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The D-And F-Block Revision Notes

The d-block and f-block elements are known as transition metals and inner transition metals respectively. The d-block elements have an outer electronic configuration of (n-1)d10ns2 and exhibit metallic properties. The f-block elements are divided into lanthanides and actinides which have variable oxidation states and form interstitial compounds. Transition metals form alloys, oxides and complex compounds while inner transition metals have radioactive elements with complex magnetic properties.

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Mayank Choudhary
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188 views

The D-And F-Block Revision Notes

The d-block and f-block elements are known as transition metals and inner transition metals respectively. The d-block elements have an outer electronic configuration of (n-1)d10ns2 and exhibit metallic properties. The f-block elements are divided into lanthanides and actinides which have variable oxidation states and form interstitial compounds. Transition metals form alloys, oxides and complex compounds while inner transition metals have radioactive elements with complex magnetic properties.

Uploaded by

Mayank Choudhary
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The d-and f-Block Elements

The d-block elements are known as transition metals.

Thefblock elements are known as inner transition metals.

4f- metals lanthanoids

5 f - me tals actinoids

Electronic Configuration

General outer electronic configuration is (n


-1)di-10 ns1-2,
Zn, Cd, and Hg are transition
regarded as
not
elements.
Reason The orbitals of these elements are completely-filled. [Electronic configuration is
(n-1) do ns)

The d-block elements (transition metals):


The d-block elements (group 3-12) occupy the large, middle section of the periodic table.

I n general, their valence shell electronic configuration is (n - 1)d-10 ns-2,

There are three series of transition metals, corresponding to the flling of 3d, 4d and
Sd orbitals.

All the transitionmetals exhibit typical metallic properties such high tensile strength,
as
ductility, malleability, high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic lustre, etc.

The melting and boiling points of transition metals are high due to the involvement of (n-
1Jd electrons in interatomic bonding

The maxima of these properties occur at about the middle of each series, which indicates
that one unpaired electron per d-orbital is particularly favourable for strong interatomic
interaction.

Variation of atomic radii:

Lanthanoid contraction - Regular decrease in atomic radii due to the illing of the 4/orbital
before the 5d orbital. As a result, with increase in atomic number, the expected increase in
size is not observed.

lonisation Enthalpies
I n each of
the three transition series, the first ion isation enthalpy increases from left to right
However, there are some excepttons.
The first ionisation enthalples of the third transition series are higher than those of the first
and second transition series
Reason: Poor shielding effect of 4/electrons in the third transition series
Exhibit variable oxidation states

Exhibit paramagnetic behaviour. Their magnetic moment values can be calculated using the
expression:

=ya( +2)
where, is the magnetic moment and n is the number of unpaired electrons

Have the tendency to form coloured ions


Form interstitial and complex compounds
Act as catalysts
Form alloys
Many of the transitlon metals are electropositive, and can dissolve in mineral acids while a
few ot them are noble.
Transition metals form oxddes and oxoanions of
metals
MagneticProperties

Diamagnetic substance Repelled by thetheapplied field


-

Paramagnetic substance Attracted by applied field


-

Ferromagnetic substance - Attracted very strongly

.Paramagnetism arises due to the presence of unpaired electrons.


Magnetic moment can be calculated by using 'spin-only' formula, ie

ymn+2)
Where,
n=
Number of unpaired electrons
Magnetic moment in Bohr magneton (BM)

Formation of Coloured lons


A n electron from a lower energy d-or bital is excited to a higher energy d-orbital when
energy of
the excitation corresponds to the frequency of light absorbed.
This frequency of light generally lies in the visible region.
The colour observed is the complementary colour of the light absorbed.

Formation of Complex Compounds


Transition metals torm a large number of complex compounds.
Reason: Comparatively smaller size of metal ions, high ionic charges and availability of d-
orbitals for bond formation
Catalytic Properties
.Transition metals and their compounds are known for their catalytic activity.

Formation of Interstitial Compounds


formed when small atoms like H, G,Nare trapped inside the crystal
Interstitialcompounds
lattices of metals

Usually non-stoichiometric
ionic nor covalent
Neither typically
Example: TiC, Mn4N, FeH, etc

Alloy Formation
Alloys are readily formed by these metals.
.Reason: Because of similar radii and other characteristics of transition metals

Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals


Oxides are generally formed by the reaction of metals with oxygen at higher temperatures

Potassium Dichromate (s,CEO)

Preparation:Na,cgo, +2KC1>K,Cr0, +2NaC


.Potassium dichromate being less soluble than sodium dichromate can be obtained in the
form of orange coloured crystals by treating sodium dichromate with potassium chloride
and can be removed by filtration.

The dichromate ion exists in equilibrium with chromate ion at pH=


However, by changing the pH, they can be inter-converted.

2Cr0 2HCo, C,O;


Chromate Hydrogen Dichromate
(Yellow) chromate (Orange)

Potassium Permanganate
It can be prepared from pyrolusite (Mn0:). The ore is fused with KOH in the presence of
either atmospheric oxygen or an oxidising agent such as KNO1 or KCIo4 to give KaMnO.
2MnO, +4KOH+0, ?K,Mn0, +2H,0
(Gren)
The Fblack elements (inner transition elements):

The lanthanoids -

In general, their outermost electronic configuration is 4f-4


6s3
Due to lanthanoid contraction, there is a gradual decrease in atomic and ionic radii with
increase in atomic number.
oxidation state. However, sometimes +2 and+4
TheOxidation
lanthanoids exhibit mainly +3
states are also exhibited.

.Chemicalreactions:

La with halk
y

La(0Hh
LiC
Cheinical reabos of
the lanthanosd

Actinoids
These include fourteen elements after actinium (from thorium to lawrencium).
Tnese are the
radioactive elements
Electronic configuration:
7s2 Stable
5fand 6d Variable
Oxidation States:
Greater range of oxidation states
Reason:5, 6d, and 7s subshells are of compar able energies.
Exhibit mainly 3
exhibited
oxidation state. However, 4, +5, +6, and +7 oxidation states are also

in to lanthanoids
Their magnetic properties arethan
complex comparison
Lower ionisation enthalpies lanthanoids
Reason Sfelectrons are less effectively shielded than 4felectrons.

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