WELCOME TO

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Course name: Differential and Integral Calculus
Course Code: MATH 104
Md. A. Malek PK.
Sr. Lecturer in Mathematics
Basic Science Division
World University of Bangladesh
Topics name: Function and types of function,
Domain and Range.

Learning objectives:
1) Define function.
2) Establish different types of function
3) Find domain and range.
 Introduction of Calculus
Calculus, a branch of Mathematics, developed by Newton and Leibniz, deals with
the study of the rate of change. Calculus Math is generally used in Mathematical
models to obtain optimal solutions. It helps us to understand the changes between
the values which are related by a function. Calculus Math mainly focused on some
important topics such as differentiation, integration, limits, functions, and so on.
Calculus Mathematics is broadly classified into two different such as:
 Differential Calculus
 Integral Calculus
Both the differential and integral calculus deals with the impact on the function of a
slight change in the independent variable as it leads to zero. Both differential and
integral calculus serves as a foundation for the higher branch of Mathematics known
as “Analysis”. Calculus Mathematics plays a vital role in modern Physics as well as
in Science and technology.
 Basic Calculus
Basic Calculus is the study of differentiation and integration. Both
concepts are based on the idea of limits and functions. Some concepts,
like continuity, exponents, are the foundation of advanced calculus.
Basic calculus explains about the two different types of calculus called
“Differential Calculus” and “Integral Calculus”. Differential Calculus
helps to find the rate of change of a quantity, whereas integral calculus
helps to find the quantity when the rate of change is known.
 Applications of Calculus

Calculus is a Mathematical model, that helps us to analyze a system to find an

optimal solution to predict the future. In real life, concepts of calculus play a
major role either it is related to solve the area of complicated shapes, safety of
vehicles, to evaluate survey data for business planning, credit cards payment
records, or to find how the changing conditions of a system affect us, etc.
Calculus is a language of physicians, economists, biologists, architects, medical
experts, statisticians and it is often used by them. For example, Architects and
engineers use concepts of calculus to determine the size and shape of the curves
to design bridges, roads and tunnels etc. Using Calculus, some of the concepts
are beautifully modeled, such as birth and death rates, radioactive decay,
reaction rates, heat and light, motion, electricity, etc.
 Function in Mathematics
A technical definition of a function is: a relation from a set of inputs to
a set of possible outputs where each input is related to exactly one
output.
This means that if the object x is in the set of inputs (called the domain)
then a function f will map the object x to exactly one object f(x) in the
set of possible outputs (called the codomain).
Function examples:
A function is a mapping from a set of inputs (the domain) to a set of
possible outputs (the codomain). The definition of a function is based
on a set of ordered pairs, where the first element in each pair is from the
domain and the second is from the codomain. But, a metaphor that
makes the idea of a function easier to understand is the function
machine, where an input x from the domain X is fed into the machine
and the machine spits out the element y=f(x) from the codomain Y.
Below, the domain is visualized as a set of spheres and the codomain as
a set of cubes, so that the function machine transforms spheres into
cubes.
 Some Examples of Functions

 x2 (squaring) is a function
 x3+1 is also a function
 Sine, Cosine and Tangent are functions used in trigonometry
 Logx or ln x is a logarithm function
 ex is also an exponential function.
 Types of functions
Injective (One-to-One) Functions: A function in which one
element of Domain Set is connected to one element of Co-Domain
Set.
 Types of functions

Subjective (Onto) Functions:

A function in which every element of Co-Domain Set has one pre-image.
Example: Consider, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {a, b, c} and f = {(1, b), (2, a), (3, c),
(4, c)}.
It is a Surjective Function, as every element of B is the image of some A
 Types of functions

Bijective (One-to-One Onto) Functions:

A function which is both injective (one to - one) and surjective (onto) is called
bijective (One-to-One Onto) Function.
Example: Consider P = {x, y, z} Q = {a, b, c} and f: P → Q such that
f = {(x, a), (y, b), (z, c)}
 Types of functions

Identity Functions:
The function f is called the identity function if each element of set A has an
image on itself i.e. f (a) = a ∀ a ∈ A.
It is denoted by I.
Example: Consider, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and f: A → A such that
f = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5)}.
 Types of functions
Invertible (Inverse) Functions:
A function f: X → Y is invertible if and only if it is a bijective function.
Consider the bijective (one to one onto) function f: X → Y. As f is a one to one, therefore,
each element of X corresponds to a distinct element of Y. As f is onto, there is no element
of Y which is not the image of any element of X, i.e., range = co-domain Y.
The inverse function for f exists if f-1 is a function from Y to X.
Example: Consider, X = {1, 2, 3} Y = {k, l, m} and f: X→Y such that
f = {(1, k), (2, m), (3, l)} and f-1 = {(k,1), (m,2), (1,3)}
 Types of functions

Linear Function:
All functions in the form of ax + b where a, b ∈ R and a ≠ 0 are
called as linear functions. The graph will be a straight line. In other
words, a linear polynomial function is a first-degree polynomial
where the input needs to be multiplied by m and added to c. It can
be expressed by f(x) = mx + c.
For example, f(x) = 2x + 1 at x = 1
f(1) = 2.1 + 1 = 3
 Types of function
Even and Odd Function:
If f(x) = f(-x) then the function will be even function &
f(x) = -f(-x) then the function will be odd function
Example:
f(x) = x2sinx , now for f(x) = -f(-x) we get,
f(-x) = -x2sinx
So here, f(x) = -f(-x)
it is odd function.
 Types of function

Periodic Function:
A function is said to be a periodic function if there exist a positive real
numbers T such that f(x+t) = f(x) for all x ε Domain.
For example f(x) = sinx
f(x + 2π) = sin (x + 2π) = sinx
then period of sinx is 2π
 Domain, Range and Codomain

In its simplest form the domain is all the values that go into a
function, and the range is all the values that come out.
There are special names for what can go into, and what can come
out of a function:
 What can go into a function is called the Domain
 What may possibly come out of a function is called the
Codomain
 What actually comes out of a function is called the Range
 Domain, Range and Codomain
Example: Let f(x)=2x+1 is a linear function.
• The set "A={1,2,3,4}" is the Domain,
• The set "B={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}" is the Codomain,
• And the set of elements that get pointed to in B (the actual values produced by
the function) are the Range, also called the Image.
And we have:
 Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4}
 Codomain: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
 Range: {3, 5, 7, 9}
 Codomain vs Range
The Codomain and Range are both on the output side, but are subtly different.
The Codomain is the set of values that could possibly come out. The Codomain
is actually part of the definition of the function.
And The Range is the set of values that actually do come out.
Example: we can define a function f(x)=2x with a domain and codomain of
integers (because we say so).
But by thinking about it we can see that the range (actual output values) is just
the even integers.
So the codomain is integers (we defined it that way), but the range is even
integers.
The Range is a subset of the Codomain.
Why both? Well, sometimes we don't know the exact range (because the
function may be complicated or not fully known), but we know the set it lies in
(such as integers or reals). So we define the codomain and continue on.
 The Importance of Codomain
Let me ask you a question: Is square root a function?
If we say the codomain (the possible outputs) is the set of real
numbers, then square root is not a function! ... is that a surprise?
The reason is that there could be two answers for one input, for
example f(9) = 3 or -3
A function must be single valued. It cannot give back 2 or more
results for the same input. So "f(9) = 3 or -3" is not right!
But it can be fixed by simply limiting the codomain to non-
negative real numbers.