guidance document when planning and conducting tree pruning, in conjunction
with other local and international standards, guidance and publications listed in
the “Reference” section as appropriate. This guidance document provides
guidance on good tree pruning practice, and its recommendations are not intended
to be mandatory. It is recognised that experienced practitioners may wish to adopt
alternative methods to those recommended herein. Practitioners are encouraged
to comment at any time to the GLTMS on the contents of this guidance document,
so that improvement can be made to future editions.

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Part 1. Overall Management

1.1. Objectives

In tree risk management, tree pruning is one of the most commonly

used risk mitigation measures. Before carrying out tree pruning, the objectives of
the pruning work should be clearly defined to prevent any unnecessary or
excessive pruning. The most common objectives of tree pruning are divided into
the following categories:

(a) Reducing Risk and Nuisance to Public

(i) Upon identification of potential tree failure risks, it is important

to reduce or eliminate the risks as soon as possible. Regular and
appropriate tree pruning is an effective mitigation measure to
reduce tree failure risks and maintain a safe urban environment.

(ii) As they grow bigger, roadside trees may obscure the sight of
pedestrians and motorists; physically obstruct vehicular accesses,
road signs, lampposts and power lines; and leave insufficient
headroom for pedestrians, vehicles and double-decked buses, etc.
Roadside trees require regular pruning in order to provide
adequate clearance to road users.

(iii) Trees planted next to buildings or premises may cause

disturbance or nuisance to occupiers due to overgrown tree
crowns towards the structures. Tree pruning to remove
overgrown branches, reduce crown size or uplift tree canopy can
reduce tree failure risks and nuisance caused.

(b) Maintaining or Improving Tree Health, Form and Structure

(i) As trees grow towards maturity, the number of dead and diseased
tree parts start to accumulate. By removing weak and undesirable
branches, shoots/sprouts and trunks, food reserve and water
supply can be allocated to healthier parts of the trees while
encouraging further tree development and recovery.

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 (ii) Appropriate tree pruning can prevent invasion of pests and
diseases. By removing dead or infected tree parts and by thinning
the dense crown, spreading and harbourage of pathogens within
the same tree or to adjacent trees can be prevented or eliminated.

(iii) Proper tree pruning removes overcrowded leaves, twigs and

branches. This allows more sunlight penetrating to the inner and
lower part of canopies and increase photosynthesis rate of trees.
Better air circulation within tree crowns can avoid excessive
moisture inside the crowns, where is favourable to fungal
infection. Besides, when competing branches are reduced or
selectively removed, dominant leaders and scaffolding branches
would be developed and tree structures can be improved.

(iv) Better tree form with strong and balanced framework can be
trained by early tree pruning. Pruning at young tree stage can
significantly reduce the need and cost of pruning in upcoming
tree lifespan. Poor and declining tree health and structure should
be mitigated as early as possible.

(v) Regular tree pruning can help developing good and stable tree
structures particularly for those with poor and unstable root
system, and those growing on locations with severely restricted
rooting area, insufficient soil mass and precipitous slope, etc.

(vi) Urban development and construction may change the original

tree growing conditions. Sufficient pruning can help the retained
and transplanted trees conform to their new environment by
controlling their growth rate and changing their tree forms.

(c) Enhancing Resistance to Inclement Weather

(i) Pruning is one of the best precaution measures of tree failure during
extreme weather condition. Crown reduction and crown thinning
can reduce wind resistance of trees and minimise the potential of
tree failure by reducing tree height and crown loading.

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 (ii) The survival rates of well-pruned urban trees are generally higher
than unpruned trees under inclement weather. Proper tree pruning
can protect trees from damage and failure under strong wind and
heavy rain and reduce tree failure risks to public and properties.

(iii) Structural pruning (also called formative pruning) during young

tree stage can help to establish a healthier urban forest in the future
with lower wind resistance and lower tree failure rate during
typhoon season. Tree growth can be directed to develop and
maintain good structures including single dominant leader, strong
branch attachment and balanced tree crown. In the meantime,
structural pruning also serve as correction of bad structural issues
such as multiple stems, included bark and lion-tailing.

(d) Improving Aesthetics and Urban Environment

(i) Formative pruning can help to maintain trees in their most

desirable form and appearance, in particular when conducting in
nursery stage or young tree stage. Nursery trees may be regularly
pruned to control their form, foliage density and size to fulfil
specific landscape objectives and constraints at planting site.

(ii) A tree treated by proper pruning can create a more pleasant living
environment. By providing a satisfying amount of shading from
trees, this can change the microclimate under the tree and reduce
the temperature. Sufficient vegetation coverage can also reduce
urban heat island effect.

(iii) Trees play an essential role in urban landscape by serving as

greenery enhancement and unsightly view screening.
Appropriate tree pruning including crown thinning, reduction
and raising can create more desirable views in urban areas.

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1.2. Work Plan

Before conducting tree pruning work, it is highly recommended that a

pruning plan should be prepared by Inspection Officer in advance. By listing out
the important components in a pruning plan, Inspection Officer can manage the
workflow of pruning work systematically, identify the required personnel and
equipment and address any associated risks and constraints during pruning work.
The objectives of the pruning should be clearly conveyed to the Tree Work
Supervisors and Tree Workers involved as well as other professional personnel
such as the architect/engineer/supervising officer of a contract, and
project/resident landscape architect, etc.

When planning the pruning work, the decision and recommendation

made in the latest tree inspection report should be taken into consideration. The
pruning plan should also take into account the site conditions of the pruning work
as well as weather condition on the proposed works. A sample pruning plan is
provided in Appendix 1 for reference. Inspection Officer may suitably amend the
sample plan to comply with its own tree management requirements and should
include but not be limited to the following considerations.

(a) Assessing Potential Risks of Pruning Work

All risks associated with the pruning work should be assessed and
appropriate safety measures should be implemented to alleviate or
mitigate the potential risks. Tree Work Supervisors and Tree Workers
should be alerted to all potential hazards prior to the pruning work.
The potential risks of the pruning work may be associated with the
following factors:

(i) Use of pruning tools, e.g. hand saw and chainsaw;

(ii) Work at height, e.g. tree climbing and use of elevated platform;

(iii) Condition and stability of trees, e.g. leaning, cracks, decay,

fungal fruiting bodies and root-plate movement;

(iv) Impact of one tree part on lower tree parts and site conditions
during pruning work, e.g. fallen branch or whole tree failure;

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 (v) Weather conditions, e.g. strong wind, heavy rain, very hot
weather;

(vi) Health issues related to tree work, e.g. allergic reaction and heat
stroke;

(vii) Site conditions that may affect tree stability, e.g. soil erosion,
stability of adjacent stonewall or retaining structure, recent site
changes due to construction, grade change, site clearing;

(viii)Electrical hazards, e.g. underground utilities and overhead cables;

(ix) Adjacent structure, e.g. buildings, highway structure, lamppost

and signboard;

(x) Traffic conditions, e.g. vehicles, double-decker buses, heavy

trucks and railways; and

(xi) Wildlife and habitats on tree, e.g. bird nests, snakes, ants and
beehives.

(b) Scheduling Pruning Work

When setting up the schedule of pruning work, the following

categories should be considered:

(i) Management Factors

(1) Issuance of tree work contracts;
(2) Pruning objectives;
(3) Work programme of building and construction;
(4) Mobilisation of Tree Workers;
(5) Mobilisation of necessary equipment and machineries; and
(6) Site accessibilities and limitations.

(ii) Tree Factors

(1) Tree growing, flowering and dormant seasons;
(2) Likelihood of tree failure;
(3) Actual pruning procedures; and
(4) Pruning interval.

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 In case the tree work cannot be completed in one operation, phased
work plan should be prepared where appropriate. For pruning of more
than 25% of the total live foliage, the elapsed time should be at least
six months to one year between two pruning work operations.

(c) Managing site operations

The responsible department should, as far as practicable, provide and

maintain a safety system of work to ensure safety and health of Tree
Workers. Tree pruning work should be conducted with well-
organised site management to prevent or reduce adverse impacts on
trees to be pruned, adjacent trees, site users and surrounding
environment. Some of the necessary measures are listed as below:

(i) If the pruning site is situated within or close to an area with high
intensity of use such as crowded street, public parks, expressway,
railway, construction site and car park, a risk assessment should
be undertaken prior to the commencement of tree work to
identify potential hazards, and recommend and implement
necessary mitigation measures.

(ii) When conducting tree pruning work, Tree Worker should be

fully aware of the potential risks to public safety. Proper notice
and cordoning-off of the pruning site may be necessary to restrict
unauthorised entry.

(iii) Tree Worker should pay attention to the adjacent buildings,

utilities and properties around the site and take necessary
procedures to avoid any damage that may arise from the pruning
work.

(iv) Cleaning and disposal of tree debris from the working site should
be completed after each operation to restore the site as soon as
practicable.

Other measures on managing site conditions are given in Parts 4.4

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 Occupational Safety and Health and Part 4.6 Cleaning and Disposal.

(d) Avoiding Transmission of Pests and Pathogens

Pests and diseases sometimes may spread from one tree to another
through pruning equipment and tools. Therefore, any equipment and
tools used in pruning trees should be kept clean and sterilised regularly
before and after operations. If tree pruning work is carried out on trees
infected by pests and diseases, particular attention should be drawn to
avoid transmission of pathogens from the infected trees to other trees
and sites nearby.

When pruning a tree infected with Brown Root Rot Disease (BRRD),
particular precaution measures on pruning equipment and the removed
tree parts should be undertaken. For trees on government land,
responsible tree maintenance departments should report the suspected
BRRD cases to the GLTMS and take prompt remedial measures in
accordance with the “Guidelines for Tree Risk Assessment and
Management Arrangement and Manual on the Management of Brown
Root Rot Disease” promulgated by the GLTMS.

(e) Protecting Wildlife and Habitat

Before undertaking pruning work, the concerned trees and working

sites should be comprehensively inspected to identify any presence of
wildlife and habitat within the site. The potential risks and adverse
impacts of pruning work to protected and rare animals, plants and their
associated habitats should be carefully assessed and prevented by the
following measures:

(i) Active nesting, breeding and roosting of any protected wild

animals, including birds, bats and squirrels on trees and adjoining
ground should be identified and should not be interfered with.

(ii) Remove, destroy or wilfully disturb nests or eggs of any

protected wild animal are prohibited.

(iii) Rare or endangered tree species, such as Aquilaria sinensis; and

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 rare or endangered plants on trees or adjoining ground, such as
orchids should be protected and preserved as far as practicable.

(iv) Contamination and disruption of soil, water source and wildlife

habitats caused by pruning work are strictly prohibited.

(v) Schedule of pruning works at or near egretries (i.e. breeding

locations of egrets or herons) should take into account the
breeding season of egrets or herons (i.e. March to August).

If the pruning work would interfere with or have adverse impacts on

wildlife and habitats, when necessary, further advice/assistance should
be sought from relevant government departments and/or other relevant
parties, such as the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation
Department. If emergency tree pruning is necessary due to the
presence of imminent danger to public safety but the pruning work
may interfere with wildlife and habitat, relevant government
departments should first be contacted for further advice/assistance on
wildlife protection. Ordinance in relation to wildlife conservation and
protection are specified as below:

(i) Country Parks Ordinance (Cap. 208);

(ii) Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap. 96) and Forestry

Regulations (Cap. 96A);

(iii) Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants

Ordinance (Cap. 586); and

(iv) Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).

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1.3. Timing

The best time for pruning throughout a year should be carefully

determined. During different times of pruning, trees may have different degrees
of response, which vary with tree species, life stages as well as growing seasons.

(a) Pruning Cycle

The pruning cycle refers to the time interval between each pruning
exercise. Pruning work should be arranged according to an
appropriate pruning cycle (i.e. at appropriate time interval) such that
the pruning work would not pose significant health and structural
problems to the trees.

(i) There is no single pruning cycle that fits all types of trees and
situations. Every individual tree or tree group needs to be
assessed and evaluated individually to determine an appropriate
pruning cycle.

(ii) Pruning cycle can be bi-annually, annually, or even every two to

three years depending on the pruning objectives, site conditions,
tree species characteristics, tree life stages, health conditions and
environmental constraints of trees etc.

(iii) Sufficient time between consecutive pruning work should be

provided for the tree to recover from pruning stress and to
complete wound closure. The larger the pruning extent and cuts,
the longer the recovery time is required and longer elapsed time
between pruning exercises should be scheduled.

(iv) Pruning cycle in the nursery stage is an exception, which depends

on the actual needs for structural pruning. Young trees in nursery
stage may require two to five times more frequent pruning
exercises than mature trees to direct their growth and structural
development. Pruning cycle of nursery trees is not applicable for
general maintenance of mature trees.

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 (b) Pruning Time throughout Seasons

The best time for individual tree pruning varies between different tree
species and pruning objectives. Seasonal factors and tree
characteristics should be taken into account when deciding the pruning
schedule around the year. The recommendations of tree pruning
during different seasons are described below.

(i) All time in a year

Crown cleaning can be undertaken to remove defective branches
anytime as practicable. Structural pruning can be conducted in
any season to remove branches of no more than 25% of total live
foliage.

(ii) Late winter to early spring

Tree pruning should be minimised during growing season to
prevent removal of new leaves and buds. As food reserves are
depleted during spring growth, pruning may adversely affect tree
vitality.

(iii) Late spring to summer

Tree growth can be directed effectively with summer pruning by
slowing down the seasonal growth of trunks or branches. Foliage
abnormalities such as sparse, wilted, and absent of foliage on
dead, deteriorating branches; and excessive growth of new
foliage, which may lead to heavy lateral limbs can be easily
spotted for pruning when foliage density reach maximum during
growing season, especially for deciduous trees. However,
excessive crown reduction should be avoided to prevent large
area of previously shaded tissues damaged by sunburn. If the tree
is storm-damaged, it is better to conduct restorative pruning as
soon as practicable.

(iv) Late-summer
Live branch pruning can be carried out following the seasonal
growth so that tree development would not be affected, i.e. when
all new leaves become mature and the colour turns stable.

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 (v) Autumn
Autumn is not a good time for pruning. Dormancy of deciduous
trees may be delayed and it is the time of sporulation of many
decay fungi. New shoot growth stimulated by pruning cut may
easily deteriorate when temperatures drop.

(vi) Winter
In Hong Kong, under sub-tropical region climate, pruning during
winter is always more preferable than during other seasons of the
year. In winter season, trees are less likely to be infected by fungi
and pests when most of them are dormant or inactive. Moderate
to heavy cut can stimulate cambial activities, in particular for
evergreen trees, which have faster compartmentalisation abilities
in the coming growing season. Pruning of deciduous trees after
shedding leaves in dormant season is also more preferable as the
following spring growth can be stimulated.

1.4. Dosage

Pruning dose refers to the estimated percentage of live foliage to be

removed from an entire tree as compared to the amount of existing foliage prior
to pruning. The pruning dose should be carefully determined with the following
considerations:

(a) The pruning objectives and pruning time as discussed above.

(b) Not more than 25% of the total live foliage should be removed from a
healthy, vigorous tree within an annual growing season. Over-pruning
may lead to a stressed tree with health decline; excessive water sprout
development; irreversible structural damage; reduced tolerance to
pests and diseases; and/or sunburn bark tissue.

(c) For trees with significant health defects or at senescence stage, the
pruning dose should not be more than 10% of the total live foliage.

(d) The percentage and distribution of live foliage to be removed should

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 be adjusted according to the tree species, tree health, growing stage,
tolerance to pruning and site conditions.

(e) When conducting crown reduction or thinning, sufficient healthy

branches should be retained to sustain the growth and recovery of
parent stems or remaining branches.

(f) In general, young or healthy trees have greater tolerance to pruning

work; better recovery abilities from live branch removal; and less
adverse effects on tree wounds than mature or unhealthy trees. Old or
stressed trees are more vulnerable to infection caused by pathogens
and excessive pruning work.

(g) In some cases, a larger pruning dose may be warranted. More than
25% of total live foliage sometimes needs to be removed to mitigate a
significant structural defect. The pruning objectives, rationale,
potential severity of defects and mitigation measures should be
carefully assessed and evaluated prior to the operation.

(h) According to the Development Bureau Technical Circular (Works) No.

4/2020 – Tree Preservation, the excessive tree pruning proposal
should be submitted in a Tree Preservation and Removal Proposal
(TPRP) to the responsible Tree Works Vetting Panel (TWVP) for
approval when necessary. If excessive crown, limb or root pruning is
required for trees to be retained or transplanted, the pruning proposal
with justifications, method statements and supervision requirements
of the pruning work must be approved by the responsible TWVP.

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Part 2. Best Practice

2.1. Types

The common types of pruning being used to achieve different pruning

objectives as discussed in Part 1 are set out below:

(a) Formative Pruning / Structural Pruning

(i) Definition
Selective pruning of the lateral branches of a tree so as to develop
a desirable tree form with a strong and straight trunk, a well-
balanced crown with properly spaced scaffolding branches and a
clear central leader.

(ii) Techniques and Applications

It is typically used in young trees during their nursery stage and
early stage after planting. Formative pruning should aim at
reducing the development of tree structural weaknesses while
encouraging young trees to accommodate the growing
constraints, such as obstructions from adjacent roads and utilities.
Details of formative pruning are further discussed in Part 3.1 -
Pruning Young Trees.

(b) Crown Lifting / Crown Raising

(i) Definition
Selective pruning to remove or shorten lower branches to
increase vertical clearance from ground level (Figure 1).

(ii) Techniques and Applications

Lower branches heavily shaded by branches above may tend to
grow downward and outward to absorb more sunlight. These
branches should be shortened or removed to provide adequate
headroom clearance and prevent development of undesirable
overgrown branches. Removal of lower branches should
preferably be not more than 15% of the live crown height and the
remaining live crown should make up at least two-third of the

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 tree height, except for young trees undergoing formative pruning.
Crown lifting is applied primarily to prune lower and
overhanging branches obstructing adjacent buildings, pedestrians,
vehicular traffic flow and other utilities.

Figure 1. Illustration of proper crown lifting/crown raising practice

(c) Crown Reduction

(i) Definition
Selective pruning to reduce the overall tree height and/or spread
of the crown, while maintaining a well-balanced and natural form
and shape (Figure 2).

(ii) Techniques and Applications

The tree characteristics as well as its health conditions should be
carefully assessed in advance. Crown reduction should be
avoided for old or stressed trees. The purpose is to control the
development of tree shape, crown size and length of branches in
order to reduce tree failure potential and prevent obstruction of
the adjacent utilities. Branches with excessive loading,
overextended length or severe structural defects such as included
bark, crack and cavity can be shortened or removed to minimise
the likelihood of failure.

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Figure 2. Illustration of proper crown reduction practice

(d) Crown Thinning

(i) Definition
Selective pruning to remove weak, thin, crossing branches and
branches growing inward to reduce the foliage density (Figure 3).

(ii) Techniques and Applications

Crown thinning would maintain an even distribution of foliage
with a well-spaced and balanced branch structure while not
affecting the overall height and spread of trees. By reducing the
crown density, wind loading on trees would decrease while
sunlight penetration and air circulation within the crown would
increase. Crossing branches and branches that raise close
together should be selectively pruned to provide more growing
space for remaining ones. If the objective is to reduce overall
loading of the tree canopy, crown reduction should be considered
instead of crown thinning. Over-thinning may result in excessive
water sprout development and lion-tailing that increase the
likelihood of failure.

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Figure 3. Illustration of proper crown thinning practice

(e) Crown Cleaning

(i) Definition
Selective pruning to remove dead, withered, damaged, broken or
diseased branches, twigs and stems from trees (Figure 4).

(ii) Techniques and Applications

Crown cleaning can be accomplished at any time of the year. The
objectives are to reduce tree failure risks and improve tree health
and appearance by removal of defective parts from trees. The
amount of tree materials to be removed and the number and
diameter of pruning cut(s) should be kept minimal. Parasitic
plants and foreign materials such as dodder, mistletoe, Mikania
micrantha, nails, angle irons and wound dressing should be
removed from trees as far as practicable.

Figure 4. Illustration of possible defective

tree parts required crown cleaning

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 (f) Restorative Pruning

(i) Definition
Selective pruning to remove damaged, crossing and dead
branches to restore tree health and structure to a better and more
natural condition.

(ii) Techniques and Applications

Restorative pruning aims at prolonging the life expectancy of
damaged trees. It is generally applied to trees that have lost their
natural tree form and structural integrity due to storm damage,
poor pruning practices and severe mechanical damage, etc. By
conducting a series of pruning throughout the years, tree health
and structure can be restored while the tree growth and
production of epicormics can be managed. Details of restorative
pruning would be mentioned in Part 3.4 - Pruning Storm-
damaged Trees.

2.2. Techniques

Pruning work should be completed by proper techniques and with

good qualities. Some recommendations for pruning practices are listed below for
reference:

(a) Pruning should be performed by registered Tree Workers and under

proper supervision by registered Tree Work Supervisors with
expertise in horticulture, arboriculture and tree care to ensure that it is
done safely and properly. Details of the qualification requirements for
Tree Work Supervisors and Tree Workers are given in the “List of
Minimum Personnel Requirements for Landscape Works, Tree
Management Works and Vegetation Maintenance Contracts”
promulgated by the GLTMS.

(b) Over-pruning would adversely affect the healthy growth of trees. A

good practice is that removal of crown should be limited to not more
than 25% of total live foliage in each pruning work. Also, the crown
should be kept in a well-balanced and natural form and appearance
after pruning as far as practicable.

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 (c) Selective pruning should be conducted to prune a tree branch by
branch or layer by layer to achieve pruning objectives. Appropriate
types of pruning and pruning cut should be determined according to
pruning objectives.

(i) Removal cut (thinning cut) refers to a cut to remove a branch at

the union with parent branch or trunk.

(ii) Reduction cut (lateral cut, cutting to a lateral, drop-crotch cut)

refers to a cut to shorten the length of a branch by removing one
of a branch of codominant branches or multiple branches while
the remaining lateral branch is at least one-third the diameter of
the pruned branch.

(iii) Heading cut (topping) refers to a cut to shorten the length of a

branch by pruning in the middle of the branch or by pruning back
to a lateral branch which is less than one-third the diameter of the
pruned branch. This practice is considered to be inappropriate
pruning as the pruned trees would be extremely damaged. It
should never be used for reducing tree height or crown size.
However, in exceptional circumstances, heading cut might be
applied as a temporary measure to mitigate tree risk. For example,
only the damaged part of a large branch will be removed instead
of removing the whole branch which will leave a large pruning
cut on the trunk. The headed branch should be followed-up by
frequent monitoring and subsequent pruning in the coming years.

(d) The diameter of a branch removed should generally be not more than
one-third of the diameter of the remaining branch or parent stem. The
branch cutting should be as small as possible resulting in a relatively
smaller area for wound closure.

(e) Pruning work should adopt the practice of “3-Point Cut” (Figure 5)
and “Natural target pruning” (Figure 6) techniques, which are very
efficient and least damaging ways to remove branches. These
techniques can avoid bark tearing and unnecessary wounding caused
by pruning cuts and allow the tree to compartmentalise the wound as

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 quickly as possible.

(i) Through the “3-Point Cut” technique, a branch is removed in

three sequential cuts:

(1) The first cut should be an undercut on target branch at

some distance away from the parent branch or stem. It is
made to prevent causing bark tearing and cracks close to
the trunk or parent stem when the branch is fell;

(2) The second cut should be a top cut undertaken slightly

further out than the first cut to remove the outer part of the
target branch and a stub would be left; and

(3) The final cut should be a cut just adjacent to but not within
the branch collar or branch bark ridge to remove the
remaining stub without bark tearing.

Figure 5. Illustration of “3-Point Cut” procedures

(ii) Natural target pruning refers to making cut at a proper location

without damaging the branch bark ridge and branch collar.

(1) If branch collar is visible, the final cut should be made just
outside the edge of branch collar;

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 21 of 53

 (2) If there is no visible branch collar but just branch bark ridge,
the final cut should be made just outside the branch bark
ridge and cutline should not be parallel to the parent branch;
or

(3) If neither branch collar nor branch bark ridge is visible, the
final cut should be made just outside the basal flare of the
branch and cutline should not be parallel to the parent
branch.

Visible
Branch Collar

Figure 6. Illustration of “Natural target pruning”

(f) Tree Workers should use appropriate and sharp tools to produce
smooth and clean cuts to facilitate better wound closure.

(g) When removing a branch with narrow or V-shaped angle at branch

union, the pruning cut should be started from the underside or the
outside of the target branch in order to facilitate the pruning operations
and to prevent damage to the remaining branch or trunk.

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 22 of 53

2.3. Malpractices

Trees treated with poor and wrong pruning practises may resulted in
irreversible health decline and structural failure. Appendix 2 – Adverse Effect of
Malpractices in Pruning provides more details. Poor tree health and structure can
result in failures that lead to casualties or property damage. Some common
structural defects caused by malpractices in pruning are summarised as follow
(Figures 7 to 15):

Figure 7. Topping Figure 8. Lion-tailing

Removal of interior branches, leaving

a cluster of small branches and foliage
Removal of main stem at its apical end at the end of a branch.
and always involves removal of a large
portion of stem and branches.

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 23 of 53

 Figure 9. Over-lifting Figure 10. Flush Cut

Excessive removal of lower branches Cutting into the branch collar that may
of a tree and results in a very low live- damage the branch collar and trunk
crown-ratio. tissue.

Figure 11. Stub Remaining Figure 12. Large Pruning Cut

A large portion of stub remains if the Cutting outside of the branch collar
location of pruning cut is far beyond exposing a large area of heartwood.
the branch collar.

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 24 of 53

 Figure 13. Bark Tearing Figure 14. Jagged Wound

Unnecessary tearing of tree bark and Pruning wound with rough surface
expose a large area of living tissue and torn edges resulting from poor
caused by improper pruning. pruning techniques.

Figure 15. Wound Dressing

Any paint or material that being

placed on wound.

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 25 of 53

Part 3. Pruning Scenarios

3.1. Pruning Young Trees

Young tree stage, a period with the most rapid growth rate in a tree’s
lifespan, is a critical period to conduct formative pruning, which is known as
tree structural training. This practice is a special type of pruning which allows
tree accommodating the future planting site constraints. By undergoing proper
formative pruning, the major framework and growing direction of young trees
can be established. In general, formative pruning should be completed either
in the nursery stage, or during or right after the planting stage. The major steps
of formative pruning are described below.

(a) Developing Dominant Central Leader

Tree structure is much stronger and stable with a dominant leader

extending well upwards in the crown. The leader may or may not be
straight depending on its genetic code as well as in response to its
growing environment. During the nursery or young stage,
subordination pruning is critical for central leader and tree form
establishment. The size of a branch relative to the trunk or parent
branch is known as branch aspect ratio, which is an important
parameter to determine the central leader. Key steps of subordination
pruning to develop a dominant leader are:

(i) Identify single stem that would make the best leader (e.g. more
vertical stem, the largest stem or the highest stem);

(ii) Determine which stems are competing with the best leader (e.g.
upright branches with large branch aspect ratio); and

(iii) Decide the location of reduction cut and remove those

competing stems.

(b) Identifying Permanent Lower Branches

Permanent and temporary branches should be classified and pruned

differently for structural development. Identifying the lowest

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 26 of 53

 permanent branches in the permanent canopy would facilitate the
management of lower temporary branches. Branches that have
originated below the lowest permanent branches are temporary
branches while those above become permanent branches in the crown.
Key steps to identify and maintain the lowest permanent branches:

(i) Treat all the branches as temporary branches for young and
recently planted trees that may not be tall enough yet to have
any permanent branches;

(ii) Determine the height of the lowest permanent branch based on

the development of desirable tree form and headroom clearance
requirements for future site use;

(iii) Remove long, horizontal and large branches below the lowest
permanent branches; and

(iv) Leave short, lateral, and small diameter branches unpruned

during the nursery stage.

(c) Maintaining Small Branch Aspect Ratio

Branches with small branch aspect ratio (e.g. less than 50%) are more
strongly secured to the trunk than branches with large branch aspect
ratio. When branches are much smaller in diameter than the trunk (e.g.
30% smaller), a natural branch protection zone may develop within
the branch basal area and extend inside the trunk. This zone is rich in
chemicals that inhibits spread of decay from the pruning wound into
the trunk tissue. Keeping branch diameter less than half the trunk
diameter ensures that the branch collar and branch protection zone
would remain intact. Key steps to maintain strong branch attachments
are:

(i) Identify and maintain branches with sizes less than one half the
diameter of the trunk or parent stem (branch aspect ratio less
than 50%);

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 27 of 53

 (ii) Maintain a single branch and remove other branches that raises
at one location; and

(iii) Select and remove branches with bark inclusion in the

attachment.

(d) Suppressing or Removing Branches with Bad Attachments

Included bark is a structural defect that causes weak union between

branch and trunk. Inclusions on codominant, large, and long branches
are the greatest concern. The mechanical stress from heavy static
loading and weak union support are more likely to cause branch failure.
Growth of branches with included bark should be suppressed to
minimise the chance of breakage. Key steps to suppress and remove
branches with bad attachments are:

(i) Identify branches with bad attachment such as with narrow or

V-shaped angle, with included bark, crossed with adjacent
branches or trunk;

(ii) Select branch with the largest diameter to be pruned first within
the identified branches; and

(iii) Remove or suppress the growth of branch with bad attachments

by removal or reduction cuts.

(e) Spacing Main Branches along Central Leader

Branches spaced along and around trunk are better connected to the
trunk than those clustered together and originate from one location.
When several branches raise at one point on the trunk, there is not
enough space for trunk tissue to wrap around the branch base for better
branch attachment. Key steps to space main branches along central
leader are:

(i) Identify and selectively prune branches whose branch

attachments are touching or nearly touching at the same vertical
point as moving up, down or around the central stem;

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 28 of 53

 (ii) Select the larger and lower branches to be pruned for improving
vertical spacing;

(iii) Try to maintain evenly spaced intervals between lateral

branches; and

(iv) Do not remove any branch directly above or adjacent to another

branch that has already been removed.

3.2. Pruning Trees Adjacent to Utilities

When trees are growing under the following circumstances, directional

pruning should be applied to reduce or remove lateral or over-extended branches
growing towards the utilities. Tree growth would be directed away from and
prevent any interfering and obstruction to public, adjacent infrastructure, utilities,
traffic and lines-of-sight.

Although topping maybe a wide-spread practice in provision of

sufficient clearance from utilities, it is considered as an unacceptable tree pruning
practice. Topping stimulates the growth of water sprouts that have similar growing
direction towards utilities as the original branches. Continuous topping can
increase failure risks, deplete tree food reserves, increase susceptibility to pests and
diseases and disfigure tree forms. On the contrary, directional pruning by reduction
cut back to lateral branches is more preferable for utility pruning. Tree pruning
should be minimised as far as possible to reduce stresses on trees while obtaining
adequate clearance from utilities.

(a) Adjacent to Roads and Railways

Tree parts over-extended towards roads may probably be hit by moving

vehicles and severe mechanical damage can be caused by large vehicles.
Lower and over-extended branches may obstruct the vision of drivers,
potentially causing traffic accidents. Roadside trees should be pruned
regularly to provide sufficient headroom over roads and railways.
Requirements on headroom for different traffic users are laid down in
Chapter 13 of the Structures Design Manual for Highways and
Railways (2013 Edition).

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 29 of 53

 (b) Adjacent to Pedestrian Streets and Cycling Tracks

Trees with lower branches and drooping branches may hinder pathways
of pedestrians and cyclers. Those tree crowns should be lifted to
provide sufficient headroom over pedestrian streets and cycling tracks.
Regular tree pruning should be conducted to protect road users from
fallen defective branches. Twigs/branches with failure potential should
be removed as soon as possible. General requirements on headroom
for different traffic users are laid down in Chapter 13 of the Structures
Design Manual for Highways and Railways (2013 Edition).

(c) Adjacent to Building Structures

When trees grow tall or wide enough, they may interfere with building
structures nearby. To direct the growth of branches which is very close
to properties, reduction pruning should be carried out to provide
sufficient clearance from adjacent building structures and prevent
branches from interfering with and damaging adjacent properties in
windy conditions. Trees growing close to buildings may act as bridges
for pests and animals to gain access to residential and commercial
properties. By keeping branches away from buildings, hygienic and
security problems can be prevented.

(d) Under Overhead Cables

In order to ensure safe and reliable electricity to the city, interlacement

between trees and overhead energised lines should be prevented. Trees
in the proximity of overhead cables should be pruned regularly to
maintain an acceptable clearance and avoid contacts with conductors.
Over-extended branches should be trimmed to provide sufficient
distance away from overhead cables.

(e) Adjacent to Lampposts and Signboards

Over-extended and over-crowned trees may obstruct lampposts and

signboards on streets. Sufficient lighting and clear traffic signage is
essential to the safety and convenience of road users. Branches

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 30 of 53

 blocking lampposts and signboards should be pruned to maintain
visibility and clearance of road conditions.

3.3. Pruning Before Wet Season

Tree failure incidents frequently occur during and after rainy and
typhoon season and may result in casualties and/or severe damage to properties.
Weak and stressed trees are usually more vulnerable to strong wind and heavy
rain while trees with good health and structure generally have higher storm
tolerance and pose less failure risk to the public. Proper tree management should
identify and mitigate any potential tree failure hazards before wet season.

(a) Regular Tree Inspection and Tree Risk Assessment

Tree inspection should be arranged prior to wet season, particular in

areas of high pedestrian and vehicular traffic flow. Tree health and
structural conditions should be monitored and maintained in good
condition. Regular tree risk assessment should be undertaken in order
to identify any tree with particular concerns or growing under specific
environmental constraints which can be significantly damaged by
typhoons and rainstorms. Trees that require regular inspection include
but not limited to the following:

(i) Damaged, diseased, deteriorating or dead trees;

(ii) Trees with significant defects or poor structures such as

severely leaning, asymmetric tree crown, poor taper, co-
dominant trunks or branches with included bark, lion-tailing,
decay, crack, cavity, fungal fruiting bodies and girdling root;

(iii) Tree species with brittle wood structure (e.g. Delonix regia,
Aleurites moluccana);

(iv) Trees with dense canopies and heavy crown loading;

(v) Trees highly exposed to wind or their neighbouring trees are

recently removed;

(vi) Trees growing at poor site conditions such as confined root

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 31 of 53

 system, on precipitous slope, compacted soil, shallow soil depth
or poorly drained soil;

(vii) New planting trees and transplanted trees;

(viii) Trees with recent tree failure records;

(ix) Trees infected with BRRD or trees growing in the same root
zone area of a BRRD infected tree; and

(x) Any tree of particular interest.

(b) Precautionary Measures to Reduce Tree Risks

If any potential tree hazard is identified, necessary mitigation

measures should be conducted as soon as possible and before wet
season. The preventive pruning should take into consideration the
following categories:

(i) Remove dead, wilted, diseased, damaged branches and trunks;

(ii) Thin or reduce a dense canopy by removing some interior or

overgrown small branches;

(iii) Encourage single stem leader and good branch attachment by

shortening or removal of branches competing with the leader
and/or conflicted with other branches;

(iv) Direct the leader of a leaning tree to a more upright lateral stem
by shortening or removing outgrown branches;

(v) Shorten or remove any branches overhanging on or

overextended towards buildings and utilities; and

(vi) Avoid inappropriate pruning such as topping and lion-tailing to

prevent the trees becomes more susceptible to typhoon damage.

The GLTMS has established a tree failure inventory to collect and

store key information on tree failure incidents provided by tree
maintenance departments (from 2010 to 2020). The data in the

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 32 of 53

 inventory has been used to undertake tree failure analysis with a view
to identifying systemic causes of tree failure and developing measures
to prevent recurrence of similar incidents. The study summarises
thousands of tree failure cases in Hong Kong and identifies the
correlation between uprooting failure rate and aspect ratio – Tree
Height / Diameter at Breast Height (DBH). Figure 16 indicates a
decreasing trend in uprooting failure rate with an increasing aspect
ratio. To minimise the potential uprooting failure of trees with low
aspect ratio, more extensive and frequent crown reduction and
thinning should be conducted before wet season to highly reduce the
crown size and foliage density and to strengthen their wind tolerance.

Figure 16. Correlation between uprooting failure rate and aspect ratio

3.4. Pruning Storm-damaged Trees

Storm-damaged tree pruning is essential for tree restoration. It

selectively removes branches, water sprouts, and stubs from trees that have been
severely damaged or broken in storm. The aim is to manage the growth of new
epicormics and branches from a storm-damaged tree and to restore the tree health
and structure. After a storm, trees are damaged or collapsed under extreme gust wind.
Trees have to use stored energy to recover from damage and produce new growth.
Therefore, during the cleaning process, removal of live wood should be minimised.
Post-inclement weather inspection is paramount to ensure public safety, and
appropriate mitigation measures must be carried out as soon as possible. The
restorative pruning procedures may have to be repeated for a period of years until
tree health and forms are recovered to their desirable conditions.

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 33 of 53

 (a) Considerations for Restorative Pruning

Not all storm-damaged trees can be restored. Storm-damaged trees

should be evaluated for the possibility and necessity of restorative
pruning. Reference should be made to the inspection record of the latest
TRA conducted by the responsible Inspection Officer. Key
considerations when conducting pre-restoration assessment are given
in the following paragraphs.

(i) Extent of Damage

The location of damaged tree parts, proportion of damage and
wound sizes would determine the possibility of tree recovery.
The larger the wound in relation to the size of parent branch or
stem, particularly with heartwood exposed, the less likely the
wound closure and compartmentalisation can be achieved; and
the more vulnerable the tree would decay, invaded by diseases
and become stressed. Numerous damages and significant loss
of tree crown would adversely affect the ability of recovery
from storm damages.

(ii) Tree Size and Age

Younger and smaller trees can restore much quickly than more
mature and larger trees. Old and senescence trees, which have
accumulated multiple defects over years, often become more
susceptible to damage in subsequent storms.

(iii) Tree Species

Tree species characteristics should be considered when
evaluating the value of restoration. Species that may not fully
compartmentalise the wounds and may be prone to further decay
should generally not be restored. Storm-damaged trees of any
invasive species, such as Leucaena leucocephala, are
recommended to be removed and replanted with native tree
species or other tree species as appropriate.

(iv) Tree Conditions

Storm-damaged trees with better health and structural
conditions are worth to be restored as they can recover more

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 34 of 53

 quickly and easily. Trees suffering from poor health and
extensive damage would be more susceptible to failure and
further health decline after a storm. Uprooted trees are not
recommended to be restored as the root plate is already
destabilised and root system is severely damaged.

(v) Site Conditions

Trees growing at poor site conditions such as confined root
system, precipitous slope, compacted soil, shallow soil depth or
poorly drained soil are very susceptible to wind loading
especially with substantial root damage after a storm. Trees
such as Acacia confusa in afforestation planting on slope, which
have outgrown from the compact growing environment or are
reaching the end of their life cycle, are not recommended for
restoration. If trees are suppressed by dense tree population or
shaded by building structures, tree removal of these damaged
trees is more preferable.

(vi) Tree Value

In addition to its economic value and ecological services,
damaged trees may be memorial trees, or have historical
significance, or associated with other cultural attributes.
Restoration of trees of particular interest such as Old and
Valuable Trees, Stonewall Trees (SWTs) and “Fung Shui” trees
should be considered as far as practicable due to potential public
concerns.

(b) Strategies in Restorative Pruning

After all the safety concerns have been addressed and justifications to
restore storm-damaged trees have been made, the primary objective
of restorative pruning should be retaining as much of the live wood as
possible. Typically, restorative pruning requires over a period of years
to restore the original foliage mass and desirable tree form. This
would maintain tree vitality and encourage good management of water
sprouts. The major strategies in restorative pruning are given in
following paragraphs.

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 35 of 53

 (i) Removing Hazards from Public
After a storm, tree parts with imminent failure risks should be
removed from targets as soon as possible. Cleaning tree
canopies of damaged or broken branches, hangers and stubs
should be the focus of mitigation measures. Moderate crown
reduction or crown lifting may be necessary to perform
restoration.

(ii) Restoring Tree Health and Structure

Defective branches should be pruned by natural target pruning,
which allows better closure of pruning wounds. In order to
sustain recovery, removal of live wood should be kept at the
least amount to minimise additional stress to damaged trees.
Structural restoration should be conducted by progressive
reduction of lever of arms and lion-tailing to achieve a balanced
tree crown. Some live branches can be removed to redistribute
the loadings and relocate the center of gravity in tree crown.
Heading cuts should be avoided as a large proportion of lateral
branches would be removed that results in large pruning wounds
and severely disfigured tree form.

(iii) Sprout Management

Most of the damaged trees would develop water sprouts from
wounds and weakened tree parts. The ultimate goal of sprout
management is to relocate energy reserves, develop new branch
leader and encourage wound closure. Measures can begin
approximately one to two years after crown cleaning and
typically require multiple pruning practices over years to
remove interfering sprouts and to direct new growth. Sprouts
on recovering trees usually grow aggressively but weakly
attached to parent stems, therefore growth of sprouts should be
managed properly.

The most vigorous sprouts often develop side branches, which

should be left for lateral branch development. Then, sprouts
located near the selected sprouts should be removed to provide
sufficient growing space. In general, sprouts management requires
more than two times of pruning in order to develop new branches

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 36 of 53

 from dominant sprouts. Sprout management can be performed in
conjunction with normal pruning work for better resource
management.

(c) Other Mitigation Measures

(i) During the recovery process, it is important to manage root

zones for optimum tree growth, through providing adequate
irrigation, mulching, mitigation of compacted soil, and proper
drainage.

(ii) In order to prevent further failure and provide support to weaken

trees, appropriate guying and cabling should be provided to
trees with significant structural defects such as severe leaning,
asymmetric crown and heavy lateral limb.

(iii) When restorative pruning is not applicable and there are

imminent dangers posing to public or properties by storm-
damaged trees, tree removal should be conducted as soon as
practicable.

3.5. Pruning Palms

Palms are monocots and they grow differently from other trees. They
should not be excessively pruned and primarily only be pruned to remove fronds,
flowers, fruits, loose petioles which, if not removed, may pose potential hazards
to targets. The general guidelines of palm pruning are listed below:

(a) Dead, chlorotic, broken fronds should be removed. Palms that

produce hazardous large fruits or frequently drop old fronds may
require pruning works every 3 to 6 months. The location of cuts
should be close to the petiole base and without damaging the stem.

(b) Removal of live, healthy fronds should be avoided. Excessive loss of

healthy fronds may inhibit palm growth, cause spreading of pests and
diseases, and threaten palm health. If healthy fronds must be removed,
removal of fronds growing upright or above 20 degrees in relation to
the horizontal plane should be avoided.

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 37 of 53

 (c) All fronds are originated from the top of the palm – terminal bud.
Therefore, terminal bud of a palm should never be damaged or
removed as it would lead to poor frond development and palm death.
For multi-stemmed or clumping palm species, entire stem can be
removed due to aesthetic or risk management reason.

(d) Some climbing devices, such as spikes which would create wounds on
palms should not be used. The wounds would leave permanent
scarring and palms health would decline due to the infestation of pest
and pathogens at wounded tissues.

3.6. Root Pruning

As pruning of roots may adversely affect normal tree health and

growth, in general, root pruning is strictly prohibited for mature trees. However,
root pruning may be necessary under the following circumstances.

(a) Removing girdling roots;

(b) Cutting dead, diseased and severely damaged roots back to sound
wood;

(c) Preparing root ball for tree transplanting; or

(d) Avoiding irreparable damages and encroachments to underground

utilities or infrastructures by root development.

Pruned roots should be sharply cut and covered by wet hessian or

backfill soil with adequate watering to prevent the death of absorbing roots,
minimise exposure to pest and pathogens, reduce pruning stresses and increase
the chance of survival.

Some tree species, such as Ficus microcarpa, can develop extensive

aerial root systems. Aerial roots should be retained as far as practicable and
trimming of them should be the last resort. Guide tubes or ushering ropes can be
installed to improve aerial root anchorage and strengthen tree support and nutrient
uptake. A majority of SWTs in Hong Kong are Ficus microcarpa, which require

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 38 of 53

intensive care. Details of various aerial roots treatments of SWTs are provided in
the “Management Guidelines for Stonewall Trees” promulgated by the GLTMS.

TPRP with justification of the dose and needs of root pruning should
be prepared and submitted to the responsible TWVP for approval, prior to the
pruning works, if necessary.

Part 4. Quality Control

4.1. Implementation

Inspection Officers should ensure that clear pruning instructions are

delivered to Tree Work Supervisors and Tree Workers (Figure 17). Form 1, Form
2 or other proper inspection reports should be prepared to compile a pruning plan
and provide at least but not be limited to the following information:

(a) Pruning objective;

(b) Tree information (i.e. tree no., species, height, crown spread, DBH);

(c) Location, site condition and presence of wildlife and habitat (if any);

(d) Site observations;

(e) Tree parts with potential failure risks to public and properties, if any;

(f) Proposed pruning types and techniques;

(g) Proposed tree parts to be pruned and the extent of pruning;

(h) Time frame for pruning work and pruning interval;

(i) Specific equipment and tools, if any;

(j) Occupational Safety and Health as mentioned in Part 4.5;

(k) Technical circular, ordinance and guidelines, if necessary;

(l) Clear location map to show the pruning site location; and

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 39 of 53

 (m) Photographic record in colour to illustrate the whole view of the tree,
concerned tree parts and the recommended pruning procedures.

4.2. Work Supervision

Government departments should monitor and ensure the efficacy and

quality of pruning work. The process and outcome of pruning work should follow
the instructions provided by the responsible Inspection Officer as far as
practicable. Pruning work should be under supervision in accordance with the
following steps:

(a) A Tree Work Supervisor should be arranged to provide on-site tree

work supervision;

(b) Full photographic records should be taken before and after the pruning
work;

(c) A tree work completion report providing at least but not be limited to
the following information should be prepared by Tree Work
Supervisors or Tree Workers and submitted to the Inspection Officer
for endorsement;

(i) Tree information (i.e. tree no., species, height, crown spread,
DBH);

(ii) Location of pruning work;

(iii) Pruning work taken;

(iv) Date of work completion;

(v) Photographic records of the whole tree and tree parts taken
before and after pruning work.

(d) The pruning work can only be endorsed upon its satisfactory
completion.

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 40 of 53

 Inspection Officer Tree Work Supervisor Tree Worker

Conduct tree inspection

Prepare inspection report

(e.g. Form 1, Form 2)

If pruning work
required

Prepare a pruning plan

If unsatisfied with tree work

Carry out pruning work with tree work supervision

Prepare and submit tree work completion report

Prepare work endorsement

If satisfied with
tree work

Completion of pruning work

Figure 17. Flowchart of work implementation and supervision

4.3. Personnel Qualifications

Tree pruning requires arboricultural knowledge and professional

techniques in the use of mechanical equipment and tools that pose potential
occupational safety hazards. Tree management personnel should have academic,
professional and training qualification as well as work experience as appropriate
as set out below.

(a) Details of requirements for Inspection Officers conducting Form 1 and

Form 2 are stipulated in Appendix 3 of the “Guidelines for Tree Risk
Assessment and Management Arrangement (9th Edition or latest
edition)” promulgated by the GLTMS.

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 41 of 53

 (b) Details of requirements for Tree Work Supervisors, Tree Climbers and
Tree Workers are stipulated in “List of Minimum Personnel
Requirements for Landscape Works, Tree Management Works and
Vegetation Maintenance Contracts” promulgated by the GLTMS.

4.4. Equipment and Tools

Different kinds of equipment and tools are recommended to be used

to assist and complete tree pruning work in different scenarios. Pruning
objectives, tree part size, pruning cut location, accessibility, and other factors
should be taken into account in choosing the appropriate pruning equipment and
tools. Equipment such as spurs and spikes that may damage tree bark or
conductive tissues should not be used. The following equipment and tools
(Figures 18 to 25) are commonly used in pruning work:

Figure 18. Hand pruner Figure 19. Looper

It can be used to cut small living It can be used to prune small branches
branches less than 1.5cm in diameter. up to around 2.5cm in diameter.

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 42 of 53

 Figure 20. Extension pruner Figure 21. Hand saw

It is useful for pruning small branches It is more appropriate to be used for

at height and less than 2cm in pruning branches larger than 2.5cm in
diameter. diameter.

Figure 22. Pole saw Figure 23. Chainsaw

It is commonly used for pruning It can be used for pruning tree parts of
branches at height or at far distance. different size.

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 43 of 53

 Figure 24. Tree climbing Figure 25. Elevated platform

Pruning may be carried out at height by It should be used for tree pruning at
registered Tree Climbers in height where practicable.
accordance to the “Guidelines on
Arboriculture Occupational Safety and
Health” (OSH Guidelines).

4.5. Occupational Safety and Health

Tree pruning work should be completed in a safe and proper manner.

When conducting tree pruning works, tree management personnel should comply
with relevant safety requirements of the site and have good communication with
safety officers, if necessary. Details of guidance in provision of a safe system of
pruning work, are stipulated in the OSH Guidelines. The following safety
measures for pruning work are recommended in order to protect the operatives
and public:

(a) Planning Factors

(i) Prepare work plan and assess risks of tree work with mitigation
measures;

(ii) Inspect and evaluate trees and sites in question before the
operation to identify any potential safety concern, then prepare
necessary safety measures;

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 44 of 53

 (iii) Determine any underground utilities and overhead cables
around the sites and coordinate with relevant utility companies
as appropriate; and

(iv) Ensure safe and clear access routes to the tree and site for Tree
Workers, elevated platform and other necessary equipment; and

(v) Check latest weather forecast prior to tree work and avoid
pruning trees under undesirable weather such as humid, strong
wind and extreme hot days as far as possible by re-scheduling
the tree work, when necessary.

(b) Environmental Factors

(i) Identify and reduce/eliminate failure potential of any objects in

height, such as pruned tree parts, tools and debris;

(ii) Clear and cordon-off tree pruning areas during pruning work to
prevent entry by unauthorised persons;

(iii) Deploy adequate manpower to maintain uninterrupted traffic

flow;

(iv) Implement Temporary Traffic Arrangement, if necessary,

following the requirements mentioned in the “Code of Practice
for the Lighting, Signing and Guarding of Road Works" issued
by Highways Department;

(v) Place directional/warning lighting and signage to divert

pedestrians and traffic;

(vi) Provide adequate cool drinking water and/or temporary

sunshade, especially during hot weather;

(vii) Keep flammable materials such as chainsaw fuel at least 3m

away from the heat source;

(viii) Prevent interference to wildlife and habitats, especially

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 45 of 53

 protected wild animals and rare or endangered species; and

(ix) Be aware of hazards associated with animals and plants such as

snakes, mosquitoes, ants, beehives and poisonous plants.

(c) Personnel Factors

(i) Wear appropriate clothing and put on proper personal protective

equipment (PPE) such as goggles, hearing protections, helmets,
chainsaw trousers, safety boots, gloves, and reflective vests, if
necessary;

(1) Chainsaw operators should wear chainsaw protective

clothing, safety helmet, eye and hearing protection,
gloves and safety shoes/boots during chainsaw operation;

(2) Tree Climbers and Tree Workers on elevated platform

should always wear suitable PPE such as safety helmet,
and safety harness with lanyard(s) anchored to secure
anchor point(s);

(ii) According to the OSH Guidelines, Chainsaw operators should

have completed recognised training on chainsaw operation
before handling any tree pruning work by using chainsaw;

(iii) Adopt safe and proper operational procedures of chainsaw

during tree work by chainsaw operators;

(iv) According to “Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Power-operated

Elevating Work Platforms” published by the Labour
Department, a power-operated elevated platform should only be
operated by persons who have received suitable training and are
competent to operate the machine;

(v) Perform sufficient and effective communication and teamwork

between Tree Work Supervisors and Tree Workers;

(vi) Always stay alert to other Tree Worker’s activities, surrounding

environment and potential hazards during tree work;

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 46 of 53

 (vii) If tree climbing is applied, arrange at least two Tree Workers with
aerial rescue qualification at the same site as far as practicable, in
case of emergency situations;

(viii) Only those who receive relevant training in handling electrical

hazards can engage in pruning work near power lines;

(ix) Ensure correct posture for manual and mechanical handling of

tree pruning such as pulling, pushing and lifting;

(x) Be aware of health conditions of every tree management personnel,

e.g. allergic reaction, heat stroke and dehydration;

(xi) Bring along a first-aid kit for emergency; and

(xii) Must not smoke when handling flammable liquid.

(d) Equipment Factors

(i) Select appropriate equipment for corresponding tasks such as

hand saws, chainsaws, pole saws, extension pruners and ropes;

(ii) Use equipment only for operations within its capabilities and in
accordance with standards, guidelines and recommendations
provided by the manufacturers;

(iii) Carry out tree work at ground level and safe conditions as far as
practicable by the use of suitable hand tools such as extension
pruner and pole saw;

(iv) Cut large or heavy tree parts into smaller pieces and make use
of equipment such as tree rigging systems to move heavy tree
parts and to avoid overloading of manual delivery;

(v) Use equipment, such as ropes, rigging equipment and elevated

platform, to move any materials at height to a safe dropping
zone;

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 47 of 53

 (vi) If tree climbing is applied, provide at the pruning site suitable and
secure anchor point(s) at height, independent lifeline(s) or fall
arresting system(s), and continuous attachment to the safety
harness for the Tree Climbers;

(vii) According to “Overview of Work-at-height Safety” published

by the Labour Department, ladders should only be used for work
at height of less than 2m above ground and should normally be
restricted for ascending and descending purposes only;

(viii) Clean and regularly sterilise all pruning tools by alcohol (75%)
or bleach solution (10% bleach and 90% water) before and after
pruning work, especially when working with infected trees in
order to prevent the spread of pests and diseases among trees.

4.6. Cleaning and Disposal

The working area should be kept safe and tidy at all time during and
after each pruning work. Any tree materials, debris and wood chips, generated
from the pruning work should be removed from the site as soon as practicable and
disposed at an appropriate waste depot or landfill.

(a) Accumulation of debris at pruning sites may cause hygienic problems

as it provides favourable breeding and decomposition sites for insects,
fungi and bacteria.

(b) Tree debris of some tree species (e.g. Leucaena leucocephala) should
be removed from sites as soon as possible in order to prevent the
growth of water sprouts from the tree debris.

(c) If trees are infected with pests and diseases such as BRRD, particular
precaution measures such as sterilising the pruning tools by alcohol
(75%), soil treatment and properly disinfecting and disposal of
infected tree debris should be undertaken. Details of handling
procedures of BRRD infected trees are provided in the “Manual on the
Management of Brown Root Rot Disease” promulgated by the
GLTMS.

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 48 of 53

 (d) To reduce yard waste generated from pruning work, clean and
uninfected wood waste can be utilised as the followings:

(i) To be retained on site to achieve conservation benefits such as

providing micro-habitat, composting of organic matters and
recycling of nutrients to the environment.

(ii) To be chipped for mulching to improve the quality of soil; and

(iii) To be converted into usable products such as biofuel, furniture,

decorative features and handcrafts.

Details of general guidance regarding the handling of tree debris

treatment are provided in the “Guidelines on Yard Waste Reduction and
Treatment” promulgated by the GLTMS.

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 49 of 53

References

International Publications

American National Standard Institute, 2017, “ANSI Z133-2017 Safety

Requirements for Arboriculutral Operations”, International Society of
Arboriculture, USA

British Standards Institution, 2010, “BSI Standards Publication: Tree Work –

Recommendations (BS3998:2010)”, British Standards Institution, UK.

Brown, G. E., & Kirkham, T., 2009, “The pruning of trees, shrubs and conifers”,
2nd Edition, Timber Press.

Gilman, E.F., 2012, “An illustrated Guide to Pruning”, 3rd Edition, Delmar, NY,
USA.

Gilman, E.F., Kempf, B., Matheny, N., & Clark, J., 2013, “Structural Pruning –
A Guide for the Green Industry”, Urban Tree Foundation, USA.

Harris, R.W., Clark, J.R., & Matheny, N.P., 2004, “Arboriculture: Integrated
Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines”, 4th Edition, Prentice
Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.

Kempter, G.P., 2004, “Best Management Practice – Utility Pruning of Trees”,

International Society of Arboriculture, USA.

Lilly, S.J., 2010, “Arborists’ Certification Study Guide”, 3 rd Edition, International

Society of Arboriculture, USA.

Lilly, S.J., Gilman, E.F. & Smiley, T., 2019, “Best Management Practice – Tree
Pruning”, 3rd Edition, International Society of Arboriculture, USA.

Standards Australia Limited, 2007, “Australian Standards – Pruning of amenity

trees”, Standards Australia Limited, Sydney NSW 2001, Australia.

Tree Care Industry Association, 2017, “American National Standard for Tree
Care Operations – Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plants Maintenance –

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 50 of 53

 Standard Practices (Pruning) (ANSI A300 Part 1-2017 Pruning)”, Tree Care
Industry Association, Londonderry, N.H., USA.

Ordinances, Technical Circulars and Guidelines

“Country Parks Ordinance (Cap. 208)”. Available from:

https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap208

“Forests and Countryside Ordinance (Cap. 96)”. Available from:

https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap96

“Forestry Regulations (Cap. 96A)”. Available from:

https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap96A

Greening, Landscape and Tree Management Section, Development Bureau, 2012,

“Guidelines on Arboriculture Occupational Safety and Health”. Available from:
https://www.greening.gov.hk/filemanager/content/pdf/tree_care/OSH_Guide
lines_2012_Dec_Issue_e.pdf

Greening, Landscape and Tree Management Section, Development Bureau, 2013,

“Management Guidelines for Stonewall Trees”. Available from:
https://www.greening.gov.hk/filemanager/content/pdf/tree_care/Guilelines_f
or_stone_wall_trees_e.pdf

Greening, Landscape and Tree Management Section, Development Bureau, 2014,

“Guidelines on Yard Waste Reduction and Treatment”. Available from:
https://www.greening.gov.hk/filemanager/content/pdf/tree_care/Guidelines_
on_Yard_Waste_Reduction_and_Treatment_e.pdf

Greening, Landscape and Tree Management Section, Development Bureau, 2019,

“Guidelines for Tree Risk Assessment and Management Arrangement (9th
Edition)”. Available from:
https://www.greening.gov.hk/filemanager/content/pdf/tree_care/HTM_Appe
ndix_4.pdf

Greening, Landscape and Tree Management Section, Development Bureau, 2019,

“Manual on the Management of Brown Root Rot Disease”. Available from:

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 51 of 53

 https://www.greening.gov.hk/filemanager/content/pdf/knowledge_database/
Manual-on-the-Management-of-Brown-Root-Rot-Disease.pdf

Greening, Landscape and Tree Management Section, Development Bureau, 2020,

“Development Bureau Technical Circular (Works) No. 4/2020 – Tree
Preservation”. Available from:
https://www.devb.gov.hk/TechnicalCirculars.aspx?section=53&lang=1

Greening, Landscape and Tree Management Section, 2020, “Development

Bureau, Development Bureau Technical Circular (Works) No. 5/2020 –
Registration and Preservation of Old and Valuable Trees”. Available from:
https://www.devb.gov.hk/TechnicalCirculars.aspx?section=53&lang=1

Highways Department, 2013, “Structures Design Manual for Highways and

Railways (2013 Edition)”. Available from:
https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/publications_and_publicity/publications/technic
al_document/structures_design_manual_2013/doc/SDM2013.pdf

Highways Department, 2017, “Code of Practice for the Lighting, Signing and
Guarding of Road Works”. Available from:
https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/publications_and_publicity/publications/technic
al_document/code_of_practice/index.html

Labour Department, 2018, “Guidance Notes on Classification and Use of Safety

Belts and their Anchorage System”. Available from:
https://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/public/os/C/belt.pdf

Labour Department, 2007, “Guidance Notes on Safe Use of Power-operated

Elevating Work Platforms”. Available from:
https://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/public/os/C/EWP.pdf

Labour Department, 2018, “Overview of Work-at-height Safety”. Available from:

https://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/public/os/D/Overview_of_Work_at_Height_
Safety_eng.pdf

“Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586)”.

Available from:
https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap586

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 52 of 53

“Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170)”. Available from:
https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap170!en

Guidelines on Tree Pruning Page 53 of 53

Appendix 1. Sample Pruning Plan

Pruning Plan

A. General Information
Department / Agency: Project / Contract No.:

Inspection Report: File Ref.:

☐ Form 1 ☐ Form 2 ☐ Other form
Inspection Officer: Tree Work Supervisor:

Tree Worker:
Date of Inspection: Anticipated Completion Date of Works:

B. Site Information
Location:
Target ☐ Pedestrian road ☐ Cycling track ☐ Public road ☐ Railway ☐
Description: Building/structure ☐ Carpark ☐ Power lines ☐ Lamppost ☐
Signboard ☐ Others:
Site Limitation: ☐ No ☐ On slope ☐ Traffic/expressway ☐ Railway
☐ Restricted area ☐ Others:
Wildlife and ☐ No ☐ Bird nest ☐ Bee hive ☐ Others:
Habitat:

C. Tree Information
Tree ID No.: Species:
Height(m): Crown Spread(m): DBH(mm):
Observation: ☐ Dead branch/stub ☐ Dead trunk ☐ Broken branch/trunk
☐ Hanger ☐ Crack ☐ Leaning ☐ Overgrown branch
☐ Heavy lateral limb ☐ Others:
Pruning ☐ Regular maintenance ☐ Reduce failure risk/nuisance
Objective: ☐ Enhance resistance to inclement weather
☐ Improve aesthetics and urban environment
☐ Others:
Mitigation ☐ Crown raising ☐ Crown reduction ☐ Crown thinning
Measure: ☐ Crown cleaning ☐ Formative pruning ☐ Cabling
☐ Pest & disease control ☐ Others:
Pest & Disease: ☐ No ☐ Termite ☐ Brown root rot disease
☐ Others:

App 1-i
 D. Pruning Work Information
Tree Part(s) to be Pruned: Photo record
☐ Crown: % of foliage:
☐ Branch:
Quantity: Fall distance(m):

Cut size(mm): Length of tree part(m):

☐ Trunk:
Quantity: Fall distance(m):

Cut size(mm): Length of tree part(m):

☐ Others:
Equipment & Tools:
☐ Hand pruner ☐ Looper ☐ Extension pruner
☐ Hand saw ☐ Pole saw ☐ Chainsaw
☐ Tree climbing gear ☐ Elevated platform
☐ Others:
Tree Part(s) to be Pruned: Photo record
☐ Crown: % of foliage:
☐ Branch:
Quantity: Fall distance(m):

Cut size(mm): Length of tree part(m):

☐ Trunk:
Quantity: Fall distance(m):

Cut size(mm): Length of tree part(m):

☐ Others:
Equipment & Tools:
☐ Hand pruner ☐ Looper ☐ Extension pruner
☐ Hand saw ☐ Pole saw ☐ Chainsaw
☐ Tree climbing gear ☐ Elevated platform
☐ Others:

App 1-ii
 E. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
Factors with Potential Risk: Mitigation Measure:
☐ Work at height ☐ Personal protective equipment
☐ Overhead object ☐ First-aid kit
☐ Delivery of tree debris ☐ Appropriate clothing
☐ Traffic flow ☐ Appropriate and safe equipment and tools
☐ Use of equipment ☐ Directional/warning signage/notice
☐ Fire precaution ☐ Cordoning-off work site
☐ Heat related disorder ☐ Deploying staff to maintain traffic flow
☐ Application of chemical ☐ Temporary traffic arrangement
☐ Inclement weather ☐ Safe access/working platform
☐ Very hot weather ☐ Adequate cool drinking water
☐ Electrical hazards ☐ Temporary sunshade
☐ Wildlife and habitat ☐ Others:
☐ Others:

F. Other Information
Wood Waste Disposal: ☐ Waste depot or landfill ☐ Retained on site ☐ Mulching
☐ Upcycling
Remarks:

App 1-iii
Appendix 1. Example 1 - Tree pruning in residential area

Pruning Plan

A. General Information
Department / Agency: Project / Contract No.:
Housing Department TRA for KE Region (CB20170219 3rd cycle)
Inspection Report: File Ref.:
☐ Form 1  Form 2 ☐ Other form
Inspection Officer: Tree Work Supervisor:

Tree Worker:
Date of Inspection: Anticipated Completion Date of Works:
3/3/2020 3/5/2020

B. Site Information
Location: Kai Yip Estate
Target  Pedestrian road ☐ Cycling track ☐ Public road ☐ Railway
Description:  Building/structure ☐ Carpark ☐ Power lines ☐ Lamppost
☐ Signboard  Others: Playground
Site Limitation:  No ☐ On slope ☐ Traffic/expressway ☐ Railway
☐ Restricted area ☐ Others:
Wildlife and  No ☐ Bird nest ☐ Bee hive ☐ Others:
Habitat:

C. Tree Information
Tree ID No.: KY-T0437 Species: Ficus microcarpa
Height(m): 7 Crown Spread(m): 6 DBH(mm): 320
Observation:  Dead branch/stub ☐ Dead trunk ☐ Broken branch/trunk
☐ Hanger ☐ Crack ☐ Leaning  Overgrown branch
☐ Heavy lateral limb ☐ Others:
Pruning  Regular maintenance  Reduce failure risk/nuisance
Objective: ☐ Enhance resistance to inclement weather
☐ Improve aesthetics and urban environment
☐ Others:
Mitigation ☐ Crown raising  Crown reduction ☐ Crown thinning
Measure:  Crown cleaning ☐ Formative pruning ☐ Cabling
☐ Pest & disease control ☐ Others:
Pest & Disease:  No ☐ Termite ☐ Brown root rot disease
☐ Others:

App 1-iv
 D. Pruning Work Information
Tree Part(s) to be Pruned: Photo record
 Crown: % of foliage: 20%
☐ Branch:
Quantity: Fall distance(m):

Cut size(mm): Length of tree part(m):

☐ Trunk:
Quantity: Fall distance(m):

Cut size(mm): Length of tree part(m):

☐ Others:
Equipment & Tools:
☐ Hand pruner ☐ Looper ☐ Extension pruner
☐ Hand saw  Pole saw ☐ Chainsaw
☐ Tree climbing gear ☐ Elevated platform
☐ Others:
Tree Part(s) to be Pruned: Photo record
☐ Crown: % of foliage:
 Branch:
Quantity: Fall distance(m):
1 5
Cut size(mm): Length of tree part(m):
<100 0.5
☐ Trunk:
Quantity: Fall distance(m):

Cut size(mm): Length of tree part(m):

☐ Others:
Equipment & Tools:
☐ Hand pruner ☐ Looper ☐ Extension pruner
☐ Hand saw  Pole saw ☐ Chainsaw
☐ Tree climbing gear ☐ Elevated platform
☐ Others:

App 1-v
 D. Pruning Works Information
Tree Part(s) to be Pruned: Photo record
☐ Crown: % of foliage:
 Branch:
Quantity: Fall distance(m):
3 5
Cut size(mm): Length of tree part(m):
<100 0.5
☐ Trunk:
Quantity: Fall distance(m):

Cut size(mm): Length of tree part(m):

☐ Others:
Equipment & Tools:
☐ Hand pruner ☐ Looper ☐ Extension pruner
☐ Hand saw  Pole saw ☐ Chainsaw
☐ Tree climbing gear ☐ Elevated platform
☐ Others:

E. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

Factors with Potential Risk: Mitigation Measure:
☐ Work at height  Personal protective equipment
 Overhead object  First-aid kit
 Delivery of tree debris  Appropriate clothing
☐ Traffic flow  Appropriate and safe equipment and tools
 Use of equipment  Directional/warning signage/notice
☐ Fire precaution  Cordoning-off work site
☐ Heat related disorder  Deploying staff to maintain traffic flow
☐ Application of chemical ☐ Temporary traffic arrangement
☐ Inclement weather ☐ Safe access/working platform
☐ Very hot weather  Adequate cool drinking water
☐ Electrical hazards ☐ Temporary sunshade
☐ Wildlife and habitat ☐ Others:
☐ Others:

F. Other Information
Wood Waste Disposal:  Waste depot or landfill ☐ Retained on site ☐ Mulching
☐ Upcycling
Remarks:

App 1-vi
Appendix 2. Adverse Effect of Pruning Malpractices

Possible Adverse Influences on Tree

Increase Stimulate Cause damage Hard to Become
Pruning Health and Become
branch / tree Disfigure growth of to branch complete vulnerable to
Malpractices growth rate vulnerable
failure tree form water collar or trunk compart- pests and
decline to sunburn
potential sprouts tissue mentalisation diseases
Topping       
Lion-tailing      
Over-lifting      
Flush cut    
Stub remaining   
Large pruning
    
wound
Bark tearing    
Jagged wound     
Wound dressing    
 Possible adverse effect

App 2-i