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Lecture 10 - DrillingWell

The document provides an overview of the key steps to drill an oil or gas well: 1) Identify the target location of the oil or gas reserves 2) Plan the drilling program, including selecting the appropriate rig, casing, drilling mud, and bit 3) Execute the drilling by drilling the hole as quickly as possible without accidents or formation damage 4) Run casing and cementing to isolate formations and control pressures 5) Complete the well by installing production equipment to allow petroleum or gas to flow to the surface The document also discusses important considerations for drilling including pressure control, casing programs, drilling problems like kicks, lost circulation, and stuck pipe.

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Juwisa Diky P
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195 views

Lecture 10 - DrillingWell

The document provides an overview of the key steps to drill an oil or gas well: 1) Identify the target location of the oil or gas reserves 2) Plan the drilling program, including selecting the appropriate rig, casing, drilling mud, and bit 3) Execute the drilling by drilling the hole as quickly as possible without accidents or formation damage 4) Run casing and cementing to isolate formations and control pressures 5) Complete the well by installing production equipment to allow petroleum or gas to flow to the surface The document also discusses important considerations for drilling including pressure control, casing programs, drilling problems like kicks, lost circulation, and stuck pipe.

Uploaded by

Juwisa Diky P
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 10

Drill a Well

Oil & Gas drilling

Drill a hole as
fast as possible
without accident
and formation
damage …
Drill a Well
Drill a Well
Five Easy Step to Drill a Well

1. Identify where the oil is…objective and the target

Not Here?
or Here?
or Here?
Five Easy Step to Drill a Well

1. Identify where the oil is…objective and the target

Should we propose to
drill here?
Five Easy Step to Drill a Well

1. Identify where the oil is…objective and the target


Should we propose that we
drill either or both?

Sea Water
Five Easy Step to Drill a Well

2. Plan the drilling program & rent a rig……

Whether drilling vertical or


horizontal, making hole depends on:
• Dip of beds
• Hardness and rock
composition
• Bit design
• Drilling parameters
• Faulting
• Fracturing
Five Easy Step to Drill a Well

2. Plan the drilling program & rent a rig……


Five Easy Step to Drill a Well

2. Plan the drilling program & rent a rig……


Five Easy Step to Drill a Well

2. Plan the drilling program & rent a rig……


Five Easy Step to Drill a Well

2. Plan the drilling program & rent a rig……


Five Easy Step to Drill a Well

2. Plan the drilling program & rent a rig……


Five Easy Step to Drill a Well

3. Drill a hole….execution the drilling program

Drilling a well
may take + 60
days or longer
Five Easy Step to Drill a Well

4. Run casing & cement


Five Easy Step to Drill a Well

5. Completion the well……. Once a natural gas or oil


well is drilled, and it has
been verified that
commercially viable
quantities of natural gas
are present for
extraction, the well
must be ‘completed’ to
allow for the flow of
petroleum or natural
gas out of the formation
and up to the surface.
…….installing well casing production, completing the well,
installing the wellhead, and installing lifting equipment…..
CASING PROGRAM

The well will be drilled in


sections. When a section is
drilled, a stell casing is set to :

• protect the well before resuming


drilling with a reduce hole size
• Protect freshwater formations
• Isolate formations with significanly
different pressure gradients
• Isolate and control pressures case of
unstable formations or zones of lost
returns
CASING PROGRAM
Drile Casig Alt Example of
ed size depths from
hole seabed
size
Conductor 36” 30” 50-100 m

Surface 26” 20” 18 300-1200 m


casing 5/8”
Intermedi 17 ½” 13 3/8” 16” 1300-2000 m
ate casing ½”
Productio 12 ½” 9 5/8” 10 ½” 2500-4500 m
n casing
Productio 8 ½” 7” 5
n liner
DRILLING MUD

Drilling fluid/mud has several


essential functions during
drilling a well :
• Subsurface pressure control
• Cuttings removal and transport to the
surface
• Suspend solids
• Helps suspends weight of the
drillstring and casing
• Lubricant & cooling of the drillstring &
bit
• Wellbore stability
CEMENT

Protect and seals the well bore


• Isolate fluids moving between
formations
• Isolate unstable formations
• Plug off unwanted wellbore
PRESSURE CONTROL
• If Pwell < Ppore  Potential kick
• If Pwell > Pfrac  Potential losses
• i.e Ppore < Pwell < Pfrac
• Pwell (bar) – d x 0.0981 x H tvd
d: density of mud
H tvd: True vertical depth of well
• The different hole sections will be
drilled with different mud densities in
order to control well pressures
• This will also affect the casing design

The lithology column tells us what


formations that will be drilled
through. The curves shows us the
pore and fracture pressures and
the mudweight we should use in
the different hole sections
PRESSURE CONTROL
PRESSURE CONTROL
PRESSURE CONTROL

Typical o.p. well in the


North Sumatra
(Aziz and Bolt, 1984)
PRESSURE CONTROL
PRESSURE CONTROL

Lower Kutai Basin Bekapai

Top Over Pressure


Bit Choice & ROP
• ROP (rate of penetration) tells us how fast we drill 
1 m/hour – very slow; 60 m/hour – quite good
• Low ROP  expensive operations
• ROP will depend on formation hardness & bit choice
• Bit change (wear, failure etc) is time comsuming &
cost money
• Important to choose the right bit for the formation to
ensure
• Bit types: roller cone, PDC, Hybrid bits, and diamond
bit

Formations hardness:
• Soft/Medium soft formations: shale, clay, limestone,
sandstones
• Medium hard/hard formation: hard limestone,
sandstone, dolomite
• Hard and abrasive formations: granites, basalts,
quartzite, chert
Bit Choice & ROP

Bit & rotary steerable


• drill bit designed to crush rock
• Rotary Steerable orients the bit in the
desired direction while continuosly
rotating
Bit Choice & ROP
• Steel tooth Roller Cone
 Top hole, soft formations
• Tungsten carbid inserts
 Medium to very hard formations
 Formations where PDC does not work
 Drill out shoe (cement)
• ROP – Medium, slow
• Steerability – good
• More trips to change bit due to
wear compare to using PDC bits

Be aware of:
Cones can be lost (fishing operations)
Bearing is a weak points
Gauge wear
Bit balling (bit packed with formations)
Bit Choice & ROP
• Soft to medium hard formations PDC Bit
(not aplicable in very hard &
abrasive formations)
• Shale easier to drill than
limestones/sandstones and PDC
bits usually drills twice as fast in
shale compared to roller cone
• Lower sections (12 ¼” hole)
• Steerable and rotary applications
• High ROP (opposed to rolled
cones)
• More expensive
• More robust (fewer trips compared
to rolled cone)
Bit Choice & ROP
• Combination of roller cone Hybrid Bits
and PDC bit design (use the (recent tchnology)
best of both)
• Hard and interbedded
formations – handles
changes from soft to hard
rock
• Less vibrations
• Increased ROP potential
• Chert drilling
Bit Choice & ROP
• Applicable for hard Diamond Bit
formations (e.g. where roller
cone is too slow or hard to
short lifetime)
• Not applicable for chert and
pyrite (will break into pieces
and may destroy the
diamonds)
• Not applicable for very hard
broken formations (may
break the diamonds)
DRILLING PROBLEMS

Three major problems that can


occur during a drilling operation

• Kick
– Inflow of gas/oil in the well
during operation
– If not controlled, it can lead to a
blowout

• Lost Circulation
– Mud losses to formation
– Expensive
– Can lead a kick

• Stuck pipe
– If the drilling is stuck, the worst
case scenario might be to plug
and make sidetrack
– Very expensive
DRILLING PROBLEMS
Kick
• Kick  unwanted inflow of gas,
oil or water, if not controlled  BOP
blowout (Blowout
• Reasons: Preventer) is
a secondary
– Uncertainty in pore pressure,
Pweel < Ppore barrier
– Too low mudweight
element for
well control
– Swab (during tripping out)
procedure
– Insufficient refill of well while
tripping out
– Lost circulation (mud disappear)
caused by too high well
pressures causing fractures or
drilling into caves
DRILLING PROBLEMS
Lost Circulation
• Result in a reduced mud level in the
well which can cause a kick
• Reasons:
– Naturally fractured formations (karst,
dolomite, limestone
– P well too high, fracture pressure
exceeded
DRILLING PROBLEMS
Stuck pipe
Stuck pipe is one of the more severe events can occur during
drilling and can lead to large cost: fisihing operations or in
worst case, a sidetrack is a final solutions

Key seating of pipe


DRILLING PROBLEMS
Stuck pipe
• Unconsolidated formations (e.g. sands)
• Boulder
• Fractured formation (e.g. around a fault)
• Mobile formations (e.g. salt)
DRILLING PROBLEMS
Stuck pipe
Shale can cause some problems

• Geo pressured shale (over


pressured shale), require a
higher mudweight to control it
• Reactive shale (water from
mud inhibits the shale and it
swells

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