b

\ lim sP = lim SP = f ( x )dx .......................... (4)

P fi0 P fi0 z
a

Ȭœfl¡±–2
˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú [a, b] ’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·… ¤¬ı— ‘k’ Œ˚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ı±d¬¬ı ¸—‡…± Ó¬±˝√√À˘ [a,
b] ’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘kf’ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·… ¤¬ı—
b b
z kf ( x )dx = k f ( x )dx
z .......................... (5)
a a
(õ∂˜±Ì – ¤fl¡fl¡-4 ¤¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬Û±√…-5 Œ√‡≈Ú]
¤Ó¬é¬Ì Œ˚ ¸˜±fl¡˘ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˘ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¸˜±fl¡˘Àfl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ıX ’z¬À¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±
’À¬Ûé¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ øڕ߸˜ø©Ü¬ı˛ ˘.ά◊.¸œ ’Ô¬ı± ÿÒ√ı«¸˜ø©Ü¬ı˛ ·.øÌ.¸œ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¸—:±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ø¬ı˛˜±Ú
¸˜±fl¡À˘¬ı˛ ’Ú… ¸—:±øȬ ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛± ¤¬ı˛ ’±À·˝◊√ ’Ò…˚˛Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº

2.4 ø¬ı˛˜±Ú ¸˜±fl¡À˘¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡ä ¸—:±

˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú f : [a, b] fi R ¤fl¡øȬ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ’À¬Ûé¬fl¡º [a, b] ’z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ˚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú
P : (a = x0 £ x1 £ x2 £ ........ £ xn = b) øÚ˘±˜º ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±fl¡ [xi–1, xi] ά◊¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛ xi
(i = 1, 2, ....... n) ¤fl¡øȬ Œ˚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ø¬ıμ≈º ¤¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ¸˜ø©Ü ·Í¬Ú fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú ˚Ô±ñ
n
sp = f xi xi - xi -1
a fa f
i =1
¤¬ı±¬ı˛ ˚ø√ [a, b] ’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¤¬ı˛ ˘.ά◊.¸œ › ·.øÌ.¸œ ˚Ô±√flË¡À˜ ‘M’ › ‘m’ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬À¬ıñ
m(b – a) £ sp £ M (b – a)
’Ó¬¤¬ı ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛ [a, b] ¤¬ı˛ ¸˜d¬ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… sp Œ¸È¬øȬ ¸œ˜±¬ıXº ¤‡Ú x1,
x2, .......... xn ø¬ıμ≈·≈ø˘ Œ˚ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˝√√±fl¡ Ú± Œfl¡Ú || P || fi 0 fl¡¬ı˛À˘ sp ˚ø√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±
øÚø«√©Ü ¸œ˜±àÔ ˜±ÀÚ Œ¬ÛÓ√Â√˚˛ Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛ [a, b] ’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·… ¤¬ı— ‹ ¸œ˜±àÔ˜±Ú˝◊√
‘f’ ¬ı˛ ¸˜±fl¡˘º øÚø«√©Ü ¸œ˜±àÔ˜±ÚÀfl¡ ‘I’ ’鬬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛À˘, ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛ ñ
b n
I= f ( x )dx = lim f x i xi - xi -1
P fi 0 i =1
z a fa f
a
¶§ˆ¬±¬ıÓ¬˝◊√ õ∂ùü ›Àͬ ›˝◊√ ≈√˝◊√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸—:±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤fl¡˝◊√ ’z¬À¬ı˛ ¤fl¡˝◊√ ’À¬Ûé¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ≈√øȬ øˆ¬iß ¸˜±fl¡˘
¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±À¬ı øfl¡Ú±∑ ’¬ı˙…˝◊√ Ó¬± Ú˚˛º ¤˝◊√ ≈√˝◊√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸—:±¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú± fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Œ√‡± ˚±À¬ı Œ˚ ≈√øȬ ¸—:±˝◊√
Œ˙¯∏ ¬Û˚«…z¬ ¤fl¡øȬ ¸˜±fl¡À˘ ά◊¬ÛڜӬ ˝√√˚˛º
22

NSOU
≈√˝◊√ ¸—:±¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±
˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú [a, b] ’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ’À¬Ûé¬fl¡ õ∂Ô˜ ¸—:± ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·…º Ó¬±˝√√À˘
b b b
z f ( x )dx = z f ( x ) dx = z f ( x )dx = I Ò¬ı˛≈Ú
a a a

˚ø√ P : (a = x0 £ x1 £ x2 £ ..... £ xn = b), [a, b] ’z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ˚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú

› [xi–1, xi] ά◊¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¤¬ı˛ ˘.ά◊.¸œ › ·.øÌ.¸œ ˚Ô±√flË¡À˜ Mi › mi ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ˚ø√ xi–1 £ xi
£ xi Ó¬±˝√√À˘ ÚœÀ‰¬¬ı˛ ¸˜ø©Ü·≈ø˘ ΔÓ¬¬ı˛œ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±À¬ıº
n n
sP = mi xi - xi -1 , SP =
a f Mi xi - xi -1
a f
i =1 i =1

n
¤¬ı— sp = f x i xi - xi -1
a fa f
i =1

Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ mi £ f ax f £ M , i = 1, 2, 3..... n
i i

’Ó¬¤¬ı s p £ sp £ Sp
’±¬ı±¬ı˛ sP £ I £ SP
\ I - sp £ SP - sP ........................ (6)
Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ √±À¬ı«…¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬Û±√… ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·… ˝√√À˘
= lim s P
P fi0 P P fi0
lim S

’Ó¬¤¬ı ά◊ˆ¬˚˛¬ÛÀé¬ || P || fi 0 fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬Û±˝◊√

b
lim sp = I = f ( x ) dx ........................ (7)
P fi0 z
a
’Ô«±» ø¬ıfl¡ä ¸—:± ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·…º
¤¬ı±¬ı˛ ÒÀ¬ı˛ øÚ˝◊√ ø¬ıfl¡ä ¸—:± ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·… Ó¬±˝√√À˘, ˚ø√
b
lim sp = f ( x )dx = I Òø¬ı˛º
P fi0 z
a
Œ˚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ÒÚ±Rfl¡ ¸—‡…± e ¤¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡øȬ ÒÚ±Rfl¡ ¸—‡…± d ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±À¬ı ˚±ÀÓ¬
I - 1 e < sp < I + 1 e ˚‡Ú || P || < d ............. (8)
4 4
23

NSOU
 Mi › mi ˚ø√ [xi–1, xi] ά◊¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛ f-¬ı˛ ˘.ά◊.¸œ › ·.øÌ.¸œ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±˝√√À˘ ¤˝◊√ ά◊¬Û±Àz¬À¬ı˛ xi ›
ni ≈√øȬ ø¬ıμ≈ ’¬ı˙…˝◊√ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±À¬ı ˚±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…
f x1 < mi + e
4( b - a ) ¤¬ı—
a f
f an f > M - e
i 4( b - a) i

n
\ sp ¢ = f x i x i - x i -1
a fa f
i =1

mi xi - xi -1 + e < s p + e
n
< a f ............................. (9)
i =1 4 4

M i xi - x i -1 - e > S P - e
n n
’±¬ı±¬ı˛, sp = f ni xi - xi -1 >
a fa f a f ......... (10)
i =1 i =1 4 4
Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ || P || < d ’Ó¬¤¬ı sp¢ ¤¬ı— sp¢¢ ά◊ˆ¬˚˛¸˜ø©Ü˝◊√ (8) Ú— ¸˜œfl¡¬ı˛ÌøȬ Œ˜ÀÚ ‰¬˘À¬ıº

}
’Ô«±»
I - e < sp¢ < 1 + e
4 4
¤¬ı— I - e < sp ¢¢ < I + e ............................. (11)
4 4
¸˜œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (9) › (11) ¸˝√√À˚±À· ¬Û±˝◊√
I - e < sp ¢ - e < s p ............................. (12)
2 4
¤¬ı— ¸˜œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (10) › (11) ¸˝√√À˚±À· ¬Û±˝◊√
I + e < sp¢¢ + e > SP ............................. (13)
2 4
¸˜œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (12) › (13) ¤fl¡øSÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛
I - e < s P £ L £ U £ SP £ 1 + e
2 2
Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ e ¤¬ı˛ ˜±Ú Œ˚˜Ú ‡≈ø˙ ŒÚ›˚˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛
’Ó¬¤¬ı L = U = I
’Ô«±» [a, b] ’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ õ∂Ô˜ ¸—:± ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·… ¤¬ı— ά◊ˆ¬˚˛ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√ ¸˜±fl¡˘ÀÚ¬ı˛
˜±Ú ¸˜±Úº

24

NSOU
 ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì–1
f(x) = x2, x˛ [a, b] ’À¬Ûé¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ÿÒ√ı« › øÚ•ß ¸˜±fl¡˘ øÚÌ«˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú ¤¬ı— õ∂˜±Ì fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú
Œ˚ [a, b] ’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ’À¬Ûé¬fl¡øȬ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·…º
¸˜±Ò±Ú – ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú [a, b] ’z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú
Pn : {a, a + h, a + 2h,...., a + nh = b}

Œ˚‡±ÀÚ h = b -n a Ó¬±˝√√À˘ Pn ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜d¬ ά◊¬Û±z¬¬ı˛·≈ø˘ Δ√À‚«…¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Pn = b -n a fi 0

˚‡Ú n fi ¥
Mr › mr ˚ø√ ˚Ô±√flË¡À˜ ‘r’ Ó¬˜ ά◊¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¬ı˛ ˘.ά◊.¸œ › ·.øÌ.¸œ ˝√√˚˛, Ó¬±˝√√À˘

Mr = (a + rh) 2 , mr = a + r - 1 h
2
b g
\ S p = h (a + h) 2 + ( a + 2 h) 2 +.... ( a + nh )2
n

= h na 2 + 2 ah(1 + 2 + 3+....+ n) + h 2 12 + 2 2 +....+ n 2

a f
n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(2 n + 1)
= h na 2 + 2ah + h2
LM 2 6
OP
N Q
nh( nh + h )( 2nh + h )
= nha 2 + a. nh( nh + h ) +
6

\ lim SP = lim
hfi 0
nha 2 + a. nh(nh + h) + 1 nh( nh + h )( 2nh + h )
Pn fi 0
nh = b - a
n 6

= a 2 (b - a ) + a(b - a) 2 + (b - a)3 .2
1
6

= ( b - a ) a 2 _ a( b - a) + 3 ( b - a )
1 2

1 ( b - a ) b 2 + a 2 + ab = 1 b3 - a 3
= a f
3 3
’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Ûˆ¬±À¬ı
SP = h a 2 + ( a + h) 2 + ( a + 2h )2 + a + n - 1 h
2
n
b g
= h na 2 + 2ahb1 + 2+.....+ n - 1g + h b1 + 2 +....+ n - 1g
2 2 2 2

25

NSOU
 2 a . nh(nh - h) + 1 ( nh - h)nh( 2nh - h)
= nha 2 +
2 6
lim S = a 2 (b - a) + a(b - a) 2 + 1 (b - a)3
\ n fi 0 Pn
hfi 0
3
nh = b - a

= ( b - a) a 2 + a (b - a ) + 3 ( b - a )
1 2

= ( b - a ) 3 a 2 + 3 a. b + 3 b 2
1 1 1

= ( b - a) b 2 + ab + b2
1
3
a f
=
1 b3 - a 3
a f
3
b
\ U = x 2 dx = 1 b3 - a 3
z a f
3
a
b
¤¬ı— L = x dx = 3 b - a
2 1 3 3
z a f
a

Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ L = U õ∂√M√ ’À¬Ûé¬fl¡øȬ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·…

b
¤¬ı— z x 2 dx = 1 b 3 - a 3
a f
3
a
ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì –2
˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú f : [a, b] fi R ¬ı˛”À¬Û ¸—:±ø˚˛Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º
b b
f ( x ) = e x , x ˛ a, b z f ( x ) dx ¤¬ı— z f ( x )dx ¤˝◊√ ≈√˝◊√ ¸˜±fl¡˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ú øÚÌ«˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú ¤¬ı—
a a

õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú [a, b] ’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·…º

¸˜±Ò±Ú – [a, b] ¬ıX ’z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛≈Ú ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú
P : [a, a + h, a + 2h ...... a + nh = b] Œ˚‡±ÀÚ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡øȬ ά◊¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ‘h’ Δ√À‚«…¬ı˛ ¤¬ı—
nh = b – a.
Ó¬±˝√√À˘ Mr = r Ó¬˜ ά◊¬Û’z¬À¬ı˛ ex ¤¬ı˛ ˘.ά◊.¸œ
= ea + rh
¤¬ı— mr = ‘r’ Ó¬˜ ά◊¬Û’z¬À¬ı˛ ex ¤¬ı˛ ·.øÚ.¸œ

26

NSOU
 = e a + r -1 h
\ Sp = h e a + h + e a + 2 h + ...... ...+e a + nh
= he a + h 1 + e h + e 2 h + .. ...+ e n -1 h

= he a + h e n - 1
nh.
e -1

lim SP = lim he . ea eb - a - 1
h
P fi0 hfi 0 e - 1
h a f
= eb – ea .
’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Ûˆ¬±À¬ı
sP = h e a + e a + h + e a + 2 h +......+ e a + n -1 h

= he a 1 + e h + e 2 h +......+ e n -1 h
e nh - 1
= he a h
e -1

\ lim s = lim h h . e a e b - a - 1
P fi0 p hfi0 e - 1
a f
= eb – ea
b
\ e x dx = lim s p = e b - a
z p fi0
a

b
e x dx = lim S p = e b - a
p fi0
¤¬ı— z
a
Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ ¤˝◊√ ≈√˝◊√ ¸˜±fl¡À˘¬ı˛ ˜±Ú ¸˜±Ú, ’Ó¬¤¬ı [a, b] ’z¬À¬ı˛ ’À¬Ûé¬fl¡øȬ ¸˜±fl¡˘ÚÀ˚±·… ¤¬ı—
b
z e x dx = e b - e a
a

ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì–3
f : [0, 1] fi R øÚ•ßø˘ø‡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸—:±ø˚˛Ó¬ ˝√√À˘ñ
f(x) = x, x ˛ [0, 1] ˙ Q
= 0 ’Ú…Ô±˚˛

27

NSOU
 1 1
z f ( x )dx ¤¬ı— z f ( x )dx ¤¬ı˛ ˜±Ú øÚÌ«˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú ¤¬ı— [0, 1] ’z¬À¬ı˛ f(x) ¸˜±fl¡˘ÚÀ˚±·… øfl¡Ú±
0 0

¬ı˘≈Úº
¸˜±Ò±Ú – ¶Û©ÜÓ¬˝◊√ [0, 1] ¬ıX ’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¸œ˜±¬ıX
Ò¬ı˛± ˚±fl¡ P = 0, n , n . ..... n ‹ ’z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Úº
1 2 n
{ }
Ó¬±˝√√À˘ Mr = ‘r’ Ó¬˜ ά◊¬Û’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¤¬ı˛ ˘.ά◊.¸œ
=
r
n
¤¬ı— mr = ‘r’ Ó¬˜ ά◊¬Û’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¤¬ı˛ ·.øÚ.¸œ
= 0 [Q õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ά◊¬Û’z¬À¬ı˛˝◊√ ˜”˘√ ¤¬ı— ’˜”˘√ ¸—‡…± ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú]

Mr r - r - 1
n
\ SP = e j
r =1 n n
n
r.1 = 1
n
n( n + 1) n + 1
= r = 12 . =
r =1 n n n2 r =1 n 2 2n

= 2 1+ n
1 1
e j
1
\ lim S = 1 ’Ô«±» f ( x )dx = 1
nfi a P 2 z 2
0
n
’±¬ı±¬ı˛, sP = mr . 1 = 0
r =1 n
1
\ z f ( x ) dx = 0
0

Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ ÿÒ« › øÚ•ß ¸˜±fl¡˘ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ú Ú˚˛ ’Ó¬¤¬ı [0, 1] ¬ıX ’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·…
Ú˚˛º
ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì–4
‘f’ ¤¬ı˛ ¸—:± øڕ߬ı˛”¬Û ˝√√À˘
f(x) = x, ˚‡Ú x ˜”˘√ ¸—‡…±
= x2, ˚‡Ú x ’˜”˘√ ¸—‡…±
} x ˛ [0, 1]

28

NSOU
 1
z f ( x )dx › z f ( x )dx øÚÌ«˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú ¤¬ı— Œ√‡±Ú Œ˚ [0, 1] ’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·… Ú˚˛º
01 0

¸˜±Ò±Ú – ‘f’ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ¤¬ı— [0, 1] ¤¬ı˛ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú ø¬ıμ≈ ‘x’ ¤¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… x ‡ x2
˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú [0, 1] ¤¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øȬ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú ˝√√˘
P : 0. 1 , 2 . ... r , .. .. n = 1
n n n n

Ó¬±˝√√À˘ Mr = r - 1 , r ά◊¬Û’z¬À¬ı˛ f ¤¬ı˛ ˘.ά◊.¸œ

n n

=
r
n
r -1 r
¤¬ı— mr = n . n ά◊¬Û’z¬À¬ı˛ f ¤¬ı˛ ·.øÚ.¸œ

Ø r - 1 „ f r - 1 ,˛ ` ø
r -1
2
= Œ ß¿ ˆ œ
2
ne j ºŒ Ł n ł Ł n ł œß

1 . r = n( n + 1) = n + 1 = 1 1 + 1
n
\ SP = e j
r -1 n n 2 n2 2n 2 n
t
\ f ( x ) dx = lim SP = 1
z n ޴ 2
0

’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Ûˆ¬±À¬ı
1 r -1
n
sP = = 13 12 + 2 2 +....+ ( n - 1)2
2

r =1 n
e
n j n
( n - 1)n(2 n - 1)
=
6n3

= 6 1- n 2 - n
1 1 1
e je j
1
\ f ( x ) dx = lim s P = 1 .2 = 1
z n ޴ 6 3
0

29

NSOU
 1 1
Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ z f ( x ) dx „ z f ( x )dx
0 0

’Ó¬¤¬ı [0, 1] ’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·… Ú˚˛º

’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœñ2.5
1. [0, 1] ’z¬À¬ı˛ ‘f’ øڕ߬ı˛”À¬Û ¸—:±ø˚˛Ó¬
f(x) = 1 ˚‡Ú x ˜”˘√
= –1 ˚‡Ú x ’˜”˘√
Œ√‡±Ú Œ˚ | f | ’À¬Ûé¬fl¡øȬ ‹ ’z¬À¬ı˛ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·…
øfl¡z≈¬ ‘f’ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·… Ú˚˛º
2. f(x) = x, x ˚ø√ ˜”˘√ ˝√√˚˛
= 1 – x, x ˚ø√ ’˜”˘√ ˝√√˚˛
Œ√‡±Ú Œ˚ [0, 1] ’z¬À¬ı˛ f ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·… Ú˚˛º
3. ¸˜±fl¡À˘¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ÚœÀ‰¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±ø˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±z¬ ˜±Ú øÚÌ«˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

1 + 1 +....+ 1
a. n ޴
lim
n +1 n + 2 n+n
1 + 1 +....+ 1
b. n ޴
lim
n +1 n + 2 n + 3n

c. lim 1 e n + e n +.... e n
2 4 2n
n ޴ n
1

d.
RSFH1 + 1 IK FH1 + 2 IK FH1 + 3 IK +.... FH1 + n IK UV
2 2 2 2 n

n ޴
lim 2 2 2 2
T n n n n W

e.
n + n + n
n ޴ n 2 + 12 n2 + 2 2 n2 + 4 n 2
lim

x
4. ø¬ı˛˜±Ú ¸˜±fl¡À˘¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡ä ¸—:± ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√‡±Ú Œ˚ z x 2dx = 1
3
0
’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ 3-¤¬ı˛ 7 Ú•§¬ı˛ ’efl¡øȬ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¤øȬ Ó≈¬˘Ú± fl¡¬À¬ı˛ Œ√‡≈Ú ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¸•Ûfl«¡
’±ÀÂ√ øfl¡Ú±∑
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 5. √±À¬ı«±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬Û±√… ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ÚœÀ‰¬¬ı˛ ’À¬Ûé¬fl¡·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ά◊ø~ø‡Ó¬ ’z¬À¬ı˛ ¸˜±fl¡˘Ú Œ˚±·… øfl¡Ú±
ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú ¤¬ı— ˝√√À˘ Œ¸˝◊√ ¸˜±fl¡˘·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜±Ú øÚÌ«˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
a. f(x) = ex, a £ x £ b
b. f(x) = x,
= 0
˚ø√ x ˜”˘√ ˝√√˚˛
˚ø√ x ’˜”˘√ ˝√√˚˛ } 0 £ x £ 1
c. f(x) = x,
= x 2,
˚ø√ x ˜”˘√ ˝√√˚˛
˚ø√ x ’˜”˘√ ˝√√˚˛ } 0 £ x £ 1
d. Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ıX ’z¬À¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¸œ˜±¬ıX ’À¬Ûé¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¸˜±fl¡À˘¬ı˛ ¸—:± fl¡Ó¬¬ı˛fl¡˜ ˆ¬±À¬ı
Œ√›˚˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛∑ ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó≈¬˘Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

2.6 ¸±¬ı˛±—˙
¤fl¡fl¡-2 ¤¬ı˛ 1.3 ¤ ’±˜¬ı˛± √±À¬ı«±¬ı˛ ά◊¬Û¬Û±√… õ∂˜±Ì fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√º
2.4 ¤ ø¬ı˛ ˜±Ú ¸˜±fl¡À˘¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡ä ¸—:± Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ › ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ¸˜”˝√
’±¬ÛÚ±À√¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ¶§26√Ó¬¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıº

2.7 ¸—Àfl¡Ó¬¸˝√√ ¤fl¡fl¡-2 ¤¬ı˛ ά◊M√¬ı˛˜±˘±

’Ú≈˙ œ˘Úœ-2.5
1. ’±À·¬ı˛ ’Ò…±À˚˛ ’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ-3 ¤¬ı˛ ‘5’ Œ√‡≈Úº
2. ¤fl¡fl¡-2 ¤¬ı˛ ά◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì-4 ¤¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı≈Ú º
n -1
3. (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) Œfl¡ n e j ’±fl¡±À¬ı˛ ø˘À‡ n fi ¥ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
1 f K
k=0 n

4. {0, 1n , n2 ,....., nn}-¤˝◊√ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√ ¤øȬ øÚÀ˚˛ n fi ¥ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı≈Úº

5. (a), (b), (c)-¤¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ‘P’ ¤fl¡øȬ ¸≈¸˜?¸ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú øÚÀ˚˛ || P || fi 0 fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº
˘é¬… ¬ı˛±‡≈Ú L = U ˝√√˚˛ øfl¡Ú±º
(d) ˝◊√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ…˝◊√ ≈√-¬ı˛fl¡À˜¬ı˛ ¸—:± Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤fl¡fl¡- 2 ŒÔÀfl¡ › ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ¢∂&Ô ŒÔÀfl¡
’±¬ı˛ øfl¡ øfl¡ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√ ‡“≈√ÀÊ√ ¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

2.8 ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ¢∂&Ô

1. T. M. Apostol : Mathematical analysis (2nd edition, Narosa)

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