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[Title]: MEASURING SOLUBILITY

ABSTRACT

The goal of this project is to measure the solubilities of some common chemicals:

 Table salt (NaCl)

 Epsom salts (MgSO4)

 sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11).

THEORY

A good part of the substances we deal with in daily life, such as milk, gasoline, shampoo, wood,

steel and air are mixtures. When the mixture is homogenous, that is to say, when its components are

intermingled evenly, it is called a solution. There are various types of solutions, and these can be

categorized by state (gas, liquid, or solid).

The chart below gives some examples of solutions in different states. Many essential chemical

reactions and natural processes occur in liquid solutions, particularly those containing water

(aqueous solutions) because so many things dissolve in water. In fact, water is sometimes referred

to as the universal solvent. The electrical charges in water molecules help dissolve different kinds of

substances. Solutions form when the force of attraction between solute and solvent is greater than

the force of attraction between the particles in the solute.

Two examples of such important processes are the uptake of nutrients by plants, and the

chemical weathering of minerals. Chemical weathering begins to take place when carbon dioxide in

the air dissolves in rainwater. A solution called carbonic acid is formed. The process is then com-

pleted as the acidic water seeps into rocks and dissolves underground limestone deposits.

Sometimes, the dissolving of soluble minerals in rocks can even lead to the formation of

caves. If one takes a moment to consider aqueous solutions, one quickly observes that they exhibit

many interesting properties. For example, the tap water in your kitchen sink does not freeze at ex-
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actly 0°C. This is because tap water is not pure water; it contains dissolved solutes. Some tap water,

commonly known as hard water, contains mineral solutes such as calcium carbonate, magnesium

sulfate, calcium chloride, and iron sulfate. Another interesting solution property is exhibited with salt

and ice.

Another example comes from the fact that salt is spread on ice collected on roads in winters. When

the ice begins to melt, the salt dissolves in the water and forms salt water. The reason is that with

the adition of salt the melting point of water increases and as aresult the snow melts away faster.

Even some organisms have evolved to survive freezing water temperatures with natural “antifreeze.

Certain arctic fish have blood containing a high concentration of a specific protein. This pro-

tein behaves like a solute in a solution and lowers the freezing point of the blood. Going to the other

end of the spectrum, one can also observe that the boiling point of a solution is affected by the addi-

tion of a solute. These two properties, namely freezing-point depression and boiling-point elevation,

are called colligative properties (properties that depend on the number of molecules, but not on their

chemical nature).

BASIC CONCEPTS

A saturated solution is a mixture in which no more solute can be practically dissolved in a solvent at

a given temperature. It is said practical because theoretically infinite amount of solute can be added

to a solvent, but after a certain limit the earlier dissolved solute particles start rearranging and come

out at a constant rate. Hence overall it appears that no solute is dissolved after a given amount of

solute is dissolved. This is known as a saturated solution.

In an unsaturated solution, if solute is dissolved in a solvent the solute particles dissociate and mix

with the solvent without the re-arrangement of earlier dissolved solute particles. Solubility depends

on various factors like the Ksp of the salt, bond strength between the cation and anion, covalency of

the bond, extent of inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonding, polarity, dipole moment etc. Out of

these the concepts of H-bonding, covalency, ionic bond strength and polarity play a major role if wa-

ter is taken as a solvent. Al

so physical conditions like temperature and pressure also play very important roles as they affect the

kinetic energy of the molecules

REQUIRMENTS:

To do this experiment following materials and equipment are required:

 Distilled water

•Metric liquid measuring cup (or graduated cylinder)

 •Three clean glass jars or beakers

•Non-iodized table salt (NaCl)

•Epsom salts (MgSO4)

•Sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)

 •Disposable plastic spoons

•Thermometer

 •Three shallow plates or saucers

 •Oven

 •Electronic kitchen balance (accurate to 0.1 g)

PROCEDURE:

Determining Solubility

1.Measure 100 mL of distilled water and pour into

a .clean, empty beaker or jar.

2. Use the kitchen balance to weigh out the suggested amount (see below) of the solute to be

tested.

a. 50 g Non-iodized table salt (NaCl)

b. 50 g Epsom salts (MgSO4)

c. 250 g Sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11)

3. Add a small amount of the solute to the water and stir with a clean disposable spoon until dis-

solved.

4. Repeat this process, always adding a small amount until the solute will no longer dissolve.
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5. Weigh the amount of solute remaining to determine how much was added to the solution.

6. Try and add more solute at the same temperature and observe changes if any.

7. Now heat the solutions and add more solute to the solutions.

OBSERVATIONS:

Adding more solute at the same temperature to the saturated solutions yielded no significant

changes in NaCl and Epsom salt. Howerver at all temperatures the saturation point of sucrose could

not be obtained exactly as due to the large size of the molecule the solution became thick and

refraction was more prominent. Neglecting this observation in the room for error, the experiments

agreed with the theory.

Adding more solute to heated solutions increased the solubility in all the 3 cases. The largest

incrrease was shown by NaCl, followed by Epsom salt and sucrose. These facts too agreed with the

theory as at high temperatures the kinetic enery of molecules increases and the collisions are more

effective.

CONCLUSIONS:

The solubility of NaCl is the highest as it an ionic salt and easily dissociates in water. Also since the

size of both the cation and anion are small, the collisions are more and hence probability of

dissociation is high. The solubility of MgSO4 is also high as it is also an ionic salt, but due to a larger

anion, collisions are notvery effective. The solubility of C12H22O11 is the least as it a very large

molecule due to which hydrogen bonding with the water molecules is not very effective. Also due to
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the large number of carbon and oxygen atoms, inter molecular H-bonding is more dominant than

intramolecular H-bonding.

PRECAUTIONS:

1.While adding the solute to the solvent, the solution should be stirred slowly so as to avoid the

formation of any globules.

2. Stirring should not be vigorous as the kinetic energy of the molecules might change due to which

solubility can increase.

3. While stirring, contact with the walls of the container should be avoided as with every collision, an

impulse is generated which makes the dissolved solute particles rearrange themselves. As a result

solubility can decrease.

4. The temperature while conducting all the three experiments should be approximately same.

5. Epsom salt should be first dried in order to remove the water of crystallization (MgSO4.7H2O).

RESULT:

The saturated solutions of NaCl, MgSO4 and C12H22O11 were made and observed. The

observations agreed with the related theory within the range of experimental error