1/ Some people believe that everyone has a right to have access to university

education and that governments should make it free for all students no matter
what financial background they have. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

- Question type: Opinion

- Structure 50/50:
+) INTRODUCTION:
Post-secondary education costs – skyrocketing – topic of interest
It is argued that: the government, provide everyone, regardless of their
socio-economic backgrounds, with university education at no charges.
While this opinion/thinking/point of view/viewpoint/school of thought is
valid to a certain extent, I believe that: complete elimination of student
tuition would have an adverse effect on both tertiary participants and the
economy.
+) PARAGRAPH 1: Advantages of free university tuition
Compelling reasons why students should be allowed to pursue higher
education without fee.
(1) On the individual level, bachelor’s degree holders stand a better
chance of obtaining employment and acquiring the financial ability to support
themselves than high school graduates. Not only does higher education is
favored by most recruiters, but university settings also provide students with
unique opportunities such as internship programs and career orientation
events that allow them to network with potential colleagues or employers.
(2) On the societal level, the free-university policy would inevitably lead
to a surge in enrollment rates which, in turns, give rise to a more educated
workforce. This improvement in human resources has the double benefit of
facilitating economic growth and reducing crime.
+) PARAGRAPH 2: Disadvantages of free university tuition
Despite the aforementioned advantages, I would contend that the
provision of free-of-charge education would do both the beneficiaries and
society a disservice.
(1) Firstly, the impact of more college graduates on employment is
questionable at best. Having a higher education only gives one an edge in the
labor market provided that the supply of college graduates remains below the
demand for such. Therefore, according to the law of supply and demand, if
everyone is entitled to an undergraduate degree it is no longer considered a
valuable asset and subsequently the financial abundance previously associated
with it also disappears.
 (2) Secondly, major institutions such as universities often require
substantial maintenance and operating costs which are mostly paid for by
tuition fees, and the lack thereof would put a strain on government budgets.
Since the biggest source of government income comes from taxes, deficits
could result in tax hikes and reduced welfare among other, also known as
distorted economy.
+) CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, while the free-university policy appears to be beneficial, I
firmly believe that the government should avoid completely abolishing tuition.
2/ Some people believe that everyone has a right to have access to university
education and that governments should make it free for all students no matter
what financial background they have. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

- Structure 60/40:
+) INTRODUCTION:
Education level – a vital determinant in – economic growth.
However, the costs of post-secondary education, which have escalated in
the recent years, have engendered some valid concerns.
A school of thought holds that students, irrespective of their financial
status, should be entitled to free university.
This essay is going to prove that subsidizing college education will do
more harm than good.
+) PARAGRAPH 1: Counter argument 1
It is understandable why some people subscribe to the view that college
should be free for all students. Proponents of this practice may argue that
tuition exemption will enable more students, especially the underprivileged, to
pursue higher education, which is conducive to employment opportunities.
However, this thinking is flawed given that the primary force behind the
positive correlation between bachelor’s degrees and career prospects is
scarcity, which will inevitably disappear if the former no longer has limited
supply. In other words, free access to post-secondary education can lead to an
overabundance of college graduates, which is counter-productive to job
guarantee.
+) PARAGRAPH 2: Counter argument 2
Another pronounced drawback is that complete elimination of college
tuition might take a toll on students’ academic performance. Since financial
costs play a role in motivating undergraduates to apply themselves to getting
good grades, the lack thereof could cause them to slack off. For example,
students may feel indifferent towards skipping classes and missing exams if
they feel these behaviors incur no visible expenses. Inevitably, this will lead to
deteriorating performance and the failure of the whole education system.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I believe that free post-secondary education is not a
feasible policy on both the individual and societal level.
3/ What measures can people take to mitigate COVID-19 transmission?
+) INTRODUCTION
COVID-19 is one of the most devastating pandemics in the twenty-first
century in both scope and duration. Given that initiatives such as large-scale
lockdowns, social distancing policies, and vaccination programs being unable
to slow down the transmission of the disease, it is clear that this health crisis
requires deeper solutions, namely certain adjustments to the living conditions
of humans, which were usually the primary cause of all health issues. This
essay will explore several measures to mitigate the spread of COVID-19.
+) PARAGRAPH 1: Ventilation
(1) Ensuring proper ventilation and in turn air quality indoors should
be a priority in COVID-19 prevention given coronaviruses are mostly
transmitted through respiratory droplets produced by activities such as
breathing, talking, and coughing. It is well known that air has a massive
impact on one’s general health, with or without an infectious disease being
taken into consideration. Therefore, not only is improving air flow in closed
spaces such as offices, homes, and other types of buildings critical to
promoting one’s well-being it also helps suppressing the spread of the
coronavirus.
4/ Traffic and housing problems could be solved by moving large companies,
factories, and their employees to the countryside. Do you agree or disagree?
+) INTRO (Introduction sentence -> rephrase -> agree/disagree)
One of the major issues in urban areas, especially metropolis where
most economic and political activities are concentrated in, is the increasing
strain on the infrastructure including the transport system and
accommodation due to overpopulation. Among the initiatives to address this
problem, relocation of business establishments and their staff to the
countryside has been suggested by some people. I believe this is not a
feasible solution and this essay is going to prove that this type of urban
restructuring will do more harm than good.
+) BODY 1 (Why your relocation of large companies won’t solve the
problem)
It is understandable why some people subscribe to the view that traffic
and housing system overload in cities can be mitigated by simply removing
part of the population and businesses from the setting. Proponents of urban
decentralization may argue that this practice will have the instant benefit of
easing the burden in overpopulated areas and subsequently eliminating the
overcrowding problem. However, this thinking is flawed since it does not
factor in the low level of rural infrastructure development, whose capacity
can easily be exceeded by a shift in the population size. In other words,
relocation of people and businesses may not actually address the problem
but simply passing it from one part of the country to others.
+) BODY 2 (A disadvantage of mass migration)
Another pronounced drawback is that a large-scale migration of either
people or businesses is often a complex and costly process in terms of both
time and money, which calls the net benefit of this solution into doubt. On
one hand, companies and factories can only operate effectively and generate
profits under certain business conditions, which makes the relocation of
such entities more than a physical movement. In order for companies to
change location, it often requires other factors such as a favorable shift in
the political and economic environment in the new destination to transpire,
leading to possibly additional expenses and complexities. On the other hand,
uprooting people is just as much of a challenging process. To take an
example, in most cases, employees who are required to relocate with their
companies will want to bring their families with them, which obviously
makes the whole process more expensive.
+) CONCLUSION
 In conclusion, I believe that businesses and citizens migrating out of
urban areas does not appear to be beneficial.
5/ More and more people in the city live in homes with small spaces or no
outdoor areas. Do you think it is a negative or positive development?
+) INTRO (Opening -> rephrase -> opinion statement)
As urban populations have experienced a rapid growth rate over the
past decade, cities have become increasingly space constrained. As a result,
the real estate is undergoing a downsizing trend, where houses and
apartments are designed to be more compact and enclosed. While this is
inherent in urbanization, which is often associated with economic growth
and social development, I believe this is a negative progress.
+) BODY 1 (Why this is NOT a positive development)
Although there are undeniable benefits to minimalist living units such
as energy conservation and reduced carbon footprint, I would argue that the
cost of the quality of life sacrificed is greater than the benefit. From a
biological perspective, humans cannot live in a small and confined space for
an extended period of time without causing damages to their own general
well-being. Specifically, being in a tight quarter makes it more difficult for
people to find distractions from their own negative thoughts, which leads to
a plethora of mental issues such as loneliness, anxiety, and depression.
Moreover, enclosed apartments usually have subpar air quality due to poor
ventilation, resulting in the occupants being at higher risk of respiratory
diseases.
+) BODY 2 (Disadvantage of this trend)
Another pronounced drawback is that although micro-homes offer a
temporary solution to the rising housing demand in urban areas, it is not a
sustainable one. While it is likely that city dwellers will continue to grow in
the future, there is obviously a limit to how much a residential unit can
shrink before they become inadequate for basic human needs. In other
words, scaling down houses and apartments results in decreased life quality
without addressing the overcrowding issue of cities effectively.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I believe that scaled-down homes’ drawbacks outweigh
their advantages.
VOCAB REVIEW (19/4)
Urbanization has long been associated with (1) human development and
progress, but recent studies have found that urban settings can also lead to
significant social inequalities and health problems. This paper is concerned
with the adverse impact of urbanization on both developed and developing
nations and both wealthy and poor populations within those nations,
addressing issues associated with (2) public health problems in urban areas.
The discussion of this paper is of interest to policy makers. The paper (3)
advocates policies that improve socio-economic conditions of (4) the urban
poor and promote their better health. Further, this paper encourages the
wealthy and the policy makers to be better informed about the challenges that
may arise when urbanization occurs in the regions lacking required (5) social
supports and infrastructure.
Urbanization refers to the mass movement of populations from rural to
urban settings and the consequent physical changes to urban settings.
Cities are known to (1) play multifaceted functions in all societies. They
are (2) the hub of technological development and economic growth, while
concomitantly acting as (3) a breeding ground for poverty, inequality,
environmental hazards, and communicable diseases. When large numbers of
people (4) congregate in cities, many problems result, particularly for the
poor. For example, many (5) rural migrants who settle in an urban slum area
bring their families and domesticated animals, including pets and livestock,
with them. This (6) influx of both humans and animals leads to (7)
vulnerability of all migrants to communicable diseases and the potential to
establish an urban transmission cycle.
Further, most the urban poor live in slums that are unregulated, have
congested conditions, are (8) positioned near open sewers, and restricted to (9)
geographically dangerous areas such as hillsides, riverbanks, and water basins
subject to landslides, flooding, and other natural disasters. All of these factors
lead to the spread of communicable and non-communicable diseases,
pollution, poor nutrition, road traffic and so on. The problems faced by the
poor (9) spill over to other city dwellers. As the trend to urbanization
continues, this spillover effect increases and (10) takes on a global dimension
as more and more of the world’s populations are affected.
Some of the major health problems resulting from urbanization include
poor nutrition, pollution-related health conditions and communicable
diseases, poor sanitation and housing conditions, and related health
conditions. There have direct impacts on individual quality of life, while
straining the public health system and resources.
Urbanization has a major negative impact on the nutritional health of
poor populations. Since these people have limited financial resources and the
cost of food is higher in cities, the urban poor lack (1) nutritious diets and this
leads to illness, which contributes to loss of appetite and poor absorption of
essential nutrients among those (2) affected.
Furthermore, environmental contamination also contributes to
undernutrition. Street food is often prepared under unhygienic conditions,
leading to outbreaks of (3) food-borne illnesses.
Obesity is caused by increased (1) caloric intake and concomitant
decreased physical activity, which is historically associated with wealth.
However, people in urban areas in developing countries are also vulnerable to
obesity due to lack of physical space, continually sitting in workplaces, and
excessive (2) energy intake and low (3) energy expenditure.
Another (4) contributor associated with the risk of developing obesity is
the change in food intake that has led to (5) nutrition transition in urban
areas. For instance, in China, (6) diet patterns have changed concomitantly
with urbanization in the past 30 years, leading to (7) the increased prevalence
of obesity.
In addition to human-to-human transmission, animals and insects also
act as efficient vectors for diseases within urban settings that do not (1)
discriminate between the rich and the poor. The prevalence and impact of
communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis, cholera, and malaria are (2) well
established and of global concern.
Although urbanization has become an (1) irreversible phenomenon,
some have argued that to resolve the problems of the city, we must tackle the
(2) root causes of the problem, such as improving the (3) socio-economic
situation of the poor.
Until the conditions in rural areas improve, populations will continue to
migrate to urban settings. Given the challenges that (1) rural development
poses, the root causes are unlikely to be addressed in the near future.
Therefore, governments and (2) development agencies should concentrate on
(3) adapting to the challenges of urbanization and seeking to reduce
unplanned urbanization.
Some examples of policies and practices that should be considered
include:
(i) Policies that (0) incorporate accessible employment, community
participation, mobility/migration and social transition to (1) break
generational poverty cycles.
(ii) Policies addressing urban environmental issues, such as planned
urban space and (2) taxes on the use of vehicles to promote (3)
human transportation or fuel-efficient alternatives.
(iii) Greater cooperative planning between rural and urban regions to
improve food security, such as by providing (4) subsidies for
farmers to provide locally produced, unprocessed and low-cost
food to urban centers.
(iv) Social protection and (5) universal health coverage to reduce
wealth disparity among urban dwellers, including introducing
programs and services accessible and affordable for all citizens.
6/ In some countries, owning a home rather than renting one is very
important for people. Why might this be the case? Do you think this is a
positive or negative situation?
+) INTRO
While the definition of success is subjective to each individual’s point of
view, one of the most prevalent criteria for this is the amount of wealth a
person possesses. In some nations, homeowners are held in higher regard
than renters. This essay is concerned with analyzing two main origins of this
perception and proving why, in my opinion, this is a harmful trend.
+) BODY 1
From the historical perspective, property ownership of any kinds has
always been associated with wealth and high social status. To take an
example, in the feudal era, the most evident distinction between the upper
class and the lower class was the holding of land. People who did not have
title to any type of capital had to make a living serving those who did and
were consequently considered inferior human beings. From the cultural
perspective, in some countries, house ownership is considered the traditional
gateway to many other essential things in life. For instance, in China, it is a
requirement for men to obtain ownership of at least an adequate residential
unit before they are allowed to get married. This situation is exacerbated by
the gender imbalance in this country, where the male population greatly
exceeds the number of females, resulting in house ownership being more
valuable in terms of both actual market price and perceived price by
bachelor who want to be married.
+) BODY 2
It is understandable why some people prefer owning a home to renting
given its undeniable benefits. Aside from the social merits, proponents of
this trend may argue that homeowners experience a greater sense of
stability and permanence compared to renters. However, considering the
large-scale impacts that increased house ownership or the obsession over it
has on the environment and public health, I would argue this situation is
disadvantageous to society as a whole. As buying a house requires people to
settle down in one place, cluttering is more likely to happen which can lead
to inadequate cleaning and attracting of bugs and rodents. Not only does
this have adverse effects on the health of the household with this issue, but
the neighboring residential units can also suffer, such as through air-borne
diseases, which makes this a social risk.
+) CONCLUSION
 In conclusion, I am convinced that valuing house ownership more than
renting does more harm than good to the society.
7/ Some cities create housing for growing populations by building taller
buildings while other cities have opted to build on wider areas of land. Which
solution is better?
+) OPENING
As the global population has increased exponentially in the past
decade, especially in urban areas, housing shortage has become a major
problem in many cities. There are two main approaches that have been
taken to increase the capacity of urban infrastructure, including raising
building heights, and expanding the urban land cover. In my opinion, I
believe the latter is the better solution.
+) BODY 1
While proponents of vertical urban growth may argue that this is the
less expensive option for accommodating the rapidly rising populations in
cities, I would argue horizontal urbanization is more sustainable and
consequently more cost-effective in the long term. Not only do taller
buildings have higher vulnerability to disasters, both natural and man-
made, including fire, earthquakes, epidemics, and terrorism, but the impact
they have on the surrounding areas can be catastrophic. For example, in the
event of an earthquake, due to the complex layouts of multi-story
constructions, it is often more difficult for residents to evacuate and first
responders to handle the situation. Moreover, once these buildings collapse,
they can fall onto the neighboring structures, compounding damages and
inevitably costs. Meanwhile, builds over a wider land expanse do not
experience the same risk level, making them a preferable alternative both
financially and ethically.
+) BODY 2
In addition to being the safer course of action, outward expansion is
also the superior choice for urban citizens’ quality of life. Although erecting
taller buildings can address the housing shortage issue, this approach fails to
consider the limited capacity of cities’ support infrastructure. In other
words, while increased numbers of building stories allow more people to be
cramped into the same square meters of land, utilities such as cafeteria,
restaurants, banks, and other types of public conveniences are likely to be
put under congested conditions. However, the horizontal expansion strategy
allows urbanization to happen more evenly as more space is available for
the necessary facilities to develop. Furthermore, building over wider areas
of land reduces population density, which results in improved the
environment and subsequently public health.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I would contend that the horizontal approach to
urbanization is more advantageous compared to the vertical one.
8/ Some cities create housing for growing populations by building taller
buildings while other cities have opted to build on wider areas of land. Which
solution is better?
+) INTRO
As the global population has grown exponentially in the past decade,
especially in urban areas, housing has become a major problem for many
cities. In an attempt to mitigate the situation, some cities have taken the
initiative of raising building heights while others have gravitated toward a
more horizontal approach, specifically by expanding outwards. In my
opinion, I believe the former course of action is the superior one.
+) BODY 1
While proponents of urban outward growth may argue that this
solution reduces population density and subsequently improves the
environment, I would argue that the latter effect is questionable at best.
While it is undeniable that building over wider expanses of land results in
the decrease of the citizen concentration in the urban centers, it leads to
possible contamination of the newly urbanized areas. For example, the
construction activities can disrupt the natural habitats in these regions,
resulting in deforestation, water and air pollution, increased waste disposal,
and possibly driving away the indigenous animals. Meanwhile, the upward
growth method does not experience the same drawback by taking full
advantage of the aerial space.
+) BODY 2
Aside from preserving more natural environment, building upward is
also more cost-effective compared to the other option in terms of both time
and money. Not only is outward expansion time-consuming and costly due
to the complex nature of the construction process including evaluation,
excavation, and other types of pre-constructing technical preparation of the
vacant land, but it also puts a financial strain on cities through other aspects
such as the expenses and settlements required to for urban populations to
migrate to the new locations and the implicit environmental costs. By
contrast, constructing taller buildings over established urban areas is more
straightforward and, as a result, less expensive.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I believe that the upward approach to city development
is more advantageous than the outward expansion strategy.
9/ There are severe social consequences to housing shortages in cities and only
the government can solve these problems. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

+) INTRO
As the global population has grown rapidly over the past decade,
especially in urban areas, many cities are facing a plethora of social issues
resulting from their inability to meet the housing demand. Some people
believe these challenges can only be addressed by the government. While the
role of national governance should not be underestimated, I think that
corporates and individuals can also play a part in mitigating the situation.
+) BODY 1
On one hand, because macroeconomic problems such as the housing
crisis are often complex and require collaboration among multiple parties to
tackle, governments are undeniably best equipped to take on the leadership
role. Not only do the government have the most authority of all
organizations in any country, given they have complete control over all legal
tools, but they also possess the most credibility. To take an example, public
housing projects, which are among the most effective and direct strategies to
increase the housing supply and subsequently improve the shortage, can
only be implemented by the government since they require a substantial
amount of fund that no private company can generate or be entrusted with
by the public.
+) BODY 2
On the other hand, as powerful as the government may be, they
cannot deal with the housing crisis effectively without the cooperation and
even assistance from the private sector and citizens. In addition to the fact
that a given government policy needs compliance from both parties to work
properly, the most innovative solutions often come from these sources. In
fact, since the private sector is responsible for the majority of housing
production and citizens represent the primary demand of these goods, they
obviously have a better understanding of the problem and should not be
excluded from the solution of it.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I would contend that solving the urban housing crisis is
a multi-faceted undertaking that requires multiple perspectives, including
those of the public sector, private companies, and citizens, to handle all its
nuances and complexity.
10/ Some believe that because everyone needs a place to live, governments
should provide houses for those who are too poor to afford their own. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?

+) INTRO
As global populations have experienced exponential growth over the
past decade, housing shortages, especially among the low-income group,
have become a major challenge in many nations. Some people believe the
government should take on the responsibility as the housing provider for the
poor. While I agree that the underprivileged should receive aid from the
public sector in some respects, I disagree that every one of them should be
given a home without any charges.
+) BODY 1
On one hand, most houses built by the private sector are designed for
those of higher ranges of income since they typically generate more profits.
This situation leads to the crowd-out effect of those who fall short of the
financial requirements. Given the lack of incentives on private companies’
part, the government are the only party who can mitigate the situation such
as through low-cost public housing and social housing projects. Moreover, if
left unresolved, the housing crisis can result in more severe social
consequences. For instance, homeless children are more vulnerable to drug
addiction, which can lead them to commit crimes that can possibly harm
other civilians.
+) BODY 2
On the other hand, there should be limits to both the number of
residential units being built by the government and the recipients of these
homes. If everyone has access to free housing as long as they can prove they
are poor, it will inevitably cause market distortion and subsequently harm
to the economy. In other words, when people are provided with free houses,
it takes some of the demand off the real estate market which causes the price
of the goods to plummet and results in losses for housing developers.
Furthermore, people who are given homes for free may lose motivate to
work, causing more deadweight losses.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, while government support should be given to those in
need at a moderate rate to ensure equality and avoid negative impacts on
the economy as a whole.
 - Millions of Americans are losing out on the chance to reap the benefit
of homeownership because of a supply shortage. This shortage is most acute
among affordable homes, where low- and moderate-income renters, young
first-time homebuyers, and people of color are losing faith that they will be
able to experience part of the American dream.
- We must do better. Building more homes more low- and moderate-
income families and first-time buyers, and equipping them with reliable and
affordable financing tools so they can compete for these homes, is essential if
the housing gap is to be closed.
- In many respects, this crisis was born during the Recession when the
per-capita rate of new production plummeted to about half of the preceding
four decades. This deficit quietly accumulated even as Millennials, who
initially delayed homeownership in the aftermath of the financial crisis,
reentered the market.
- Then came COVID-19 when low interest rates and quarantines stoked
housing demand while labor and material shortages and supply chain
challenges slowed construction and increased costs. The result is an
environment in which developers are discouraged from building smaller and
more affordable homes in favor of high-end homes that can absorb/offset the
increased costs while still generating a profit.
- Past experiences can provide valuable lessons about how to address
the current crisis. After WWII, the government, recognizing “an
unprecedented emergency shortage of housing”, made a number of moves,
including limiting non-residential construction, removing import tariffs on
lumber used for building houses, requiring allocation of building supplies for
housing production. At the same time, the government enabled families to buy
houses with low-down payment, fixed rates, and long-term amortizing
mortgages facilitated by government guarantees.
- The strategy was flawed, however, as the home and beneficial
financing were largely restricted to white households. Layers of federal and
local policies successfully excluded people of color from the opportunity of
becoming homeowners, inequalities that have greatly contributed to the
current racial homeownership gap.
11/ Some people believe that everyone has a right to have access to university
and that governments should make it free for all students no matter what
financial background they have. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

+) INTRO
As universities have become increasingly expensive in the past years,
more and more students are losing out on the chance to reap the benefit of
tertiary education. Some argue that the government should eliminate all
tuition and fees of undergraduate programs for everyone regardless of their
socio-economic background. While this thinking is legitimate to a certain
extent, I believe that making post-secondary education completely free of
charge has certain drawbacks.
+) BODY 1 (advantages of free universities)
There are several compelling reasons why students should be allowed
to pursue higher degrees without being obstructed by the financial barrier.
On the individual level, bachelor’s degree holders have better prospects of
landing high-paying jobs and bettering their life quality. On the societal
level, given that college programs can offer quality training for both
technical and social skills that are valuable in the workplace, making them
more accessible for students can give rise to a more educated workforce,
which is conducive to a thriving economy and civilized society.
+) BODY 2
Despite the aforementioned benefits of the free colleges, I would
contend that this policy can do both the beneficiaries and society a
disservice. Firstly, the impact of increased numbers of college graduates on
employment is questionable at best. While recruiters and hiring managers,
for the most part, favor those with academic credentials, it is uncertain if
this still stands true when everyone is entitled to university and, as a result,
these qualifications become more widespread. Secondly, the cost incurred to
cover higher education tuition will inevitably put a strain on the government
budget, resulting in tax hikes in other areas of the economy and
subsequently reduced welfare among others.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, while the potential benefits of university tuition
elimination make it appear to be a favorable policy, I believe it will
ultimately do more harm than good.
12/ Some people believe that everyone has a right to have access to university
and that governments should make it free for all students no matter what
financial background they have. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

+) INTRO (Cause -> Problem -> Others’ opinion -> My opinion)

As university tuition has skyrocketed in recent years, it has received
increasing attention from both the general public and policy makers
interested in creating a fairer education system. Some people believe that
the government should eliminate the financial barrier to higher education
for students of all socio-economic backgrounds. While this thinking is
legitimate to a certain extent, I would argue that the disadvantages of
subsidizing college education will ultimately outweigh the benefits.
+) BODY 1 (Counter argument)
It is understandable why some subscribe to the notion of free colleges.
Proponents of this policy may argue that by making tertiary education more
accessible it can improve job prospects and subsequently life quality for
many people. However, this thinking is flawed since it fails to consider how
the inevitable influx of bachelor’s degree holders, prompted by the
eliminated tuition, can diminish the value of the qualification itself. In other
words, if everyone is entitled to a college degree, it no longer is considered a
valuable asset by hiring managers and recruiters, which makes its impact on
employment questionable at best.
+) BODY 2 (2nd disadvantage)
Another pronounced drawback of the abolition of university tuition is
that it may put a strain on the government budget, leading to an adverse
effect on the economy and society as a whole. To take an example, if the
government want to fund the free-college program, they may have to
increase taxes in other areas of the economy. Not only does this practice
reduce the welfare of others, but it also causes economic distortion and
results in more inequalities.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, while the potential benefits of university tuition
elimination make it appear to be a favorable policy, I believe it will
ultimately be harmful to both the beneficiaries and society.
13/ Research has shown that overeating is as harmful as smoking. Therefore,
the advertising of certain food products should be banned in the same way as
the advertising of cigarettes in some countries. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

+) INTRO
As food overconsumption has become a growing global concern in
recent years, certain food products, especially those that are highly
processed, are facing backlash from both the media and the general public.
Some people believe that the same bans on cigarette should be imposed on
these food advertisements. While this thinking is legitimate to a certain
extent, I believe full censorship of any food products is an improbable
policy.
+) BODY 1 (Counter argument)
Theoretically, restricting audience exposure to unhealthy foods will
lead to decreased purchases of these goods and subsequently improved
public health. However, health is subject to a variety of factors beyond diet,
including socio-economic conditions, physical activity levels, and even
genetics, which makes the benefit of eliminating certain foods from one’s
diet questionable at best. As a result, the policy to outlaw the marketing of
these goods is more prone to pushback from their manufacturers, making it
highly impractical.
+) BODY 2 (Disadvantage)
Another drawback is that unlike cigarettes, which are made primarily
from tobacco leaves, food products can have a variety of ingredients which
makes estimating their impact on consumer health even more challenging.
Moreover, since the range of food products is wider than that of cigarettes,
intensive research into these products will inevitably require an immense
amount of budget, which calls the net benefit of the practice into doubt.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, while banning food advertising is beneficial on theory,
the complexities in implementing such policy make it
14/ Research has shown that overeating is as harmful as smoking. Therefore,
the advertising of certain food products should be banned in the same way as
the advertising of cigarettes in some countries. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
+) INTRO
As food overconsumption has become a crisis of global proportions in
recent years, certain food products have received increasing attention from
both the public and policy makers. Given overeating has been discovered to
be as much of a health risk factor as smoking, some people believe the same
advertising prohibition on cigarettes should be imposed on certain food
products. While this policy is not without drawbacks, I believe its significant
merits make it worthy of consideration.
+) BODY 1
It is understandable why some oppose to the notion of outlawing
advertisements of certain food products. From food manufacturers’
perspective, a complete ban on sales promotion can incur financial losses
and even force the companies into bankruptcy. From customers’
perspective, if the advertising restriction is applied, it can lead to the
disappearance of their favorite food products from the market.
+) BODY 2
Despite the aforementioned disadvantages of banning unhealthy food
products’ advertisements, I would contend that the benefits of this policy
outweigh. It is widely acknowledged that advertising has a substantial
impact on consumers’ psyche. Specifically, not only do the tempting images
and sounds used in food marketing induce more appetite, but the formula of
these products, for the most part, also contains a high amount of sugar and
salt, making them more addictive and detrimental to health. Moreover,
young audiences are more likely to fall prey to the promotion of the food
companies and subsequently suffer lifelong consequences. To take an
example, those who develop obesity, prompted by binge eating habits, from
childhood are more prone to mental disorders such as low self-esteem issues,
depression, and anxiety.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I fully support apply the same advertising restriction of
cigarettes to certain food products in the light of the benefits of this policy.
15/ Research has shown that overeating is as harmful as smoking. Therefore,
the advertising of certain food products should be banned in the same way as
the advertising of cigarettes in some countries. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

+) OPENING
As food overconsumption has become a crisis of global proportions in
recent years, advertisements of certain food products, especially those that
are highly addictive and tend to trigger binge eating, have received
increasing attention from both the public and policy makers. Given
overeating is as much of a health risk factor as smoking, some people believe
that the same advertising prohibition on cigarettes should be imposed on
certain food items. While this thinking is legitimate to a certain extent, I
believe this practice has more glaring drawbacks.
+) BODY 1 (Counter argument)
It is understandable why some people subscribe to the notion of a
complete ban on food advertising. Proponents of this policy may argue that
limiting audience exposure to unhealthy food products will lead to reduced
purchases of these goods and in turn solve the overeating issue. However,
this argument is flawed as people’s food preferences are, for the most part,
unaffected by external factors. To take an example, those who suffer from
gluten intolerance will naturally steer clear of gluten-containing products
such as bread, cake, and pie regardless of whether these goods are promoted
or not.
+) BODY 2 (2nd disadvantage)
Another pronounced drawback of food marketing restriction is that it
is likely to encounter pushback from food companies. Unlike cigarettes,
which are made primarily from tobacco leaves, food items can have multiple
ingredients, posing a challenge to policy makers and researchers wanting to
quantify their adverse impact on consumer health. Moreover, given health is
subject to a variety of factors beyond diets, including socio-economic
conditions, physical activity levels, and even genetics, the effect of
elimination of certain food types from one’s daily meals is questionable at
best. As a result, the policy to outlaw food advertising will likely engender a
lot of controversy, making its actual implementation highly improbable.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, even though forbidding advertisements of unhealthy
foods is beneficial in theory, I would contend this practice’s downsides
overshadow its merits.
16/ Advertising discourages people from being different individuals by
making us want to be and to look the same. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

+) OPENING
Given that advertisements can have considerable influence one’s
psyche, some people are expressing concerns about marketing campaigns
promoting social homogeneity. I completely agree with this opinion and this
essay is going to prove the adverse effect of the advertising industry on one’s
individuality.
+) BODY 1 (advertising makes people want to BE and LOOK the same)
Since human natural instinct is to want to fit in, advertising has been
taken advantage of this psyche for years. Specifically, brands, for the most
part, heighten the appeal of their products by associating them with
favorable attributes and intentionally promote certain stereotypes to
increase sales. To take an example, many sports brands use professional
athletes for endorsements, through which reinforces the image of what a
healthy body and lifestyle should look like. The result is that a large
audience is influenced by these messages and end up purchasing goods from
the same companies in pursuit of these ideal body types.
+) BODY 2 (advertising makes people want to BE the same)
Not only does advertising affect the superficial aspects of life, such as
choices in clothes, but it can also ingrain essential beliefs in the viewers. For
instance, politicians are known for often exploiting advertising tactics to win
the support of the public and undermine their opponents. As a result, people
who are exposed to this type of influences will likely have the same set of
political beliefs and opinions and vote for the same party regardless of
whether these beliefs are based on actual facts or not.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I would contend that advertising undermines one’s
uniqueness through promotion of similar images and ideas.
17/ The society would benefit from a ban on all forms of advertising because it
serves no useful purpose and can even be damaging. Do you agree or disagree
with this view?

+) OPENING
It is widely acknowledged that advertisements have a huge amount of
influence on people. Some argue that a complete prohibition should be
imposed on advertising given their lack of value and detrimental effects on
society. While this thinking is valid to a certain extent, I believe outlawing
all forms of promotional activities is not a reasonable course of action.
+) BODY 1 (why this thinking is valid)
On the one hand, it is undeniable that there are many advertisements
which contain inaccurate information or harmful messages. If left
unregulated, not only do they harm their direct audiences, but they can also
have an adverse impact on society as a whole. For example, many sports
brands use professional athletes as a form of celebrity endorsement in
marketing their products, which can unintentionally promote a certain body
type as aesthetically ideal. As a result, people with different physiques from
these advertisements may develop negative body images and subsequently
suffer from mental issues.
+) BODY 2 (why banning is not the solution)
On the other hand, I would contend that a complete ban of advertising
is a rather extreme practice and can result in a loss to society. In fact, there
are many ways in which advertisements can be used to improving society.
These range from promoting a good cause to battling an injustice. In fact,
many social issues such as racial discrimination, gender inequality, and
poverty are brought to public awareness through social media campaigns,
which are a prominent form of advertising. These benefits will inevitably be
lost if a ban is implemented indiscriminately on every advertisement.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I think a complete ban of all advertisements will do a
disservice to society.
 30 APRIL
18/ Advertisements are becoming more and more common in everyday life. Is
it a positive or negative development?

+) OPENING
It is undeniable that advertising has become more and more of an
inherent part in daily life nowadays. This essay will look at both the pros
and cons of this trend and show how the increasing popularity of
advertisements is actually beneficial to society.
+) BODY 1 (disad)
Critics of advertising could cite several reasons for their worries.
First, it is undeniable that many advertisements that contain inaccurate
information and harmful messages, which can harm their direct audiences
and subsequently have an adverse impact on society as a whole. Second, as a
matter of fact, advertisements encourage consumerism, which inevitably
leads to the destruction of the natural environment. Specifically, the
increasing carbon emissions released by various industries such as food,
fashion, and motor vehicle, are a testament to the harmful effect of this
phenomenon.
+) BODY 2 (ad)
Despite the aforementioned setbacks, the benefits that advertisements
bring to society should not be underestimated. The most obvious
improvement spurred by promotional activities is an increase in public
awareness about social issues. For instance, many injustices including racial
discrimination, poverty, and gender gap, have received more and more
attention of policy makers due to many social media campaigns regarding
these problems. Another compelling point is that advertising indirectly
improves the quality of many products on the market. The reason for this is
that advertising increases competition among producers and retailers,
which incentivize them to improve their products to attract customers.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I believe the upside of advertisements is far more
significant than their downside.
19/ Some people think that there should be a complete ban on all forms of
advertising. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

+) INTRO
It is widely acknowledged that advertisements have a substantial
effect on human’s psyche. In the light of the adverse impact this can have on
society, some suggest imposing a complete prohibition on all promotional
activities. While this thinking is valid to a certain extent, I would contend
that this is a rather extreme practice and can possibly do more harm than
good.
+) BODY 1
On the one hand, there are undeniably advertisements that contain
inaccurate information and harmful messages. Not only do they negatively
influence their direct audiences, but they can also have an adverse impact
on society as a whole. For instance, promotional campaigns of several
violent video games can trigger their own users, especially young children
who tend to be impressionable, to commit crimes that can possibly harm
others. Another compelling point is that advertisements, specifically
commercial ones, encourage consumerism and subsequently lead to
destruction of the environment. The increased carbon emissions released by
the food, fashion, and automotive industries are a testament to the risk of
promotion of goods.
+) BODY 2
Despite the aforementioned drawbacks, I believe there is a variety of
ways in which advertising can be useful to society, making the outlawing of
such activity result in lost benefits, which can be considered indirect harm.
The most obvious improvement that advertisements have made in modern
society is the increase attention to social issues. To take an example, many
problems such as racial discrimination, poverty, and gender gap have been
brought to public awareness through an increasing number of social media
campaigns and sharing of real-life experiences with these injustices. Not less
significant is the fact that advertisements help improve the quality of
consumer products in an indirect method. Since marketing tactics increase
competition among producers, they have to provide customers with more
quality goods to stay in the market.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I am convinced that the upside of advertising outweighs
its downside, making the complete ban of this activity harmful to society.
20/ If a product is good and meets customer needs, then people will buy it and
advertising is unnecessary. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
C-R-I-P-C
Good = quality = inherent values
Customer needs = meet/match customer demand = meet market demand
buy it = attract customers = determine customer loyalty
+) OPENING
Nowadays, marketing is one of the most commonplace tools used to
promote sales. Some people believe that the performance of a product on the
market depends solely on its quality and ability to meet customer demand.
While this thinking is valid to a certain extent, I would contend that the role
of advertising cannot be underestimated.
+) BODY 1 (40/60)
Even though it is common knowledge that a product’s salability is
ultimately determined by its inherent values and market demand, I would
argue that advertisements play a substantial role especially during the
launch phase of any given product. Specifically, only through promotional
activities can companies inform the public of their merchandise. Regardless
of how much customers may support a brand, were there no advertising, it
would be impossible for them to keep track of new releases or updates.
+) BODY 2 (40/60)
In addition to the aforementioned function, advertisements are also
crucial contributors to building brand images. Given the fact that
competition is high among manufacturers nowadays, branding strategies
can help firms stand out from their opponents in the mind of the customer.
To take an example, many sports companies use professional athletes in
their advertising campaigns, through which associate their products with
merits of these celebrities such as an active and healthy lifestyle. As a result,
customers perceive the values of these companies’ products as more than
their functionalities.
+) CONCLUSION
In conclusion, I am convinced that customer decisions are influenced
by factors beyond product qualities and their own needs, among which is
advertising.
21/ The amount of advertising that is around us all the time now has a
negative impact on people’s quality of life. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
C-R-I-P-C
The amount of advertising around us all the time = bombarded with
advertisements = increased exposure to advertisements
Negative impact = adverse effect on = do a disservice to sb = have a
negative bearing on
People’s quality of life = well-being ->
+) OPENING (40/60: benefits outweigh)
Never before have societies experienced such a high advertisement
frequency as they are nowadays. Some people believe this phenomenon has
an adverse impact on the public’s well-being. While this thinking is valid to
a certain extent, I would contend that advertising’s benefits outweigh its
harms.
+) BODY 1 (polished images -> mental health issues)
There are compelling reasons why some are critical of the increase in
promotional activities nowadays. Critics of advertising may argue that the
rise in this activity results in information overload, which causes more
people to suffer from chronic stress and other subsequent mental health
issues. Another commonplace argument may be that advertisements
encourage consumerism. The direct consequence of this is excessive
spending, which can do a disservice to one’s finances.
+) BODY 2 (inform customers of the
Despite the aforementioned drawbacks, I am convinced that the
benefits of increased advertising activities are more significant. On the
individual level, advertisements help educate customers and
+) CONCLUSION
22/ Traffic and housing problems could be solved by moving large companies,
factories, and their employees to the countryside. Do you agree or disagree?

As urban populations have been growing inexorably in recent years,

tackling traffic and housing issues has become paramount for many cities
around the world. It is argued that these problems can be addressed by
relocating large businesses and their staff to less populous areas such as the
countryside. While there are undeniable benefits of this solution, I would
argue that their downsides are more significant.
There are compelling reasons for moving part of the economy to the
rural areas. One of the most prominent ramifications is relieving pressure on
the existing roads and transit systems. As a result, traffic-related issues such
as congestion, road accidents and fatalities will improve. Another major
upside of this practice is that as part of the population is displaced from cities,
the housing demand will decline, resulting in more available residential units
for the remaining citizens. In addition to this, the real estate prices will also
decline, making houses and apartments more affordable.
Despite the aforementioned advantages, I would contend that displacing
firms, factories, and their workers can do the economy and the environment a
disservice.
In conclusion, while the potential benefits of removing part of business
operations from the city
TRAFFIC CONGESTION IS WORSENING AND WHAT THE
GOVERNMENT CAN DO ABOUT IT
 Problem:
S – Rising traffic congestion is an inescapable condition many cities face
nowadays.
C – One of the major issues that many cities are coping with nowadays
is the rise in traffic jam.
P – Many cities across the world are dealing with traffic overload in
road and transit systems.
 Causes:
S – Two main causes lead to this issue.
C – There are two chief causes of this issue/situation.
P – The problem originates from two primary reasons.

S – Firstly, efficient operation of the economy and society requires that

people go to work, school, and even run errands at the same time so that they
can interact with each other.
C – The first reason is the basic requirement for efficient operation of
the economy and society, which is that people need to go to school and work
during the same hours to interact with one another.
P – First, people are required to go to work and school during the same
hours for the economy and society to operate efficiently.

A – As a result, the large influx of people inevitably overload the roads

and transit system.
P – Consequently, the roads and transportation system are overloaded
with the large influx of daily commuters.

S – Secondly, private vehicles are the more widely used mode of

transportation compared to public transportation vehicles.
C – The second reason is the popularity of privately owned vehicles.
P – Second, the majority of people still opt for private automotive
vehicles rather than public transportation ones.

A – This makes road transport more time-consuming since more space

is occupied by these vehicles, slowing down the traffic flow.
P – This exacerbates the situation because these vehicles occupy more
space and thus gridlock the road.
 Solutions:
S – Four possible strategies can be implemented to alleviate the
problem.
C – There are four possible solutions to mitigate the situation.
P – The government can enact four policies to cope with the issue.
 S – Collecting tolls for congestion-prone roads is among the most
effective public policies.
C – The first practice is charging tolls during congested hours.
P – The government can enact the public policy of collecting tolls for
congestion-prone roads during rush hours.

S – If this practice was enacted properly, the reduction in private

vehicles would be likely to ensue since people would take a different route or
opt for other transportation modes to avoid the fees.
C – The charges can discourage the use of private vehicles, leading to
people taking a different route or switching to the bus and, consequently,
reducing traffic jam.
P – If tolls were set high enough to discourage private vehicles, the
congested condition might improve since people would take a different route
or switch to using the bus.

S – Nevertheless, one of the major drawbacks to this practice is

discontentment among the citizens.
C – However, this practice is not without disadvantages.
P – Despite the aforementioned benefit, this practice can cause
discontentment among the citizens, especially those who are in the lower-
income group.

C – For instance, opponents of this policy may argue that tolls are
another type of road tax, which owners of automotive vehicles have already
paid for through gasoline taxes.
P – Specifically, many people think of these charges as another type of
road tax, which is already included in gasoline taxes.

S – Expansion of road capacity is another solution that can be taken to

reduce traffic jam.
C – Another solution to traffic congestion is greatly expanding road
capacity.
P – In addition to this approach, the government can also address
traffic congestion by greatly expanding road capacity.

A+S – By taking this approach, while commuting roads would be able to

handle more drivers at the same time without delay, the costs of this type of
project are prohibitively high.
S+C – If this approach is taken, while more drivers could be handled
concurrently without delay by existing commuting roads, this type of project
is prohibitively expensive.
P+C – If adopted, this measure can potentially lead to more drivers
being handled simultaneously without delay by existing roads, but the
prohibitively large spending required for this type of project can make it
impractical.

S – For example, demolishing existing buildings and cutting down trees

may be requisite procedures for this process, causing the actual construction
costs of the road to ???.
C – To take an example, the government would have to demolish
existing buildings, cutting down trees, and turning most of the urban region
into a giant concrete slab.
P – For instance, the project would require the government to demolish
existing buildings, cutting down trees, and turning most of the urban region
into a giant concrete slab.

C – In addition to this, those expanded roads would be grossly

underutilized outside peak hours.
P – Additionally, those expanded roads could end up being grossly
underutilized during non-peak hours.
INFRASTRUCTURE LAW’S UNTAPPED POTENTIAL FOR
PROMOTING COMMUNITY SAFETY / THE UNTAPPED POTENTIAL
OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE LAW TO PROMOTE COMMUNITY
SAFETY
S – In recent years, fears of violence have captured local and national
headlines alike.
P – In recent years, local and national headlines have been captured by
fears of violence.
C – In recent years, one of the major public sentiments that has
captured both local and national headlines is the fear of violence.

S – Although no crime wave has been proved to have caused people’s

increasing anxiety in public places, policymakers should still pay full attention
to the issue.
P – While the sensation does not stem from any particular crime wave,
it still deserves the full attention of the public and the government.
C – While there is no crime wave that has directly caused people to
suddenly feel unsafe in public places, the issue still warrants full attention
from policymakers.
23/ Traffic and housing problems could be solved by moving large companies,
factories, and their employees to the countryside. Do you agree or disagree?

Overpopulation has caused a plethora of problems in cities, among

which urban mobility and accommodation have raised paramount concern
among both the public and policy makers. Some people argue that one of the
effective solutions can be relocating part of the economy, especially large
businesses, to rural areas. While this initiative has certain merits, I believe its
drawbacks are more glaring.
Proponents of the practice may argue that by dispersing the urban
population, it has the instant effect of relieving the pressure on the
infrastructure of the city. For example, there will be less traffic during rush
hours, resulting in less waiting time on the road and, in turn, less traffic
congestion. Additionally, if more people move to the countryside, the housing
demand in the city will decline, solving part of the housing shortage issue.
Despite the aforementioned benefit, I would contend that this solution
has two major downsides that make it economically impractical. Firstly, since
companies require certain social and economic conditions to operate
efficiently, dislocating them to less populous regions can cripple their
operations. For instance, enterprises may experience higher transportation
costs due to the farther distance between them and the end users. These
additional costs can reduce the profitability of the business and cripple its
operation. Secondly,
In conclusion, I believe relocation of large businesses, including their
factories and workers, to the countryside fails to be a holistic solution to the
traffic and housing issues in urban regions.
DID THE PANDEMIC ADVANCE NEW
SUBURBANIZATION/STIMULATE NEW SUBURBANIZATION?
1. The COVID-19 pandemic spurring social, economic and employment
changes has resulted in many people rethinking their living arrangements.
2. Social, economic, and employment changes spurred by the COVID-19
pandemic have caused many people to rethink their living arrangements.
3. A lot of people are rethinking their living arrangements due to the economic,
social, and employment changes spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic.

1. For example, homeowners may have been reluctant to list their properties
for sale and house buyers may have been reluctant to make purchases out of
fear of catching the disease.
2. For instance, the pandemic-induced uncertainties may have caused
homeowners to be more hesitant to list their properties for sale and house
buyers to be less ready to make purchases.
3. To take an example, the pandemic may have induced hesitance among
homeowners to list their properties for sale and house buyers to make
purchases.

1. In addition to this, the pandemic also forces people to stay at home,

potentially leading to a spike in housing demand.
2. Additionally, people are forced to stay at home due to the pandemic, which
may lead to an increase in housing demand.
3. In addition to this, housing demand may increase as a result of more people
being forced to stay at home due to the COVID-19 lockdowns.

1. These findings have crucial implications for both the labor and housing
markets.
2. These findings have major ramifications for both the labor and housing
markets.
3. These findings can greatly affect the labor and housing markets.

1. Firstly, the remote working environment, which is an inherent result of the

pandemic lockdowns, has decoupled residential preferences from workplace
location. Specifically, a large portion of the population may have migrated
out of urban areas as a result of the more flexible working arrangement
requiring less or no onsite time.
2. First, the remote working arrangement, which is an inherent result of the
pandemic lockdowns, may have resulted in the decoupling of workplace
location and residential preferences. In other words, more people may
choose to migrate to less dense areas that offer lower living costs and larger
living spaces such as the countryside since their jobs no longer require onsite
time.
3. First, the pandemic lockdowns have allowed employees to be more flexible
in their working arrangements, decoupling work location and residential
preferences. For example, since onsite time is no longer required, people
may choose to migrate to less dense regions that offer lower living costs and
larger living spaces.

1. Second, employees who have made such changes are likely to be unwilling
to return to the pre-pandemic working arrangements.
2. Secondly, such changes may cause employees to be unwilling to return to
the locations near their workplaces.
3. Second, people who have made such moves may be reluctant to return to the
pre-pandemic living arrangements.

1. On the one hand, these shifts in the geography of the housing market may
signal opportunities for the local economy. Regions which are experiencing
a revitalization of the population can capitalize on the newly increased
housing demand.
2. On the one hand, the shifting geography in the housing market may bring
opportunities for the local economy. Rural and suburban regions, which
have experienced population loss before, can capitalize on the revitalized
housing demand.
3. On the one hand, the local economy may be given lucrative opportunities as
a result of the altered geography of the housing market. Specifically, rural
and suburban areas, which may have experienced population loss due to
urbanization processes, can capitalize on the newly revived housing demand.

1. On the other hand, the rising home prices, which are an inherent result of
increased demand, may outpace wage growth, causing trouble for lower-
income families seeking accommodation.
2. On the other hand, as the rising home demand inherently leads to the
housing market inflation, it may pose a challenge for lower-income families
seeking accommodation.
3. On the other hand, lower-income families may experience hardship in
seeking accommodation due to inflation in the housing market, which likely
stems from the rising demand for houses.
FIGHTING FRAUD, WASTE, AND ABUSE – THE INFRASTRUCTURE
BILL AND LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE
1. Recently President Biden has signed legislation authorizing a handsome
amount of funding for a variety of infrastructure projects including roads and
bridges, improvements in water infrastructure, cyber security enhancements,
and electric vehicle charging stations.
2. Recently, legislation that authorizes a handsome government investment in a
variety of infrastructure projects such as roads and bridges, improvements in
water infrastructure, cybersecurity enhancements, and electric vehicle
charging stations has been signed by President Biden.
3. Recently, a variety of infrastructure projects including roads and bridges,
water infrastructure enhancements, cybersecurity enhancements, and electric
vehicle charging stations have been funded according to newest legislation
signed by President Biden.

1. The Biden administration has assigned a task force the responsibility of

overseeing the disbursement.
2. A task force of federal officers has been assigned the task of coordinating
the disbursement.
3. The disbursement will be coordinated by a task force of federal officials
assigned by the Biden administration.

1. However, the bill did not provide for waste and fraud.
2. However, the bill did not provide for coordinated, independent oversight of
the disbursement.
3. However, the coordinated, independent oversight of the disbursement was
not provided for by the bill.

1. While the bill exhorted federal agencies to establish sufficient transparency,

adequate accountability reports and oversight measures, it did not provide
for any central oversight mechanism.