ME 303

Convection, Boiling,
Condensation and
Mass Transfer
Semester: August 2015

Dr. Sumon Saha

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Thursday, November 12, 2015
Convection .. Today’s Topic

Internal Forced Convection

 Convection .. Internal Forced Convection

Liquid or gas flow through pipes or ducts is commonly

used in heating and cooling applications.

The fluid in such applications is forced to flow by a fan or
pump through a tube that is sufficiently long to accomplish
the desired heat transfer.

It is important to determine the friction factor and
convection coefficient since they are directly related to the
pressure drop and heat transfer rate, respectively.

These quantities are then used to determine the pumping
power requirement and the required tube length.

The friction between the fluid layers in a tube may cause a
slight rise in fluid temperature as a result of mechanical
energy being converted to thermal energy.
 Convection .. Internal Forced Convection

• Pipe ─ circular cross section.

• Duct ─ noncircular cross section.
• Tubes ─ small-diameter pipes.
• The fluid velocity changes from zero at the surface
(no-slip) to a maximum at the pipe center.
• It is convenient to work with an
average velocity, which remains
constant in incompressible flow
when the cross-sectional area
is constant.

Circular pipes can withstand large pressure differences between the inside and the
outside without undergoing any significant distortion, but noncircular pipes cannot.
 Convection .. Internal Forced Convection

Average Velocity
• The value of the average velocity is determined from
the conservation of mass principle
m
= ρVavg AC = ∫ ρ u ( r ) dAC
Ac
• For incompressible flow in a circular pipe of radius R

∫ ρu ( r ) dA
C
∫
R
ρ u ( r ) 2π rdr 2
R
= 2 ∫ u ( r ) rdr
Ac 0
Vavg = =
ρ AC ρπ R 2 R 0
 Convection .. Internal Forced Convection

Average Temperature
• It is convenient to define the value of the mean
temperature Tm from the conservation of energy
principle.
• The energy transported by the fluid through a cross
section in actual flow must be equal to the energy that
would be transported through the same cross section
if the fluid were at a constant temperature Tm

pTm = ∫ c pT ( r ) δ m

E
fluid = mc
m

 Convection .. Internal Forced Convection

• For incompressible flow in a circular pipe of radius R

R

∫ c T ( r ) δ m
∫ c T ( r ) ρ u ( r ) 2π rdr
m

p
0
p

Tm = =
mc

p ρVavg (π R 2 ) c p
R
2
2 ∫
= T ( r ) u ( r ) rdr
Vavg R 0
• The mean temperature Tm of a fluid changes during
heating or cooling.

Idealized Actual
 Convection .. Internal Forced Convection

Note that the mean temperature Tm of a fluid changes

during heating or cooling.

Also, the fluid properties in internal flow are usually
evaluated at the bulk mean fluid temperature, which is
the arithmetic average of the mean temperatures at the
inlet and the exit.

That is, Tm ,i + Tm ,e
Tb =
2
 Convection .. Internal Forced Convection

• For flow in a circular tube, the Reynolds number is

defined as ρVavg D Vavg D
Re D = =
µ ν
• For flow through noncircular tubes D is replaced by
the hydraulic diameter Dh.
4 Ac
Dh =
P
• laminar flow: ReD < 2300
• fully turbulent: ReD > 10,000.
• Transitional flow: 2300 ≤ ReD ≤ 10,000.
When designing piping networks and determining pumping power, a
conservative approach is taken and flows with ReD > 4000 are assumed to be
turbulent.
 Convection .. The Entrance Region

• Consider a fluid entering a circular pipe at a uniform

velocity.
• Because of the no-slip condition a velocity gradient
develops along the pipe.
• The flow in a pipe is divided into two regions:
– the boundary layer region, and
– the irrotational (core) flow region.
• The thickness of this
boundary layer Irrotational Boundary
layer
flow
increases in the flow
direction until it
reaches the pipe
center.
 Convection .. Internal Fluid Flow

• Hydrodynamic entrance region ─ the region from the pipe

inlet to the point at which the boundary layer merges at the
centerline and the length of this region is called the
hydrodynamic entry length Lh.
• Hydrodynamically fully developed region ─ the region
beyond the entrance region in which the velocity profile is fully
developed and remains unchanged.
• The velocity profile in the fully developed region is
– Parabolic (laminar flow), and somewhat flatter or fuller (turbulent flow).

Flow in the entrance

region is called
hydrodynamically
developing flow since
this is the region where
the velocity profile
develops.
 Convection .. Thermal Entrance Region

• Consider a constant surface temperature heated circular tube.

• Thermal boundary layer along the tube is developing.
• The thickness of this boundary layer increases in the flow direction until the
boundary layer reaches the tube center.
• Thermal entrance region – The region of flow over which the thermal
boundary layer develops and reaches the tube center and the length of this
region is called the thermal entry length Lt.
• Thermally developing flow:
flow Flow in the thermal entrance region. This is the
region where the temperature profile develops.
• Thermally fully developed region ─ the region beyond the thermal
entrance region in which the dimensionless temperature profile
expressed as
(Ts-T)/(T
)/(Ts-Tm)
remains unchanged.
Fully developed flow is both
hydrodynamically and thermally
developed.
 Convection .. Boundary Layer in Pipe

Define developing flow and fully developed flow inside a circular

pipe. What is entry zone?

How is the thermal entry length defined for flow in a tube? In

what region is the flow in a tube fully developed?

The region of flow over which the thermal boundary layer

develops and reaches the tube center is called the thermal entry
region, and the length of this region is called the thermal entry
length.

The region in which the flow is both hydrodynamically (the velocity

profile is fully developed and remains unchanged) and thermally
(the dimensionless temperature profile remains unchanged)
developed is called the fully developed region.
 Convection .. Boundary Layer in Pipe

Consider laminar forced convection in a circular tube. Will the

heat flux be higher near the inlet of the tube or near the exit?
Why?

The heat flux will be higher near the inlet because the heat
transfer coefficient is highest at the tube inlet where the thickness
of thermal boundary layer is zero, and decreases gradually to the
fully developed value.

In the fully developed region, will the velocity profile change in

the flow direction? How is about the temperature profile?

In the fully developed region of flow in a circular tube, the

velocity profile will not change in the flow direction but the
temperature profile may.
 Convection .. Internal Forced Convection

– Hydrodynamically fully developed:

∂u ( r , x )
= 0 → u = u (r )
∂x
– Thermally fully developed:

∂  Ts ( x ) − T ( r , x ) 
 =0
∂x  Ts ( x ) − Tm ( x ) 

∂  Ts − T  − ( ∂T ∂r ) r = R
  = ≠ f ( x)
∂r  Ts − Tm  r = R Ts − Tm

Note that the temperature profile in the thermally fully developed region may
vary with x in the flow direction.
 Convection .. Internal Forced Convection

• Surface heat flux can be expressed as

∂T k ( ∂T ∂r ) r = R
q
s = hx (Ts − Tm ) = k → hx =
∂r r=R Ts − Tm
• For thermally fully developed region

( ∂T ∂r ) r = R
≠ f ( x)
Ts − Tm

hx ≠ f ( x ) Fully developed flow

hx = constant Fully developed flow

 Heat Transfer coefficient
Convection ..
and Friction factor

Developing Fully
region develope
d region

Pr > 1
 Convection .. Entry Lengths

Laminar flow: ReD < 2300

– Hydrodynamic -Thermal
Lh ,laminar ≈ 0.05 Re D D Lt ,laminar ≈ 0.05 Re D Pr D = Pr Lh ,laminar
Turbulent flow: ReD > 10000
– Hydrodynamic -Thermal (approximate)
1/4
Lh ,turbulent = 1.359 D ⋅ Re
D
Lh ,turbulent ≈ Lt ,turbulent ≈ 10 D

Briefly explain the entrance effect during heat transfer from a
flowing fluid through a duct. Are hydrodynamic and thermal entry
lengths equivalent? If not, on what do the relative lengths
depend?
Pr > 1 Pr < 1
Lt ,laminar Lt ,turbulent
≈ Pr⋅ Lh < Lt Lh > Lt ≈ 10 D δ ≈ δ t
Lh ,laminar δ > δt δ < δt Lh ,turbulent
 Convection .. Turbulent flow Nusselt Number

• The Nusselt numbers are

much higher in the
entrance region.
• The Nusselt number
reaches a constant value
at a distance of less than
10 diameters.

• The Nusselt numbers for the

uniform surface temperature and uniform surface heat flux
conditions are identical in the fully developed regions, and
nearly identical in the entrance regions.
Draw the variation of local Nusselt number along a tube in turbulent flow for
both uniform surface temperature and uniform surface heat flux.
 Convection .. General Thermal Analysis

• In the absence of any work interactions, the conservation of

energy equation for the steady flow of a fluid in a tube

p (Te − Ti )
Q
= mc (W)
• The thermal conditions at the surface can usually be
approximated as:
– constant surface temperature, or
– constant surface heat flux.
• The mean fluid temperature Tm must
change during heating or cooling.

• Either Ts = constant or qs = constant at the surface of a tube,

but not both.

q
s = hx (Ts − Tm ) (W/m )2
 Convection .. Constant Surface Heat Flux

• In the case of constant heat flux, the rate of heat

transfer can also be expressed as

p (Te − Ti ) (W)
Q
= q
s As = mc
• Then the mean fluid temperature at the tube exit
becomes q
s As
Te = Ti +
mc

p
• The surface temperature in the case of constant
surface heat flux can be determined from
q
s
q
s = h (Ts − Tm ) → Ts = Tm +
h
 Convection .. Constant Surface Heat Flux

• In the fully developed region, the

surface temperature Ts will also
increase linearly in the flow direction
• Applying the steady-flow energy
balance to a tube slice of thickness
dx, the slope of the mean fluid
temperature Tm can be determined

dTm q
s p

p dTm = q
s ( pdx )
mc → = = constant
dx mc

p
• Noting that both the heat flux and h
(for fully developed flow) are
constants dTm dTs
=
dx dx
 Convection .. Constant Surface Heat Flux

• In the fully developed region (Ts-Tm=constant)

∂  Ts − T  1  ∂Ts ∂T  ∂T dTs
 =0→  −  =0→ =
∂x  Ts − Tm  Ts − Tm  ∂x ∂x  ∂x dx
• Combining all those equations gives
∂T dTs dTm q
s p
= = = = constant
∂x dx dx mc
p
• For a circular tube ∂T = dTs = dTm = 2q
s = constant
∂x dx dx ρVavg c p R
• In fully developed flow in a tube subjected to constant
surface heat flux, the temperature gradient is
independent of x and thus the shape of the
temperature profile does not change along the tube.
 Convection .. Constant Surface Temperature

• The energy balance on a differential control volume

p dTm = h (Ts − Tm ) dAs
δ Q
= mc
• Since the mean temperature of the fluid Tm increases in the
flow direction the heat flux decays with x.
• The surface temperature is constant (dTm = −d(Ts−Tm)) and
dAs=pdx, therefore,

d (Ts − Tm ) hp
=− dx
Ts − Tm mc

p
 Convection .. Constant Surface Temperature

• Integrating from x = 0 (tube inlet where Tm = Ti) to x=L

(tube exit where Tm = Te) gives
Ts − Te hAs
ln =−
Ts − Ti mc

p
• Taking the exponential
• of both sides and solving for Te

Te = Ts − (Ts − Ti ) exp ( −hpL mc
p)

• or
Tm ( x ) = Ts − (Ts − Ti ) exp ( −hpx mc

p)
 Convection .. Constant Surface Temperature

• The temperature difference between the fluid and the

surface decays exponentially in the flow direction, and
the rate of decay depends on the magnitude of the
exponent hA mc
s p

• This dimensionless parameter is

called the number of transfer
units (NTU).
– Large NTU value – increasing tube length
marginally increases heat transfer rate.
– Small NTU value – heat transfer increases
significantly with increasing tube length. For NTU = 5, T ≈ T , and the
e s
limit for heat transfer is
reached.
 Convection .. Constant Surface Temperature

• Solving for mc

p gives
hAs

p =−
mc
ln (Ts − Te ) (Ts − Ti ) 

• Substituting this into Q
= mc
p (Te − Ti ) (W)

one can obtain, Q
= hAs ∆Tlm
where
Ti − Te ∆Te − ∆Ti
∆Tlm = LMTD = =
ln (Ts − Te ) (Ts − Ti )  ln [ ∆Te ∆Ti ]

∆Tlm is the logarithmic mean temperature difference.

 Convection ..Thermal Boundary Layer in Pipe

Describe the developing and fully developed thermal

boundary layers inside a circular pipe when (i) the pipe
wall is subjected to a constant heat flux and (ii) the pipe
wall is maintained at the constant temperature.
 Convection ..Thermal Boundary Layer in Pipe

Describe the developing and fully developed thermal

boundary layers inside a circular pipe when (i) the pipe
wall is subjected to a constant heat flux and (ii) the pipe
wall is maintained at the constant temperature.
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

Assumptions:
• steady laminar flow, • The velocity profile
• incompressible fluid, u(r) remains
unchanged in the flow
• constant properties,
direction.
• fully developed
• no motion in the radial
region, and
direction.
• straight circular tube.
• no acceleration.
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

• Consider a ring-shaped differential volume element.

• A force balance on the volume
element in the flow direction
gives

( 2π rdrP ) x − ( 2π rdrP ) x+ dx
+ ( 2π rdrτ )r − ( 2π rdrτ )r + dr = 0
• Dividing by 2pdrdx and
rearranging
Px + dx − Px ( rτ )r + dr − ( rτ )r
r + =0
dx dr
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

• Taking the limit as dr, dx → 0 gives

dP d ( rτ )
r + =0
dx dr
• Substituting τ =µ(du/dr) gives
µ d  du  dP
r  =
r dr  dr  dx
• Rearranging and integrating it twice to give
1  dP  2
u (r ) =   r + C1 ln r + C2
4 µ  dx 
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

Force balance:
π R 2 P − π R 2 ( P + dP ) − 2π Rdxτ w = 0

Simplifying
dP 2τ w
=−
dx R

Since µ and du/dr is

constant for a fully
developed flow, the
pressure gradient is also
constant.
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

• Boundary Conditions:
– symmetry about the centerline ∂u/∂r = 0 at r = 0,
– no-slip condition u = 0 at r = R.
• Using the boundary conditions
R  dP 
2
 r 
2
u (r ) = −   1 − 2 
4 µ  dx   R 
• Now the average velocity
2 R 2  dP   r2 
R R
2
Vavg = 2 ∫ u ( r ) rdr = − 2 ∫   1 − 2  rdr
R 0 R 0 4µ  dx   R 
R  dP 
2
=−  
8µ  dx 
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

R  dP 
2
 r 
2
R  dP 
2
u (r ) = −   1 − 2  Vavg =−  
4 µ  dx   R  8µ  dx 
• Combining the two equations, the velocity
profile is rewritten as
 r2 
u ( r ) = 2Vavg 1 − 2  ; umax = 2Vavg
 R 
The maximum velocity occurs at the centerline, r = 0:

The average velocity in fully developed laminar pipe flow is one-

half of the maximum velocity.
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

• A quantity of interest in the analysis of pipe flow is the

pressure drop ∆P since it is directly related to the
power requirements of the fan or pump to maintain
flow. dP P2 − P1
=
dx L
• Substituting this into the Vavg expression
R  dP 
2
R  P2 − P1 
2
Vavg =−  =−  
8µ  dx  8µ  L 
8µ LVavg 32 µ LVavg
∆P = P1 − P2 = 2
= 2
R D
• A pressure drop due to viscous effects represents an
irreversible pressure loss.
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

• It is convenient to express the pressure loss for all

types of fully developed internal flows in terms of the
dynamic pressure and the friction factor
dynamic pressure

friction factor
 2
L ρVavg
∆PL = f ⋅ ⋅
D 2
Here f is the Darcy friction factor which is expressed as
64µ 64
f = = Circular tube, laminar flow
ρ DVavg Re D
• In laminar flow, the friction factor is a function of the
Reynolds number only and is independent of the
roughness of the pipe surface.
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

• The head loss hL represents the additional height that the

fluid needs to be raised by a pump in order to overcome the
frictional losses in the pipe. The head loss is caused by
viscosity, and it is directly related to the wall shear stress.
2
∆P V
L avg
hL = = f
ρg D 2g
• The average velocity for laminar flow through horizontal
tube ( P1 − P2 ) R 2 ( P1 − P2 ) D 2 ∆PD 2
Vavg = = =
8µ L 32 µ L 32 µ L
• Volume flow rate for laminar flow
V
= Vavg Ac =
( P1 − P2 ) R 2 ( P
π R2 = 1 2
− P ) π D 4

=
∆PD 4
8µ L 128µ L 128µ L
This equation is known as Poiseuille’s law, and this flow is called Hagen-
Poiseuille flow.
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

Temperature Profile and the Nusselt Number

• Energy is transferred by mass in the x-direction, and by
conduction in the r-direction.
• The steady flow energy balance for a cylindrical
shell element can be expressed as

pTx + dx + Q
r − Q
r + dr = 0

pTx − mc
mc

=
Substituting m ρ uAc = ρ u ( 2π rdr )
and dividing by 2πrdrdx gives, after
Tx + dx − Tx 1 Q
r + dr − Q
r
ρ c pu =−
dx 2π rdx dr
rearranging ∂T 1 ∂Q

u =−
∂x 2 ρ c pπ rdx ∂r
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

Temperature Profile and the Nusselt Number

• Since ∂Q
∂  ∂T  ∂  ∂T 
=  −k 2π rdx  = −2π kdx  r 
∂r ∂r  ∂r  ∂r  ∂r 
∂T 1 ∂Q
α ∂  ∂T  k
u =− = r  ; α=
∂x 2 ρ c pπ rdx ∂r r dr  ∂r  ρcp
Constant Surface Heat Flux
 r 
2
∂T 2q
s
u ( r ) = 2Vavg 1 − 2  = = constant
 R  ∂x ρVavg c p R

∂T α ∂  ∂T  4q
s  r 2  1 d  dT 
u = r  1 − 2  = r 
∂x r dr  ∂r  kR  R  r dr  dr 
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

Temperature Profile and the Nusselt Number (constant heat

flux)
4q
s  r 2  1 d  dT 
1 − 2  = r 
kR  R  r dr  dr 
• Separating the variables and integrating twice

qs  2 r 4 
T=  r − 2  + C1r + C2
kR  4R 
• Boundary conditions
∂T ( r = 0 ) C1=0
– Symmetry at r = 0: =0
∂r
C2
– At r = R: T(r = R) = Ts
q
s R  3 r 2 r4 
T = Ts −  − 2+ 4
k 4 R 4R 
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

Temperature Profile and the Nusselt Number (constant heat

flux)  
 r 2
 q
R 3 r 2
r 4
u ( r ) = 2Vavg 1 − 2  s
T = Ts −  − 2+ 4
 R  k 4 R 4R 
The bulk mean temperature Tm is determined by substituting the
velocity and temperature profile relations into
R
2
2 ∫
Tm = T ( r ) u ( r ) rdr
Vavg R 0
11 q
s R
Tm = Ts − q
s = h (Ts − Tm )
24 k

24 k 48 k k hD
h= = = 4.36 Nu = = 4.36
11 R 11 D D k
Constant heat flux (circular tube, laminar)
 Convection .. Laminar Flow in Tubes

Nusselt Number (circular tube, laminar, fully developed flow)

hD hD
Nu = = 3.66 Nu = = 4.36
k k
(constant surface temperature) (constant heat flux)

Therefore, for fully developed laminar flow in a circular tube

subjected to constant surface heat flux or constant surface
temperature, the Nusselt number is a constant.
There is no dependence on the Reynolds or the Prandtl numbers.

The thermal conductivity k for use in the Nu relations

should be evaluated at the bulk mean fluid
temperature.
For laminar flow, the effect of surface roughness on the
friction factor and the heat transfer coefficient is negligible.
Convection ..
Laminar Flow in Non-circular Tubes
 Developing Laminar Flow in the
Convection ..
Entrance Region
For a circular tube of length L subjected to constant surface
temperature, the average Nusselt number for the thermal
entrance region: 0.065 ( D / L ) Re D Pr
Nu = 3.66 + 2/3
1 + 0.04 ( D / L ) Re D Pr 
This relation assumes that the flow is hydrodynamically developed
when the fluid enters the heating section, but it can also be used
for flow developing hydrodynamically when Pr ≥ 5.
When the difference between the surface and the fluid
temperatures is large, it may be necessary to account for the
variation of viscosity with temperature: 1/3 0.14
 Re D Pr D   µb 
For 0.60 ≤ Pr ≤ 5 and 0.0044 ≤ µb/µs ≤9.75, Nu = 1.86    
Re Pr D/L > 10  L   µs 
All properties are evaluated at the bulk mean fluid temperature,
except for µs, which is evaluated at the surface temperature.
 Developing Laminar Flow in the
Convection ..
Entrance Region
The average Nusselt number for the thermal entrance region of
flow between isothermal parallel plates of length L is
0.03 ( Dh / L ) Re D Pr
Nu = 7.54 + 2/3
1 + 0.016 ( Dh / L ) Re D Pr 
where Dh is the hydraulic diameter, which is twice the spacing of
the plates. This relation can be used for Re ≤ 2800.
Home Work: For a forced convection case inside a tube prove
that f
St =
8
τw
Skin friction coefficient or Cf = f 16
Fanning friction coefficient 1 2 Cf = =
ρVavg 4 Re
2
Relation between Fanning friction factor and Darcy friction factor.
 Developing Laminar Flow in the
Convection ..
Entrance Region

Local and average

Nusselt numbers
for circular tube
thermal
entrance regions
in fully developed
laminar flow.
 Developing Turbulent Flow in the
Convection ..
Entrance Region

Turbulent thermal
entry Nusselt
numbers for
circular tubes with
qw = constant.
 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow and
Convection ..
Heat Transfer in Tubes
 Problem #1: Internal Forced
Convection ..
Convection
In a long annulus (35 mm ID and 50 mm OD), water is heated by
maintaining the outer surface of inner tube at 60oC. Water enters
at 20oC and leaves at 34oC, while its flow velocity is 2 m/s.
Estimate the heat transfer coefficient. Use relation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8Pr0.4
Di = 35 mm
Do = 50 mm
Dh = Do – Di = 50 – 35 = 15 mm
Ti = 20oC
Te = 34oC
Tb = (Ti +Te)/2 = 27oC
u = 2 m/s
ρ uDh hDh (
4π D22 / 4 − D12 / 4 )=D
Re = ; Nu = Dh = − D1
µ k π ( D2 + D1 ) 2
Convection .. Properties of Water
 Problem #1: Internal Forced
Convection ..
Convection
Solution: Properties of water at 27oC:
density, ρ = 995.75 kg/m3
dynamic viscosity, µ = 8.54 × 10-4 kg/moC
thermal conductivity, k = 0.6145 W/moC
Prandtl number, Pr = 5.81

Re =
ρ uDh
=
( 995.75 )( )
2 (15 × 10 −3
) = 34980
µ 8.54 ×10−4
hDh 0.8 0.4
Nu = = 0.023Re Pr
k
k 0.6145 0.8 0.4
h= 0.8
0.023Re Pr =0.4
−3
0.023 ( 34980 ) ( 5.81)
Dh 15 × 10
2
= 8221W/m K
 Problem #2: Internal Forced
Convection ..
Convection
Air at 300 K and 1 atm enters a smooth tube having a diameter of
2 cm and length of 10 cm. The air velocity is 40 m/s. What
constant heat flux must be applied at the tube surface to result in
an air temperature rise of 5oC? What average wall temperature
would be necessary for this case?
Convection ..Properties of Air at atm pressure
 Problem #2: Internal Forced
Convection ..
Convection
 Problem #2: Internal Forced
Convection ..
Convection
 Problem #3: Internal Forced
Convection ..
Convection
Water flows with a mean velocity of 2 m/s inside a circular pipe of
inside diameter of 50 mm. The pipe wall is maintained at a
uniform temperature of 100oC. At a location where the flow is
hydrodynamically and thermally developed, the bulk mean
temperature is 60oC. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient by
using: Gnielinsky correlation

Nu =
(f / 8 )( Re D − 1000 ) Pr  0.5 ≤ Pr ≤ 2000 
 6
1 + 12.7 ( f / 8 )
0.5
( Pr 2/3
)
−1
3
 3 ×10 < Re D < 5 ×10 

Assume, the friction factor, f = 0.0205. Take properties at bulk

mean temperature.
 Problem #3: Internal Forced
Convection ..
Convection
Solution: hydrodynamically and thermally developed flow
Uniform Ts = 100°C

Water
um = 2 m/s
D = 50mm
Tb = 60°C

Properties of water at 60°C.

ρ = 983.3 kg/m3 , k = 0.654 W/m.°C

-4
µ = 4.71× 10 kg/m.s, Pr = 3.01
0.5 ≤ Pr ≤ 2000
 Problem #3: Internal Forced
Convection ..
Convection

Re D =
ρ um D
=
( 983.3 )( )
2 50 ×(10 −3
) = 208769
µ 4.71×10−4 3 6
3 ×10 < Re D < 5 ×10

Nu =
(f / 8 )( Re D − 1000 ) Pr
=
( 0.0205 / 8 )( 208769 − 1000 ) 3.01
= 944.2
1 + 12.7 ( f / 8 ) ( Pr − 1) 1 + 12.7 ( 0.0205 / 8 ) ( 3.01 − 1)
0.5 2/3 0.5 2/3

hD k 0.654
Nu = ⇒ h = Nu = 944.2 −3
2
= 12350 W/m K
k D 50 ×10
 Problem #4: Internal Forced
Convection ..
Convection
In a parabolic trough concentrator, solar energy is collected by
placing a tube at the focal line of the collector and passing fluid
through the tube. The arrangement resulting in a uniform heat flux
of 2000 W/m2 along the axis of the tube of diameter 60 mm.
Calculate (i) the length of the tube required to heat water from
20oC to 80oC, which flows at the rate of 0.01 kg/s and (ii) the
surface temperature at the outlet of the tube?
 Problem #5: Internal Forced
Convection ..
Convection
Consider the flow of oil at 10oC in a 40-cm diameter pipeline at an
average velocity of 0.5 m/s. A 300-m long section of the pipeline
pass through icy waters of a lake at 0oC. Disregarding the thermal
resistance of the pipe material, determine (i) the temperature of
the oil when the pipe leaves the lake, (ii) the rate of heat transfer
from the oil, and (iii) the pumping power required to overcome the
pressure losses and to maintain the flow of oil in the pipe.
 Problem #5: Internal Forced
Convection ..
Convection
Solution: (Icy lake, Ts = 0°C)

Oil
Ti = 10°C
D = 40cm
um = 0.5 m/s Te

L = 300 m

Since exit temperature is unknown, we take the properties of oil at

10°C.
3
ρ = 893.55 kg/m , k = 0.14595 W/m.°C
-3 2
C p = 1839 J/kg.°C, υ = 2.59245 ×10 m /s
Pr = 28749.5
 Problem #5: Internal Forced
Convection ..
Convection
um D
(0.5 m/s)(0.4 m)
ReD = = −3 2
= 77.15 < 2300
υ 2.59245 ×10 m /s
Therefore, the flow is laminar, and the hydrodynamic and thermal
entry length are roughly
Lh = 0.05 ReD D = 0.05( 77.15 )( 0.4 m ) = 1.54 m < 300 m
Lt = 0.05 ReD Pr D = 0.05( 77.19 )( 28750 )( 0.4 m ) = 44360 m > 300 m
So it is hydrodynamically developed but thermally developing flow.
 0.4 m 
0.065   ( 77.15 )( 28749.5 )
Nu =
hD
= 3.66 +
0.065( D / L ) ReD Pr
= 3.66 +  300 m  = 24.46
2/ 3 2/ 3
k 1 + 0.04 [( D / L ) ReD Pr ]  0.4 m  
1 + 0.04   ( 77.15 )( 28749. 5 ) 
 300 m  

k 0.14595 W/m.°C
h= Nu = ( 24.46 ) = 8.92 W/m2 .°C As = π DL = π ( 0.4 m)(300 m)
D 0.4 m
=377 m 2
 Problem #5: Internal Forced
Convection ..
Convection
 π D 2
 π (0.4 m) 2

= ρV
= ρ Acum = ρ 
m  m
u = ( 893 . 55 kg/m 3
) (0.5 m/s)=56.14 kg/s
 4  4

the exit temperature of oil is

( 8.92 )( 377 )
−
− hAs / ( mC

p) ( 56.14 )( 1839 )
Te = Ts − (Ts − Ti )e = 0 − ( 0 − 10 )e = 9.68 °C
Te − Ti 9.68 − 10
∆Tl m = = = 9.84°C
 Ts − Te   0 − 9.68 
ln   ln  0 − 10 
 Ts − Ti 

= hA ∆T = ( 8.92 W/m 2 .°C )( 377 m 2 )( 9.84°C ) = 33.1×103 W = 33.1 kW
Q s ln m

The friction factor is 64 64

f = = = 0.83
ReD 77.15
 Convection .. Problem: Internal Forced Convection

The pressure drop in the pipe

L ρ um 2 300 m ( 893.55 kg/m3 )( 0.5 m/s )2  1 kN   1 kPa 
∆P = f = 0.83   2 
D 2 0.4 m 2  1000 kg ⋅ m/s  1 kN/m 
= 69.53 kPa

The required pumping power

pump = V
∆ P = Acum ∆ P = π (0.4 m) 2  1 kW 

W (0.5 m/s)( 69.53 kPa )  3  = 4.37 kW
4  1 kPa ⋅ m /s 