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CH3 Mobile Radio Propagation Large Scale Propagation Models

The document discusses several topics related to mobile radio propagation and wireless networking including propagation mechanisms, outdoor propagation models, indoor channels, fading factors, multiple access techniques, wireless networking technologies and limitations, and an overview of the GSM network subsystems.

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Aden Kheire Mohamed
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© © All Rights Reserved
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63 views

CH3 Mobile Radio Propagation Large Scale Propagation Models

The document discusses several topics related to mobile radio propagation and wireless networking including propagation mechanisms, outdoor propagation models, indoor channels, fading factors, multiple access techniques, wireless networking technologies and limitations, and an overview of the GSM network subsystems.

Uploaded by

Aden Kheire Mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CH 3

Mobile Radio Propagation Large Scale Propagation Models


Radio Propagation Mechanisms
Reflection: Happens when electro-magnetic wave meets a large object.
Effects: extra copies of signal with power attenuation, delay, phase change.
Diffraction: Radio path between transmitter and receiver obstructed by surface
with sharp irregular edges.
Effects: Receivers behind an obstruction can still receive signal
Scattering: Happens when electro-magnetic wave meets small objects with rough
surface.
Effects: The scattered fields increase the strength of the signal at the receiver.
Reflection coefficient: is a function of the material properties.
Polarization: is the direction of the electric field of the electromagnetic wave.
Radio propagation models can be derived by:
1-Using Empirical Methods: collect measurement, fit curves.
2-Using Analytical Methods: Model the propagation mechanisms mathematically
and derive equations for path loss.
Outdoor Propagation Models categories:
1-Propagation in Macrocells: Base stations located at high points.
2-Propagation in Microcells: Mostly used in crowded urban areas.
3-Propagation in street Microcells: Most of the signal power propagates along the
street.
commonly used outdoor propagation model:
Rice Model - Durkin’s Model - Okumura Model - Hata Model - Cost 231 Model.
Okumura Model: Most widely used model in urban, suburban.
Hata model: is the empirical formulation of the graphical path loss data provided
by Okumura.
COST 231 Model: This is actually the extension of the Hata-Okumura model to
2GHz.
Indoor channels are classified as:
1-Line of sight (LOS) - 2-Obstructed (OBS) with varying degrees of clutter.
Fading: is rapid fluctuations of the amplitude of a radio signal over a short period
of time.
Factors Influencing Small Signal Fading:
Multipath propagations - Speed of mobile - Speed of surrounding objects -
Transmission bandwidth of signal and bandwidth of channel.
Effects of Multipath:
1-Decreased signal amplitude (down fade): Combination of these waves
amplitude is additive to the main RF.
2-Increased Signal Amplitude (up fade): Occurs due to reflected signals arriving at
the receiver in phase with the main signal.
3-Nulling: Occurs when one or more reflected waves arrive at the receiver.
4-Corruption: Receiver is unable to clearly interpret between the information
signal and noise.
Solution For Multipath:
Antenna Diversity.

CH 4
Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications
MULTIPLEXING: Several data sources share a common medium, with each source
having its own channel.
duplexing: to talk and listen simultaneously.
two bands of frequencies for every user:
forward band - reverse band.
Time Division Duplexing (TDD): multiple users share a single radio channel.
Time Division Duplexing (TDD) type:
forward time slot - reverse time slot.
Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD): Provides individual radio frequencies to each
user hence, transceiver should work on two frequency bands.
Narrowband systems: Bandwidth of the signal is narrow compared with the
coherence bandwidth of the channel.
Wideband systems: The transmission Bandwidth of a single channel is much larger
than the coherence bandwidth of the channel.
Multiple Access Techniques:
1-Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
2-Time division multiple access (TDMA)
3-Code division multiple access (CDMA)
4-Space division multiple access (SDMA)
FDMA compared to TDMA:
fewer bits for synchronization - fewer bits for framing - higher cell site system
costs.
Nonlinear Effects in FDMA:
Many channels = same antenna - Nonlinearities causes signal spreading - Inter
modulation frequencies.
Features of TDMA:
single carrier frequency for several users - transmission in bursts - very high
transmission rate.
Pseudo-noise (PN) sequence: converts a narrowband signal to a wideband noise-
like signal.
Two main types SSMA:
1-Frequency hopped multiple access (FH)
2-Direct sequence multiple access (DS)
Difference between FHMA and FDMA:
In FHMA, the frequency hopped signal changes channels at rapid intervals.
fast frequency hopping: the rate of change of the carrier frequency is greater than
the symbol rate.
slow frequency hopping: the channel changes at a rate less than or equal to the
symbol rate.
spreading signal: is a pseudo-noise code sequence that has a chip rate which is
orders of magnitudes greater than the data rate of the message.
The near-far problem: occurs when many mobile users share the same channel.
Power control: Provided by each base station in a cellular system and assures that
each mobile within the base station coverage area provides the same signal level
to the base station receiver.
Features of CDMA:
Many users of a CDMA system share the same frequency.
has a soft capacity limit.
Multipath fading may be substantially reduced.
SDMA: serves different users by using spot beam antennas to control the radiated
energy for each user in space.

CH 5
Wireless Networking
Wireless Networking Technologies are:
WiFi and WiMAX.
Limitations of the Wireless Network:
limited communication bandwidth - frequent disconnections - heterogeneity of
fragmented networks.
Limitations Imposed by Mobility:
route breakages - lack of mobility awareness by system/applications.
Limitations of the Mobile Device:
short battery lifetime - limited capacities.
Reasons for Wireless Networks:
Mobile communication is needed - communication system must be deployed
quickly - The same information must be broadcast to many locations.
Problems with Wireless Networks:
have lower data rates - Frequencies can be more easily reused.
Network Perspectives:
1-Network designers: Concerned with cost-effective design.
2-Network users: Concerned with application services.
3-Network providers: Concerned with system administration.
Advantages of Wireless LANs:
very flexible within the reception area - (almost) no wiring difficulties.
Disadvantages Wireless LANs:
low bandwidth compared to wired networks - many proprietary solutions.
The basic service set (BSS): is the basic building block of an IEEE 802.11 LAN.
Station (STA): terminal with access mechanisms to the wireless medium.
Portal: bridge to other (wired) networks.
Distribution System: interconnection network to form one logical network based
on several BSS.
Five key areas (FCAPS):
Fault management - Capacity management - Accounting(access) management -
Performance management - Security management.

CH 6
GSM Network
GSM Subsystems has Two components:
Fixed installed infrastructure - Mobile subscribers.
Fixed infrastructure divided into three sub-systems:
1-Base Station subsystem (BSS): Manages transmission path from MS to NSS.
2-Network Switching Subsystem (NSS): Communication and interconnection with
other nets.
3-OperationalSubsystem (OSS): GSM network administration tools.
Subscriber Identity Module SIM card: Uniquely associated to a user.
International Mobile Subscriber Identity IMSI: uniquely identifies the user (SIM
card).
Base Transceiver Station (BTS): Transmitter and receiver devices, voice coding &
decoding, rate adaptation for data Provides signaling channels on the radio
interface Limited signal and protocol processing.
Base Station Controller (BSC): performs most important radio interface
management functions.

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