OVERVIEW) OF OPTICAL. fier Conmunieat ons") | HistogtceL DEvELopMeNT: | fiber opaes deals coil a of Propagation of lige “Hrvough argpavent chelechic toaveduides. The ifber opkcs ase used for dearamssion of data fom | point to point Lotation- Fibey oplic Syefems Currently Used Most aca as the chansmissiog Kime behoeon dervedial harduswad Syperee the Conier frequanties ured fn Conventional Systema had the — Umilations tr handling dhe volume and yale of dale chanemission « The great, the Cosydes Bequeaty larg ke aunilable boduidth and infomation Corsraing Capacity « FIRST Geneeakion': “the fest aaoakion oF iy ware Syslene ale Semi- Conductor laser and ope region “usag nea 0-8 Lim Other Specifications, of Hee Gerwakion oo: 1) Bik wate: WS Mb] 4) Repeater Spacing + Lokm SECONO Generabion 1 DRIt rake S too HbIg n) Repeater Spaving:’ SOKen in) wove lengths 13 Lim Scanned with CamScannerTeen & witeke Y= hee ‘ -FOCRTH GeneaKoe: Footh Genmatce yet 1) Be mE: totale FIFTH Geraelon: Fath Genscklon uses oman ampStiaton “echogqar and Optiod so lakons- 1) Qtwk! botbo bole *) d= 159 Lm se] Need of fiber optic tannins * fiber opke Cormuniolton Spike has emerged as mort [iengrtark Communication System Compased to hadnt Syston betause gt Allowhy requieomunke: Se long haul canmissoa Sygkm, Hume tg need ef low lose daansmisson medium - i} there is need ot Compact and least toaigkt JangriHers| And YeLeivers - ®)} There 36 need of Trenaed Span of chargmisetoa | W)| There 1s need of intared bit vale —ditdante Product . Rpete Spawn: upto Sm0Km x Scanned with CamScanner_- x Gener OPTICAL BER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM! “the bast block drogen of opttal Aber Communication: Syston Consists oh 5) panama er 1) ophreal source iopheol deca © ophral deletyt \) Receiver « Fy G) La) Shows the geruah Communication Susteren and (b) thy Lenin chi. ws the optical Uben 7 " eRe foe Fal “Worn Traramigin Receiver | (Medulaby] 7 Hediom any = i g iz 2 S 3 Q g F Tr Go eration] Electrical ‘ OPkicad So fi Soures ‘| re 7 _traramit | 2 fiber cabl ‘dea Yowviak | (Recrre bat iter t ‘detector Receive {| nak '&) _| communication. syste Eqiy Ca) ‘The’ Grendral Communication System ; (b) : Optical iter Communication System, nn Scanned with CamScanneree | &) As Shown in fy Wa); the funckon of. uadich is Convey pine Spal fom the infomation source oven the dansko Mredkiien” do the deckahion + Gm Cleebrtoh — Coranunicabiond the Snfomahiyn Sourte provides an elechital Sqnal, “sually derived fron a metcage Spal bith is net elochrtal tea! sound) Comprising Cleebiol ond Clechonic Components why'th Converts the Sanok into 0. Surtable Bona & p akion mediam: The 26 atten lad Rthieved Noweren, + mush be. noted thot medium, the Siqnak ts Sabjeck 4 degasdations due to Contamntnatton Signals ond poise, 2 WAL as posible dis By methantart within ths mediuie tazale fin “Yhe Gye of dy U1) (b), Hae indormadion Source prow'des! on elechycal Signal 40 transrnitten Comprising an. etethical Hage whith dares an optrtal, Source to Ye modulation of thy Wht to ave Canter. Scanned with CamScanner(5) the ophGl Source which provider the elethraal -optial * Conversion ray be edhe @ Semi conduloy lager of LED + “he densmisston meddun Consisls’ of an ophiak Aber cable, and the receive Consists of an. ophal icblettor whith an Sudther Cherbital Sage and hence Provides chinadlation a ae Carder photodiodes (Pn, painn OF avalanche) 1 “ome indances, Photo dantistors and phobo Conduttors on th the optical Signal ond' ty * Lajer ‘ Ges Encoder} S— pive | Cirevit we @) ‘n8D lepuitizer Digit YN 7& ; \nformation alin Source IFA ILC)» shows, a block Shenatic a a prea dag. optiah Aber Unk. Suataliy the’ ‘input or eae Hou fnforrakion Sure is ‘suitably ‘entaded for a dcansaksion « peed i 2 ea ok the laser. dive coeur dyeetly nodulades ee inlet Z i 4 ‘Sexi Conduchat laser widR the entoded ty tan cignal ente, 0 dayidal ophab Signak ts, laanvhed indy ad ophead, dbex ble ; 4 i © ~«] The owolanthe flododinde APD) gelethoy is hllowed a@ ond. -end amplifier and equahacse ar dillex to provile! dain am Scanned with CamScannerat] ADVANTA HES oF OPCIeAL FIBER —CoMMONILA TLoNIS: —=_ Th yg dey Be a “Thee ave Seve advantages OL optical fker Cmeuniadite in Conbast with Conventional » Some of them are : fwide Bandisid Hie rthe Is iy) y) Lightweight Be Bocy cables One ei Cb) as wellas Gaean Signal. processing and nwise bands veduchon: Fray, Hu Sirah obtaied rs cletsded to gee “He orginal dyital infonmakton: igheiare Octuples the Fecqpsenty srange |* Baxi We © Thus the infomation Ceenying — tapabitidy ob optic. Aber Gables te muth higher - Low letes + behoeen axid™ R2 dp Fiber opke tables adfas Very. lees Styah aNenuabion Over long distances - Typically it ts lege dean 18s Ws erables longer distance beshocen repaalen- Samune > Owssdllr fiber ophe Conles has Very high kmnanlly Jde clethteal ond Pragnebic fields Smee Sber obit (ables ane. tun tonductss of chechwcihy hence. do not Produce woogie Seld- Thus Eber opke ables. de. rerun 4S Grendel! Hbebieen tables Caused by mognekic. induchen mY Salerbrence Srimune:- Fiber OPAL Cables’ Ove. inline ‘dp boaduelve ond sradivachve. interferences ined bj dieheat Me Sountes Suh of bh eluks. wed Nights eke: sepyel oa > Powatat, ; de ob Shes glass or Paste shivh “1S oni Ughtor Hean Coppese vr almtinicds Cables - Light wetght Fiber tablet, ase Cheaper: 'd6 id bie re ap Santee Be fe ' t | wt abot > SL: Scanned with CamScannerv J Srall s3e The diameter ot Fer 18 mth Sinallan Compared ty Other Caloles, therefore Ger Gable & siwall Mnsize, Ne aire tess Stomge Space: Vid] More shengthe fiber Cables ane Shonger and ped Con Suppot Nore wapht- wwe) Secunhy Fiber Cables are more Seune tan offer (alter « Mic Obgnost Fm possib le b tap into a Phe able as do not weadioke Signals “ , id) Long cislane borsnissioa + Bete lew Beh, Haine ob oe Longer didante is possible. Soke and _casy installation » Fibers ave saferand easier bo intlall and Maintain They axe non-tonductors hente thee gro shack bagords as no torrent or Voltage % adocdted. tcith theme Thar Swolh €3¢ ond laght weight deahsre males Fnstablahori eariese - w)] Lew tosk & Cot of diloer Ophic Suslien ag Leas Commred do any . & | DisAovanctahes of © ——or = » | CoNNUNICATIONS ¢ eee 3D] igh fot Cocks The ridtal cost of tndlallation, 87 Selig up Cost 15 very hig h tompared do all otter system - 5 TY Meinlerancn ond Repaing Cater The mainkrante and ‘repesty of Ber optic systems is not ely difficult tuk erpensve alec.” 18) | Fointag nd Test procedures Since opkial fibers ane of Very Smadh sige The dies Joining Process is ve and Scanned with CamScanner———___— eqpives Skilled Manpower « IY Teosile chess s- OpKol fibers aye. more, Susceptible to buckling , bording and densile Shess Hon Copp en Cables » \D} shod Wns + tren thouk opal Sher “Gabler ‘ane inevpentivg, YE iS SAUL not Cos! effective ty veplate ereay Srral Conventional aannector, - Applications SE OPTICAL FIBER ComMuMoATI NAS ! Agpltakion’s of optiail dtber Cowmunteakions include Aelecommuuniteions, data Communiabions, vides Control and Pekthon Sustehing » Sensocs and *powes applicators » D) Telephone Nehworkes + opel tevenuide has low oeruahon, high fransmission bandioidth Compara sds! Copperlines , pAhereloe number sf log haw toogah truncts Lenka’ « behveen sWaphone Crcharges ave beng, meplaced. Optio Lbey tinks- : Maced by = Urban _broidbard” Sorice nehonds Modem Sub wan Communications involves video keel, video Conkreneing Video telephony, Switched broadband Cornrunstation nehuoock« Ve [tese Gn be Supplied ower a. Single Sher ope bak: Fier ophc fable is the felubton do th many of today's Nuch speeds | high bancsid th date Grinunichor Prlems ond will Continue de play O lasge Vole ta Aube deletorr and. dedi—Cam -nelwols- | ! Scanned with CamScanner& PY] OPTICAL FIBER whveguines » — SG) So Geetpace Ua towels ak ravine pessible Sed Ley Bxio8m|e or 1X AO miles [sec hen light! dearel Hornagh & makriah & ehibtls cerlata Behavioux planed by | lows oh weflechion, vefachon ete» Fry 20) Shows a beans pevendt Gore. wath a veReadve Sader “al Surrandad. by a drantpasent dladkng ob hil a tewey veftechve nde ny, TPH: opbal Ser wooweguide showing Cove(ny) and lading tn.) The Cladding Suppotts he tuorequide shuthne ohilt aluo, hen Sufkeently dhrek, Subslankally retueong the radsabion Lose into she Suerounding ay: Sn essence the laprenngy traveler both He toe and the Uaddang atloomg the asrovated Lield, be cletay too Redtighle valu od fhe Gore—cladding Tnlevlace Ray TRANSHISS! ON TREORY 1 Before Shuslyieg how the Ugh actualy Propagates the diber, laws gpreming fe nok ob Ught must be Shidied. These ave Called ag lacs eh optics (Ray thaary)e Scanned with CamScanneroe Lin), Sn Feespate bight travels ot ik erstiinuen possible speed Vey 163 mals. when, laght dearels Hy a malenal, exhbils Certain: ‘behaviour Cxplined by laws o- vebtechion, sedcankion: Relleebionr the las of veflecton ales Kut when a Light Yay 1S Inctlent Upon a netlechve Surface at Some tneadont angle §, fom inane ‘ aus f hat enoginasiy porpendiadas © normal Hu vay : oof Son “Hae : Surdace ub Sone. aryle 4 bom : Normal uhich is do hw. a : thous aw of ere angle o incidence. Fa Lb) ~~ , Normal t the yeFlectve Surface | | ' i Replected vax4 ' ‘Theident Roy. 7 £4, a Lb) + ReHleckton . Lew of vetlection Ibi=lb1 Rebrackon} ebeatkion acess ahen Lyht vay Passes hom one rocd 4 ao another rredium Ws ey th Ugh ray Changes ibs: daeebion at inlerbare. Rebaakeon OcLaré Wherwer densiny ot rediuny oe “he wehackion (an thio be thiewed at airand qlas tnlehee| when were Passes Hour Lets.idenge nudum do moe | {dense seedrm, re ove le Pae) soy relearted Chen)’ dovrirds ne. LOrmal: Fiq.aLe) Shoas the refraction Phenomena + a] Scanned with CamScannerWi = un Tneident ve Th, Gea 1 RePracted Fig ate: Refmelion ™ [The reaction Ubending) dates place because lift davele at dtderent Speed in dorent medias: The Speed of-byht tn free. space is haher tan n wale or glass: Rebeasive Snderr The amount of vrefrachion OF bending that Betis ot the mlerface db ion evalertalr db diflerent- chases ts Usually Capressed’ as vedeaskve indes gf doo Maleras Rehaekie Sader ve alio | Raaor i i wh fone hae ° as index of rreBeachon Based on praterdoh density ;the vehachve Sndix ig expressed as Hu rake of He velowhy oh light in Freespace do the Releady ok Ught of tre dielecktc atrial (Subsbante) Rehacive Sn n> Speed hyp Pa Sipsed obit in medium The wehractve index for vacoum and aly is bo, doc waley Is #2 and for gloss is 1s. Tolal Salemnal Reflection then tu \atent angle is Mnereased ond tho _citt : ig het hy Pas) Scanned with CamScannerrin She interdace chlo the other medium « This gues the at | OL niwor exist od te interface vith no possiteiliy OL ght CSaping oubstle he medium - Sn Yas Condon, angle of vellection( ),) ss Spal-do frye cf incidence Ct) thus action 1S called as Total Saterroh Reflection (U1R)- the choo loadiwons necersary forme tp Octur ane: 0) The vedmchve index st cove must be greater than dledding ye, MPN: b)| The angle Oh incidence mug] be grealer or equal do Crhical ange 7 Fels) grows yrvays nedent on high Ho-Loes vehrachive ” Jndex interdare Leg. qlass~ ai) Ca) Reftackon th) the bmidiag Case of vefitokion _Shasing the tidal ray ak on angle bs [C) dota internal yeftedion there b> be: na | I \ Low inder m2! a | 1 @in Eee I ' feylebita)rebrachion (6)! Showingraya anarybepe te) MED >be Scanned with CamScanner03), |The angle Of incidence. by and wehoelion by are related tocath | other and +o dhe refractive indices OF he dre leche by Snells law oP vebrachion which Slaler ted “hoo Unt vay Neaets When it mook the inleface of wo media hewivg | Berend inderes of rekach on. he, Med = sing, Gy oo Seb) gy Ti Singy Ay 1 “EY GE oy be obsewtd in. “Fey La) Ga) that’ a drat amount af Vat fs vefleced back cabs ye ovyieating deelectrie rnedin Lparkah internal reflection). Og a, Is Fralen dhan athe angle & reflection 8 ‘obuiay graakn than ie angle of intdence. % [Thus wher Hu arde oh! sedition iy Fe and Ihe vebatted. May emerges Povralted to hes inlerdate behven ne dietechicg the ongle. vb fatdence musk be legs tran Fo") [This ts* he Lik ng Gse of xehatlton ond ore Ogle at Focidence is nas Known as Caificah angle be as shown ta Sas thus CoH oh angle is quea by ye . . SP FE =. fee set (an + My angles vot incidence greater Vaan theerdeal, the ge nS wHeded, back ado die Origirabing diteahne retin laorat intemal reflection) ugh high eltiseny « ‘ 4 + ee may be wbsewed Shatin Py) C0), she otal inlernal refleckon occurs: Scanned with CamScanner22} Hence , ony Yay which ar tacided Indy te der core at tow Index cladding Cra) Cove axth. Fast a): The hransmission of Ugh ray ina pede Shen. The sah ny Shown ix dy ald) % ken iat a ee ar e le The Geomedry Corttermed orth launching a. FE WY nb an ophial Sher is shown in & AiLa),tahich Wbushales reerichoral ray “A ot tha endhead. J $ wt Line fiber at he tove-chlting folerdece Pe ier ai oak tas yoy enters the bey’ Cove aban oi tgs 4 Hhe fber aWs and is vebrmcled:’ ak tee cir-tore inlet - before ‘transmission to dhe « Core~ cladding inkrboce af ea: Cabal orgle- es Or angle greaken Hun ‘Cx! sill be hansmitled bo 4he Coe-cladd: eda. at an angle less than be ond will not be bo ¥ inkemally vefleded. This 35 also Allushaled. ta $i Hla), toh Whe meldent ray ps! at an angle greake, sthan O18 reflected ints Lys Yading cund. vevenhially lest by radiation. : ‘ ie Scanned with CamScannerx |] dure of cenit which wepresenks is ight Gherng Grail. : Considering: Ye. right angled driangle Aa indiaded: ta fg, is) ) Hence on vs dhe ntqxitum angle te {ha anit of which light ma enter the Aber in order do be Propagadted ; and is often velerred Jo ag ny acteplance angle tor the diber- Newell Aperaduse The * Wumericdl Aperahre (WA) ot a dber is hesger the Numertab: aperaere by Sher. FY HUB) shows a. Ut ray treahoh On he Eiber Cone af an angle OF AD the Eber anes which is les don the Aceeplance wale dor she her ‘ols The ray enlers Wd! fher Bom O medium (ai) of ‘archrachve inde "ng! ancl Ihe Aber Cor’ has a vefiadive inden ‘ay! wht 8 gl, vedreactive, indenyt “ wy tos on “eda 1 greeks He amourt of ght accepted Ctaading ny: Fy Cb): Rass pata hor ox matbondl ray ind ber, isher A< oy Assuming the enhance dace ab the. Aber toe ty be normal to Ke Gas | Han Consilering the Yebaetren atatne Coren ate nk bee “| and using Sells tad aren bay esd abi” fae NosmO, =, Sin Os. -U), $- 2. Q@) Pe there“! 7S greaker than the tilicat. angle ak Whe es! Nalerfare: Hence & 0) beemes, << Scanned with CamScannerCs - ee —_ (6) | NosMO,=A,Cosp — 8) J pe B 8, | ~2 6-5 ean Momo) 2 A snc -$) | “yha ein Nosn®y =n, cos ; | Use the Kqorowchiol selahionship gq? + tosh | ° at, &, -B) be ngshbienyli-dnopyee tat 4-2 oon Wo bd Por Core~claddag fnkevdece ‘Also my his Leenibvg Case, O1' be Comes the acceplance angle di the ber ‘9,!. Combing Mhese Umiiag Cages tht £4-(4) gues, Np Sin Ba = Cne-ap VE toy "EEL Sa) "o- os yo ny (mast) nr t Cop 0,2)" Hence NA Is dedned ag NA = Mosme = (42-03% _ (6) Gree the WA is offer used ilk the Aber im aie lohere ite is nen “ ) unity jib as qual “d gin Ops HE may olde be ncted chat a ib Souder! peri + over the <0 ’ Proegeed, within, he ber. Toye O< S00 6t le The NA fay also be Gren Interne ot thy relahne vefrednve Sndex deference A pehoeen he tore and the Cladding why is dedined. ag, when the Linthing Gse for TR 3s Conserved, \fB' becomes equal do | = Nn es * wae Dye S Mans int aa we Ae) —e), eae meee Scanned with CamScannerOve o VOU) Usedl png » 7 i Ber J eabure by the bight Contry ably ofa aya Laght dravelling in air Shees, glass plade actor angle ‘gh 238" shy Assume sreberetive indet of air= | ——______— ite, Noo Npcwieg on bol Sides of &q >to) ri NP e Unread @) lence Combing & ola) and (aq) , Wwe get WAI D> A NA- GaER. Nas 9 OR — Uo) , The velabionship gien 1 8) dos the numeral apohie where d's mensuied behcen the fntoming ray and glass Succes Upon shileng the ghas, pout ok the bearn fs yelleeked » and atls'te | wehnek ds Et the ralraled and velleded beams etarg mates an: onge of Go? with cach other , what Ts thé redeackve inder d the. glass 2 whet 18. he oilreal angle for the glass] CSuby [ug 200%, 6H] Given hak i 28° and 22 for Detating, do srell's, Luo Janie Asin = 49nd 7) . Suppese ny ts vebrathve inden cB glass Ny ss velhechve Inder ar ~A => nsinde=nsingy = Asin i . a Sa Rebrarhe Snkv a gle © Nh = 6836 Scanned with CamScanneris _—_____. 6) Fron definition & crikeal aves br =40° and tiede Sn te > A gn 40° Sin b& = case Sete= 054 | de = Sa Los) | de > Brg? | | “ G#al angle ge 32-68" } LAA Silt opkad fer uth a tore dhomeler lage enough be Congdersd by Tay duoy avalysis has a Core, yebackve indo. P50 and o Chadaking yehradie inder of 1419 - Dedkermine 0) The enhcaL angle at Ho. toe. lading intedace cp b) the NA for Ya bber - Othe apne! one in ate toe Ha bee (Sl tngrtejar] ad} the tific are be ot te tore chaddivg inteace 18 gen by de = swim 2 gri(tue) 10 A, Ib) the Numerical, aperabire is given by , sy b ida NR tap—ng)® Uso jaypeyh ) ebasermhe 4 et Ic) The axceepbance angle in ad Of is gen by) Og = 0! nA e Sia 0130 Oye ay? pS Scanned with CamScanner____{t) | | 2 A Apical rebbe vehactie inter difference Sor an ophicat fiber | designed & long distance densmission Is Af Eshinnale the NA and We Sclad crcteplance angle," for the Aber when the, Coe inde is Mb, futher Glalite the othe angle ett the. | Core Cladivg mnoface wily The fiber: [Bee an -r01 ral | sly Gren dette s As oot, : ee Aye bab 1 yas Gay. ine Lex oi). oy f v ° we For Sreall angles, the Solid acteptance ange ta a ig given i SG -n@re xm MQ G = Kwa: x (0-10 0-18 Fad Ds wht, £0 the telave wefachve indir difeente A quer, Ae MeN ny ni re Hence, 2% ni > t-As \-o-o} + >) ¢ — = 0-49), : n ) Renee, dhe cal angle ble core — cladding intedace is, c= Sint B85 6 ger to 1) ir, Scanned with CamScanner4.0), | SROW NYS! Noten takeyeny of voy enisds which is. divested jwiltrout sy Tava ire Peer ai. These rays, tohieh syeal ly [Out reanber Ihe mrcsioienial says, falleva o helical folk strroea he Sher aS tNashaled te fy ts), and ave called Skeiorays, FL es nol Sasq shy Vigulive dhe Skaoray paths in choo diveasions [PEN vey be absevad dom fy (s)t0),-Mal dhe eta rei vcd Fieugh Ute hes gins Charge fa dveetion oof at at jeach veectyon, where tis dhe angle bho dhe paetion of Yherray ir hwo Arensions and she Vedus Of Ihe dhher Core a She Pelnt- af vefleelion. | essere? eka coe ARE ©) FAG): The helical pols daken by 0 Skuovey Ye an ophteal Aber. 169 Skeworey posh Ub) carvssegerkional view ot the Mher. oR] Yher the tight input eh the they gg pon miuriform, sku Tyg toill Rerebre fend “dy have Seething CHlec on the. diskibubton of Ught a8 kis dhangeitted IY a move oni ovsp Te amourt a Smoolking i dependent. on dhe ino of. reflections ercountertd by Ihe SKsorvays. ue Ga ove do Caleulale he aceeplance rule dea, Ske vey Mis recessory 1° define Whe diwetion of dhe Yay i too frpendiculass. planes He dpomely of Whe si uation is tlhishated iw Figls)Ce) stohuial a ster FAY TS Shown inedent on ohn hhex onal ted 2 axy (21) Poll “DB! ob on angle Qe tothe oral at the ber ead face - Fq5Co): the reyes within the Fiber Core Soro. § On angle 85 to He ronal at air when Considering the ray behwen tpt and ‘8! reesvlve the direction ef tte ot the Kea ray tautded a ~wre inkrdace - pit ds Necessary cto Paid ‘Ag? eb the point 'B' As “the incident and veflecled CEB Utah Ss ot the = Pant & ane ih the Same plane, ris is Shraply los ‘ , Hence) the reflection ot point lal han msl rray b e BY Cosa ing = Cos f. CU) per ee Using dig} o noone Cau. relastonchip Srigtcashp =I hen, CesT Sin > ty-Sie?f)-_- @) GE Ye Unibing Case. for dolal sneajal rePlecton 1S now Considered, Hur $f betomes equal to Aerritisbeal at fe br the Woe Unding inkrdove arc by seg oie Be ‘ Nene &¢—05 betenez, . tos S Sin 2 Cosby (28 ha _2ey fadher more, Using Snell's law * at Point A, Hen | No Sin Oy = Ny Sin O (4) A hare nce, represents the Makin \aput qual 1 Morodieral..ruys. ‘ou, pre The asimunn angle doe 2 epue auto” : angie Se shes rays oF A Scanned with CamScannerx [> 90°. Hence, “the. attepbance doe Skaorays % (22) Sin Ogs = a Lobe. (t- a2) ty C3 no tat ae where ‘O,6! Thus Acteplance angle bos skews coups RoSin Bas: toot = Car nzyie = A —&) and in the Gse ok ne Sher fr air (My: 1) Sin Bar Cost = py __. (> =) Sn Oa, = NAL Cog) Bos = Sinn! (eer) 8 Mtoe Bas —5 atterlance ungle For skasrays NE — 9 Wumeriak Apoahiss: . fin opted fiber Pn air has an WA of om, Coonpare Soe atreplance ange dor meridional rays lh that of shaun Ryd whch cherge “diction by toc” ak Lach election ‘ ‘ Bec [Ton—2009 ony The atteptante ange de6 meviadinal rye 5 gleen by, Bae Sin NA i oe = Sin7! (0-4) * y= 1) Sas rb), , the skew rey Charge dietkon by 100" exch edlcdon, echae Bas = e9) 2 Sigh (2) ya Cos 50" HODES OF «FIBERT The “mode Sta Kier tebevs do Hee, Hrupaber ot paths: dor Ho Light yy wittin the table.” Actotng fo medes, phic Abers tan be, Oasiked info Spay Scanned with CamScanner(23) 1) Single mode Aber . h) Matti mode diver. ; | Single mole fiber ilow fon Gh Light ray by only one | park. Sagle. mede fibers osu best at retaining the debby Heath Uht pulse over longer distmee ond alao “they do ast exhibit Avpersion Caused by rrultiple modes. The erm multimode Sip ly refers be the fact frat aumenus reodes [gt yeys) ane casted Siouabbenn Busty Hroigh the wong] Hultimode fiber hag a much er diameter, Compared Lp Sele mode Fibers, tus alloros losge. nee mien 7 “P/E PRRILES + A Fer 6 Chckeed by» is ple and by is Core. and. laddirg dramebrs. One uny of assbying the Hiber cables is attain te the = Petite ak Shey. ied e inde. fle is & qraphi TPeSerlah aoe fai ee aa Gincks tpt He There ave doo basic cypes & index pres 1) Skp index fer ii) Graded Gindex Sex. SF] Pi{LE) La) shows, tre indo profes’ ‘ob Sibers : 1 Fy bla)* Grdec prttes. : Sep Linde (Si) fiber ‘The step fede. Lg) Biber is a tylindtal pave guide Cove with Centra Os inner cove hab 4 Unifora sefeauhive, index & Mand the: tore 28° Surmotinded by outer lading vid Uniform overactive. inder dng thes = Scanned with CamScanner& aK the vedrathve, indo Vaouttion ta the one ig given by t _ : ~ (24) Cladding refrachve tnder (ny) i less than “he. Core vehrattne. ‘inden tri) Rehaclre inder paitle cf skp indeted opheal Sher i€ shown in, | $y bLb)- The Propagation ot Ught ware wilin the Core of Step inden fiber takes the path + meridional, if Lh , +4 Fg blb): Skp ind. Fibes « Here, the Core typially has diel OF S0- to Lm and the Cladding has a diameler of 125 um « i The: vehmtbie inden pretile is defined. as; : . roy) = fm, when rea ltore) Ny vhe Toa CBladding) ‘ Graded Sndsi (ORIN) BEY The, araded fader fer has? ' Gore made fom many layers + alass dn the guoded Binder CG@ind) fiber) the vehactve fades 1s nok . lp. s tedlet se tunidorin within He Cove, Hig Kighert of dhe Center and ae Seaoothily and Continuously voit distance towards the Fig Gb) Shows yebractive indew pechle oF graded idea: ber, ‘ { ee ce faq GUb), Shows refractive, index profile iof Gmded inden fiber! he vehraptive finde | Vasuiahon ine tore ig given dy : Scanned with CamScannernef tr 2A (KY he when Tea (Lore) Ay C-rayle Ny When Ysa (ttadding) 7% wodial diilance fron Gber | otis Qa Core radius Nie Redrachve index of tore ! Nye Redsartve india of cadds L = shape Of index Probie, where Tem, Fig blb) : Graded Ginder. Fiberr:* Conpaision wk sep Snder aid Greded finder fiber: So] promeler | Shep Gndes Gi "Teme Sade fer UW) | Dato rate Slow bigher (2) | Coupling efficeney Hirer bower (B | Roy path By TR Osclakoy fashion (4) | Sndex vertohion | A Tate Ae On (5) | Numerical Aperahire | AA vemans Same. dy (U) Matenal used Normally plasic wcqlass ceeges cou only | a) Bapelsidth Hiren 10-20 MH2 Im, AGE Ibo 2° U@D]pte speasy | koe iw Lv kee AMF Mypial Uaht soiwee | LED | Led) hasers : We)] Rppelions” | Subieiber otal” | Legh. and tide Aehook: tomnuniabion | “area vehook oe Scanned with CamScannerOpke Fiber Conhiyunabfonis +De Pakle ber and moles of fiber here exist three d Ophea fier Conmfyurahions: Thege are » Single mode skp inden fiber ji) ii) Mallimode Graded Indes. fiber: Single mode dep inder Sibert Ga Srale Mode Step indet fiber Sudfrentty Stalk o hak Hrore Light Toy Aru he Cable: The lieht tay is i i feck. In Hy Sber Atreugh velledions. moe : Multimode Sep inlet. & ber oS has © Cenbal tore Hat 's Rnown OS dundamental oF Mononed. Ser» &] Fy AL2) shows Sigle Mode Aber, The tore der ha. Saale mole Ste 1s very amin Compared fo the Lomelendth of Ugh Core “Hough, Wehich Light Gan qv et ith nw) [, Fa 1 eee, F4 a[s) 2 Sige rade skp wader diber « : ‘ A (Fates pil of: -&| The disadvantage ob Hus dupe of table is thal beaute, if Swall €:3e inler conneetion ok tables and talecfaciay with fante 1s dittielk: Another cts af Single mole fi bérs Vs dhak 8 the reFadhve Inder of glasr decreases cart pending on “the rebaetive index hyped of ‘ie essentially only me path dor Typral tore sizes ane A toIS Lim, Single mole Aber ‘is alse berg Used: Therefore, Orly; a Sige path en's4s through the Gable. Qs) Scanned with CamScanner Optra vsairelengih the Light Yelouty will also be toardlrglt deperdedNS in) Oe | a Muttinole dep cinder Fhe Mulbmode Skplinder ber is most widely used dype- Sh ts easy do manufathue: Gs coe diameter is 5040 YOLm. Ve, lage apermhure ond abloux more Uakt do enter the a oct Uyht do enter The Ught rays ave Prpeyated clown the Gre in Ziq-Zeq rramner- TThee ave. mmaltiple paths that a light rey eay dollovo luring the Prepegation " 4s Multinode, Sep inden fi eer uh Toys Passing through Jhe dber ane Continuously reflected { the glass adding coords He Cente of the teak dierent eagles and lerglis, Uirviteg Overall bandioid dh: The disad eh multimode Slep inde Sbers is thatthe a ophreal. lerghhs Gaged by vantous angles. act which th Prrgeed welative tothe tow, Courses ~He drantmision @ loily small: Because, ot these limitah mulltmole Shep inde. bes is lpi ae eqadsing distances af ae, in ory used in opplicabions Malbeode.» Graded Sede ier) The Core Set rubtinede graded inder fiber (able ic Werying Frown 50 do 10 Lum Faye the. Uaht ray ts Propguted th the refraction. ne ter at many inde angles. Tae ry jp Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerFO). ThE veFvackive index pofile enustnole quased index Fike AS “the lige propogdes vcr the cove -Forwrd the enter ikic interceckng aless deme te tro dense mebiat “therebve the lqat vos ave hea conclantt being refacked ond voy is bending continual nis able is rrasstly used fr brg ditome — communi akin. +) Fa 40) droos — mtinde — spade index fiber. and ey cHronsmigsion in ~ 7 | aaesamenary of ey mada» Onceple + Nomaurzed Frequen yorable Vo defined 03 v= Eo (n= af)". where at wre vodiny a i yr sgh ste wovelenerta am “ |» 2g wa| ciece. (ni ape NA \__——-| mthe ated umber 6% roles inh madimule Fiber iS grenby n> sf amy’ (on-ny sale moe ES ve So 1 Ce ee | ae Lamy where dic ow diameley | | wwte- 9) mole volume or guild odes "Ms! eo step indo. Fey's given Mor Y/p ' rae Scanned with CamScanner2) Mole volume or guided rrodes tag tr a groced ee | fiber is gun ws Mee W]e euptino — step index Bher soit @ oe dameter of opin and \* ~elakive index diffrence of 51. i raing at & omclngtn of Oras fae ifAne owe vefintne index x 14a , Stimate Ortre wonalized Fieyucany Be che file Othe cumbs & quiked works. a) cian edo» Qe o86xiys, oF 0x0” cacy be obtained bs | nye b4B, AFOOT | @ he vomatized Fequeeey WE on. (oaye | ye FT XAOK WKAR (9x 0:05) | O-B5X 6 1 hae ' | Othe +wtel auler of quided moks is gnen by Low. 45% MF {m= ena | j \ Me iene Ais Filey foo Wi tumby oF aepmxeeicly 46, Giving cearley 2000 queda modes . 3) caudal the number of mmky of an gpbal Fiber toving dame DAM DE LAR N= PAG and Y= OS 2AM | MY Given dodo. vd son = HMM N= tte Un /46 D0 wet, Numeical apetatave can he obtained wy ving | NA = (eng) NA = (vee Lag) . \na = 0-243 | nuhey of may ane ae rey | be > Scanned with CamScanner| Nowmatiaced Freperty tan he. dined by aig ~ ve Batnite ag) ve a a (NA) ~ 2H x 95x80 24% 26.6 and the opeakng re Phar bay rornligiel Frepieny is Boonm . “EP YA] vadwa oelRe fibey core i wave OBL tompube he. sumer! | operate, duke) ye act Az BOXOT, a: asxiee hike) > 2To NA vs % . 10x wT RAe vot + 866 “Sree OS N& = 0-80 : j : Alon Step index, enti mode. Pikeys WA @ numerical aperakuve OF 0-20 supports ayprow mately Hao mes ot an Bp uve lel \ wha is Ake diometer of tt wore} ') How vro pokes dees “he fhe ayert 200m? a wi) tow a trodes ches the Fike Suppo oot sao nm) aw | P wos ven by» 4 Nurthey oF g Ar; 8) Wet - a aT! Me > » a4 (= 020) oo = 2 | sex 04 546 dy is Scanned with CamScanner[4 aq nen | ie Ad xO ~ mM TX BOAT KIO east 1220 [oT | . 2 } Mey [p2ealee x 020] 1550 % 11 [m= 300-68 BA qidld ink fiber hasa wove vt a pexatlic ve Fiackive index | porte vhidh has o —diomeker of OHM TP the. fibev haya momeital —apaatue of (0-4. Estimadle “the ota) tumbew of quiked modes pagan anccthe Abew, when ik is pecking ‘ata Fae, woucleng in v a Givegy NA TOD, OF 26x pe, AzWO> ( sthe ravmatized Fequeny fir Whe Fibev 20 = Detna | ve ) | vet WExI0eK Hin | woe | ve ba he ake | “The made wlume sro be obtaine] fv a gred index Rhew ic | Ms = NY | + . my = Gt) 1 + my = 136 Ms 244 thence Te Fibev support Mtr enokely 24% guild mek, Scanned with CamScannereee tor Single ode. Fibers | Y-me nonsiaed Freueny basi risinumm solute 0 4 ies in Between 2) the cokolf eno novmadized frequen ogv £ 2406 2) the maxima orrolived Fequery ie ghenly swutfimode | Fives ond sngte mL ) aale 8) | Estimate “the maxmuny, ore diameter by af) optial ‘firey with tne some eelative veforive index dileene (b6%) & oe “eeRattive inde, Cae) onthe fihey given in ordey “frock it [mY be aaitatle Poy single rade eperalipng whe same xt wanateng to “ooumed shot tne Pibe/ is opevdng woud le to-25[1m) . Further estimafe” the mew’ maninum wore | diometer fir sitgle rode Operation where the... welatne. refractive H Andex ditferene BR veduced by 0 Belov Pio. find by sig normalized Frequency | BAY the tore Yodius tan be equation. V= on (aay ND - D4 KOS 10S DTH (nae EK VB x 03) stheebe Mine raximunn core diameter —fow srgle rede open as oppriwadelsy DEM Reduing Hine relative wefidcve index dl Herence, by 0 -fottoy ofto ond agp by using: D4 085xI0% a= eee A= oy OF rx 1-48 x 008) | 0% Weduced 1 c ( =y 903 pati | SF. oom, pe _daliametes Foy Single rite ie ness g " re Scanned with CamScanner4) aged indoc iter Win furlalic” efasive inex Profle awe baja | eefaine index of re eore ais oP pts ard 0. vefincine, indey differene gf rf Estate Wee waximuny posible tore diomete y ji alloos single node. opeation ata wnnueleng 1 ‘oF rape] yr} Wkee ‘oat BA | “tne maximum sole 6 rbrmatined equency is given aah [re rina coe srotius may he Obtained) wrigg | an, VaIe AT XKS xin) "b- for zen | Aecie he “wagimum “oe diomekeY uhh’ allows single rode opration | iS RPK GEMM: | 5 ' wp 1 Cao wowdlerg via ny Me $< The smyprtart: tian ibn pramesew for single mode, fiher i | calofh umeleng tt, as it ditirguthes the cimgle mode ord mudiimede yegisns. : & the cto cance legs “Al canbe computed Fron expresion of | ve a an, (2a) ___ (1) sas an, Coa). @) ‘ AM EAC AVENE je = Bhan, aye) whee ve (Cae cutoff noveatiaed Fejuncy, mM jgtthe wave ahve whith @ Pay tiwlor Brey becomes cigle snoded cor Some. fikey divideg nm we get py) toe slain " Scanned with CamScanner2 NA Pot Tor ep index Fhey Ve = 8-405 “When : a pO ®)) Eximate adolf vvel [we core veka ve inde 16 A | | vetative idly, difevence iS 025]. - ory Gen 1 ME [4g , 0 45xig |, A> 0.0095 cud of uanelene ts is given by " _ 2tran, (2) eel Ve tor wot woateah , Mee 2405 or K Fe 5X M46 (oes) 2405 (kes beepm | Me = % MODE. FIELD DIAMETER AND SfOT SIRE : the mode Field diameter 6 undorerdal parameter of 0 gle code Fibey “THis porameley is determined Figen rode field delibydion of Fivbrentol LP, rede . x [Th Hep index ond gpoded crqle mode fiber the Fic ampbhude gictvi bafion Aha aFProximated by Govinan dichibuton he MED is distane between opmite Ye O31 teres she nav fey Seah campo) ord parr is y= ones Brey. Scanned with CamScanner tn br Step index flbey in angle ole. pot gard ore aadius 18 AS pM Thefor fade eval prodle, 0 Feld omptitde x | In sigte mote Altew dishi bution “re rote Bed diameter 15 sheen in Bq 9@). | Eu) | | i a a Radius % (fam) Fg :9e) mode Field Diameley whe Sok SIRE Weis given ou, | = eS cag Aeendace wine porameler taKes “ins “the account of wove field penelvation ists He calling Fg St) hyo rede Feud diometey varigtion with : el sax M aplimmised seus ot ode Dispersion Fattened Vie tigorson shifted | piameley OT | (an) — | i \— j | 1200 1400) 1600 Ar eave lecer tii (rm) Mode field diameer yavigstions a Scanned with CamScannerXe] ibey Mattern! si Reaqiverents of Fiber optic ‘moteval : D] she material mast be transparent Foy cient “fransmi ssion of light. Di a mut be pail te dao log stiin Fibers Forn tne_setdoial 2) viker graterol must fe compatible wila ne clotdng ten Glow ond platis Pulfills Teese veqiverests ov SiliGibe . Writs tegpes’ of most fibers conic of stlica Csio,) qvoilale fe suit “the f 1 ‘ . rag ts ool ao Wi gles bers oe ‘equivemerit ‘ pastic fiteys ove oot “they have Better — rve chanical erent. Qos Fors « : - : Cross is mole by fosing mixtuves of enetal oxides having srefia chive index of 4a af REM. For changing he vefiattive inden, © Gilera oxides | Sth | BOS+ Geo, ork Pon ow add led Os date 4 ae shox wuwialion of yefiackive index voit ppilar, beawse, OF mig celenvasion, | doping Coxeen ee i 7 | 46 Sd Scanned with CamScanner«| Fg 61) Shows cddition of copatts Geo, art POs ireveases | refactive index, w0ich doeAl® —eluovine CF) ant 8203, decreases | yefioctive index . ‘ x ’ | xl be pincipte yaw maletal ff silica & Sond Ord gla. “tne fe | emprd of pe silica ic abled a Silica gos. tre + | docrable Peres OP STIG GUO One: | + Pesictane te defrmation even ak high temperature « Ls Reistonte te beakage -ffarn “thermal God chemi a) deat tty etter transparent ° Bo dier tga oP gles Fibers ove ( | + Hatile glass | Fters . | » Active gor “Bikers + Chal genide qs Febery Plate opticab Fiteas shocks . % | Fiber optic Cables : / nthe Fibew “optic Gbes ove te be urd under variety of situations | Gch 0 nb qrurd stuctloor goles ov chuttue ble depends on the. used, bat Nhe basic aabte devan «| Hoo the Filey | Under ander Ning, SHualion where itis to he Piedples vemaing Same , cables mast Be aes hort, ¢ from —imench ods “the outer shade, trust be deve We oss Fibers fiom import tmady “Gr poteck a " Pa and tro, ON ye eonrent — elemento - pare Scanned with CamScanner| optic} ribev cables | t | | | Tight Befloed shuckuve teose Gulfered stuckeve i | Y J rd able bags culdeoy fe deg | v. i J ; aki : Y snk obier | Telovoneet Breakin —_-wishibuion Awl avred nh | cable ale cable ohte or : t * under qraund t Fanput ante aut | [he geroat cable afigeotin chan in iq woo) flushes Soene wom moderial) ol ave ued in “the optial —fibey cateting procs. oD i trdividual’ Fibers ov oodyles of baumled fibew qewnings and poping —e@ppes iter, ~for poaeving i9- Nine equigmect ove wound ily tind he) ceotrat’ buffered Sheng member. + | He coble | enagl Yope and dlier: chgts members Sieh 03. Fenlar aren enopalate and tnd “hese Fite gnuping ter. sain hig | ath ese omyarcsts. a teh plymey jacket “hat Prvides | cash | eesiStante ard handles ony ‘Aensile SHreses applied “6 “Ihe wg at Hike Fibers inside ave mE hmoged juwet obs potelt She | Fibers inside. Ooi a baseg ThE i | sngslee bil egientd pod Olher — eontainmarty. i ' Scanned with CamScannerko ~ ule Sheth ne a te . “ NO wena yt) vel ~~ apes [pstic bind Anpe Basic Fier buitdig Td “blo _ Trowale) Copter condi ors. Poly wetfane / pvc. Fg wtd* A typical ix. fey cable cated bY ‘eceet eonttg k= basic Fite building blocs onund a tert sheng menor. the two bac fiber optic able uclwes ave “the iit, pared ‘Ber We devin ond The tone ~ take, cable daign teat oe tae devin jerk Fibex jis wd il ‘te 02 qoopm —diometey plastic butler | siouctare vherce the designation tigtth batfered chiign. Avanpeme jx doin fey (ob). \ | Tn “ne = Wise ~ tthe cole. Configuration , One or Moye standord - caked — Fibers gre’ encased yaa ~thermoptastic” the | ook tas 0 inner“ dianetey Which is) much myer thn he. Boer diameker a3 hoon to #9 toc). pi Scanned with CamScanner| ‘ : Gbs6 Pheer’ wi | “2 ae ig | 4 Fiber tating " : | : ers a “ay : | a zi Fiber buffer (09 fies) | e Yorn Sheet trembey | Fg wh: cenchuction of simple gid bulfoed nee affered Co hale. e- Thermoplastic lobe. gical t ~w L (shes , ©) ad =< Ophical sFibely ) @) End_view ©) Side view ; Ford + boxe bulfeed ‘Coble rhidule % tyloor cable teigns = sgnloor cables can’ be wed 6 inesooneting instumenl By distibuking cigrals song office Users “ft Tenacesond'“t5 “printers or ewes ond By Sit puch! toxds HN fhe etetommup cation es. “the “Three main tyres ave, eqaligment 40s! ii) | Breatout iii) Dict buckion ! i Inter connect Tier connect able Serves “tight 7 dod 2 fey cunt Tdoov oyptiations dh 03 Filey ote he sk Linke, pakh Corde and pout 4 - poiwk yun fin, Grduits and -poys i sre cate Te fimile remeact ant Ug wigut why | , , ' | 6 bgut -byffeed —tonstuction ») Ay Poeitlar indo able type | 0 | is duplex bles. | | | 7 : fooded Fibers Poste Enea sulin | \ + - ee 1 Figur - Bikey Ribbon Cable mndule. Scanned with CamScannerii) Breakout ov farnut st convicts of plo io- tlt Pullered Fibers ¢tandard mand |° contr Shength member . tH allows sy instolladion af | connectors 09 individial fibers in The cable pistibetion cable + Ht consist of individual ov cera qruvings of gut buffered Fibers stondord oxeund a cental Strength / membey, pictihukon — es ave designed for Use in itso biting able toys tondvite , and forse plocement In dvopped ~ ceiling stu Cluves. outdone cables, ‘ outdoor able, installations indude , cevial, duc, diveee ‘bwial, and —underunter apptiakions . -tnuniably these ables onniti of a tae — tube | Ctruckore. : / i) Aerial able s- ‘ speak ble i lintided for maueting ipatile between ‘buildings or on piles ov Rowers. “the tuto popular dexigns ore the Set cuppor tng cable contains ani internal cheng th reaper Shot _ pect he ble ‘te “Shey betuen POEs» eottheuct | wing ony additional support — mechanisms “forthe Cole. nk “the oker iS filthy ~ Supporting cable. fct 0. | copie wie or Sheng meather lis» Strang between fhe. pies ord Then “he Cable is Jashed ov Cipped tis member. Scanned with CamScanneroO | Armored cable Lr direct - burial or Cee rund duct: | apptictio fas one OF MONE toyert oF cleet ive or ttee|- © heath — protective ovrroring bet a yoy of poly etnylene. iii) Unley under cable. * ! i fi atic abe Known cobmovne cable, is wed in MENG, envionment cince.| uch “cables normally takes rel Ocean we fruch, Move coe expord hig "ane preseore3 ) Hey FO etring ent raguivemedts than” segeund cables: The arvargement jg Ghoan 10 fg wile). t hw | Fq 100): sf | Bvampe coaigrctin an Armored Of Pits (LU# vaksgraund oukoov Fiber cphic cable Fg wd) + Eronpie oobpation 'of aM underwater wikor fiber optic Cable. Scanned with CamScannerA | rhotonie Cyst Fiber + ; ritiobly “160s was ued 04 Tidey ‘oon ened iter / evan lo | protinic crystal Fikey (pcr) ov’ 0 mian ctuctuied — Chey | sthe | two basic PCF cakgjeoris are i) Index Qpiding PCF ii) protontc Band gop fiMer 1 | tree Guiding RE: Fa We) choix a an Aerencional . cmss - eekorat erd View of “the | | cauttae of 09 inc ~ guiding PEE The Fitey bora, id ore spot is sexrtunded by a cbding “gion whith contains civ qloding ith BkWA ewheded vols fq Nia) > Stwdave of an index, ~ Guiding rer x nthe holes have Q diameter “diond ao pth A Atta “he com and cloddieg ore code the come kev (ov | > pure silica) he coy toley be tower the effeckive indgx of whathion in “he | cdding ‘eqn , Sinte Me! fe avant y.45-Py silica “ine advautoge oF index qusig RCE ore they include Ney lod tees the abi thy tor transmit high optical power _ leds and a _high restore darkening effects fiom rudew vadiatin , Scanned with CamScanneri)] photonic. Bard gap Filler Fg UB) howe a twp ~ dimensional OK wecional end view of | the structure of an photonic Parclaap Filter 2k tere, in antast an index ~ qusing per hee the Pikey fos] (a Fallow Gre “Fak 1 Surunled by codding vegion RCA | eootains aay holes, stunning along me lenge Pa ne can “we holes he Cladding, segion have Gg diameter Ki . Fond ao prkh ee | om aane oe eo Botfer caoting yo f. ° [°° f° fo) io — oo ° So cloddirg i ernteded toles : pith A Fibey Fg wie): Studuve oP on photonic Bandgap the farchtna! prcile GP protic. bargap iter (5 artlogpus “tb the se of a orindic cyptallite Joie im Gemitorductor, which black electrons From — otcanying 0. tind aop Sean. < tha rq fiber, “he hetow exe oti aa defeat in he Protonic bandgap Structure , which Creotter @ region 1 hich lige Gn popagatte, Scanned with CamScannerCHAPTER 02. ae | “TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF re */ ASTRO DOCTION : OPTICAL , FIBERS 4) Signal Aiterwation Cabio Kroan 04 fiber los lor signal tas) is one Of the rot iengortant — proportics vf an optical “fibey, because it j lowgelly determines The maximur) enametified oy ‘eparterless | sepovation betucer, a Woreenittew and a wiedvers | | ane — amplifiers and vepecters ave epervive te fibvicdle , instadt and mointai Ahe degree. of atlenvation ina iter hos bye tofuence 0 Syste? ces. se The. distortion echani sms ima ‘fiber cause opal gral te broader 04 “hey trqvel dong Pibox LP these pulses, Fravel surfidentiy for, “ey ool oxntually overlap wth | reighborsng pli inexely cxeasing “enbrt “inthe secs adpuct- dicvyton — mechanisms “hus amit “the wfrinaon « he cowepng capa SY of ax Fiber. ATTENUATION > : : Hienuntion of & vague sigrod oait fropog aes a fiber is a roqotant —tonsidecation 1 sve deign aF an — optic commaniation a Mreyor le TO — determining ne distance between a Wansmiter and seceiver) eZ siytern Sime Te Plo _ praxionun —Kansnd 5si0%) | she basic atteauaction enechanisms INA bey ove. absorption [scotkerieg ond radiative loses of optial energy . | ‘Abiovption 1S qelated th The fiber eraderiad . whereas seerng se osodated both woiin “he Fiter makral ont win’ cfuctaal| jinperfections 16 optical wovepuide. se] reaction ss 1 encouned in dB [tm a Scanned with CamScanner*® Se) ATTEND ATION ONETS : ; . saci. | alan ben ileruation teads 0 1S of puex olong ss Fitey the nifiartty bess han sre cuph pouer. averse is pre rs po) he at ortgin (Zo) “Wen |) per dhe CHP i | Ane pouer at — distance ied is gue by pez) = poe"? zi) i Conctauct” per ken) whee lp jortne fiber actenuackion | v(t (2) | oe IOs 2] (i) vinis paromedty 15 lan as Fikertous ov Tibev oe sai aAtervadion 1S dh fancdon ef unvelengiy » SPH , oseruon aya -finckion , of enue login is $4 O@) , aS | Fast 7, o-| 2 ] ge ae A\ stil unas ; : YE @ | " 140) 10 7 Tam 0 WA "WO WZ tanucerepth Cam) fq 1U0)~ Fey Aenaetion ay 0 function of vane Enel: Scanned with CamScannerer fen, samp SF a nae mavens oath , compute he length one Ja) poary deeveoses u so, |b) mee ativan, by ssh . = 248, D = ox 6m ts Giwn — dato* we adelen + decreases Bol v oe /° ee Ho) 4, = o5 oUF pee Dromple 4] ft loud loss otis giver bg 19) = 10 $19 po) a= 0 2%) os) — attercation * aides ack woonm . undk por is Yourene) ats he Fiber, find the. o& goo ie fia be eaoeen AF OB da yon pla) 20H 1 “ a lie j a yet aaa in optical Fev is aie (fe f 2% ) - ® oop o8 = 3 4 3 08X30. 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